LTE-Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks E-Book

Guillaume de la Roche

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 999

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

LTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performance describes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations with smaller cells such as pico/femto cells and relays. This evolution is accompanied with the emergence of cognitive radio that becomes a reality in terminals together with the development of self-organization capabilities and distributed cooperative behaviors.

The book is divided into three parts:

• Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modeling principles etc.)
• Part II addresses propagation and modeling discussing topics such as indoor propagation, outdoor propagation, etc.
• Part III explores system performance and applications (e.g. MIMO Over-the-air testing, electromagnetic safety, etc).

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Propagation and Channel Models

Acknowledgements

List of Acronyms

Part One: Background

Chapter 1: Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks

1.1 Introduction

1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements

1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements

1.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies

1.5 Summary

References

Chapter 2: Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles

2.1 Propagation Principles

2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions

2.3 Stochastic Channel Description

2.4 Channel Modeling Methods

References

Part Two: Radio Channels

Chapter 3: Indoor Channels

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading

3.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading

References

Chapter 4: Outdoor Channels

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Reference Channel Model

4.3 Small Scale Variations

4.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations

4.5 Summary

4.6 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Outdoor-Indoor Channel

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Modelling Principles

5.3 Empirical Propagation Models

5.4 Deterministic Models

5.5 Hybrid Models

5.6 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Vehicular Channels

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Radio Channel Measurements

6.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization

6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications

6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques

References

Chapter 7: Multi-User MIMO Channels

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements

7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization

7.4 Multi-User Channel Models

References

Chapter 8: Wideband Channels

8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties

8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel

8.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels

8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques

8.5 Implications for LTE-A

References

Chapter 9: Wireless Body Area Network Channels

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Wearable Antennas

9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin

9.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models

9.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends

9.6 Summary

References

Part Three: Simulation and Performance

Chapter 10: Ray-Tracing Modeling

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation

10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation

10.4 Ray-Tracing Methods

References

Chapter 11: Finite-Difference Modeling

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell's Equations

11.3 Practical Use of FD Methods

11.4 Results

11.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models

11.6 Summary and Perspectives

11.7 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12: Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning

12.1 Geographic Data for RNP

12.2 Categorization of Propagation Models

12.3 Empirical Models

12.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells

12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas

12.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP

12.7 Coverage Probability

References

Chapter 13: System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model

13.1 Introduction

13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines

13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models

13.4 Channel Model Calibration

13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced

13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration

13.7 Summary and Outlook

References

Chapter 14: Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Emulator Systems

14.3 Random Number Generation

14.4 Fading Generators

14.5 Channel Convolution

14.6 Emulator Development

14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems

14.8 Summary

References

Chapter 15: MIMO Over-the-Air Testing

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Channel Modelling Concepts

15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition

15.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA

15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods

15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods

15.7 Future Trends

References

Chapter 16: Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition

16.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs

16.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs

16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks

16.6 Applications of CRNs

16.7 Summary

16.8 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 17: Antenna Design for Small Devices

17.1 Antenna Fundamentals

17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel

17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design

17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques

17.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands

17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects

17.7 Small Cell Antennas

17.8 Summary

References

Chapter 18: Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs

18.1 Motivation

18.2 Scenarios

18.3 Concepts

18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models

18.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations

18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments

18.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs

18.8 Summary

18.9 Acknowledgements

References

Index

This edition first published 2013

© 2013 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

LTE—advanced and next generation wireless networks : channel modelling and propagation / editors,

Guillaume de la Roche, Andrés Alayón Glazunov, Ben Allen.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-97670-7 (cloth)

1. Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) I. De la Roche, Guillaume. II. Glazunov,

Andrés Alayón. III. Allen, Ben (Benjamin Hugh)

TK5103.48325.L734 2012

621.39′81–dc23

2012015856

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119976707

About the Editors

Guillaume de la Roche is a Wireless System Engineer at Mindspeed Technologies in France. Prior to that he was with the Centre for Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom (2007–2011). Before that he was with Infineon (2001–2002, Germany), Sygmum (2003–2004, France) and CITI Laboratory (2004–2007, France). He was also a visiting researcher at DOCOMO-Labs (2010, USA) and Axis Teknologies (2011, USA). He holds a Dipl-Ing from CPE Lyon, and a MSc and PhD from INSA Lyon. He was the PI of European FP7 project CWNetPlan on radio propagation for combined wireless network planning. He is a co-author of the book Femtocells: Technologies and Deployment, Wiley, 2010 and a guest editor of EURASIP JWCN, Special issue on Radio Propagation, Channel Modeling and Wireless Channel Simulation tools for Heterogeneous Networking Evaluation, 2011. He is on the editorial board of European Transactions on Telecommunications. He is also a part time lecturer at Lyon 1 University.

Andrés Alayón Glazunov was born in Havana, Cuba, in 1969. He received the M.Sc. (Engineer-Researcher) degree in physical engineering from the Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Russia and the PhD degree in electrical engineering from Lund University, Lund, Sweden, in 1994 and 2009, respectively. He has held research positions in both the industry and academia. Currently, he holds a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the Electromagnetic Engineering Lab, the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. From 1996 to 2001, he was a member of the Research Staff at Ericsson Research , Sweden. In 2001, he joined Telia Research, Sweden, as a Senior Research Engineer. From 2003 to 2006 he held a position as a Senior Specialist in Antenna Systems and Propagation at TeliaSonera Sweden. He has actively contributed to international projects such as the European COST Actions 259 and 273, the EVEREST and NEWCOM research projects. He has also been involved in work within the 3GPP and the ITU standardization bodies. His research interests include the combination of statistical signal processing techniques with electromagnetic theory with a focus on antenna-channel interactions, RF propagation channel measurements and simulations and advanced numerical tools for wireless propagation predictions. Dr Alayón Glazunov was awarded a Marie Curie Research Fellowship from the Centre for Wireless Network Design at the University of Bedfordshire, UK, from 2009 to 2010. He is a senior member of the IEEE.

Ben Allen is head of the Centre of Wireless Research at the University of Bedfordshire. He received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2001, then joined Tait Electronics Ltd, New Zealand, before becoming a Research Fellow and member of academic staff with the Centre for Telecommunications Research, Kings College London, London. Between 2005 and 2010, he worked within the Department of Engineering Science at the University of Oxford. Ben is widely published in the area of wireless systems, including two previous books. He has an established track record of wireless technology innovation that has been built up through collaboration between industry and academia. His research interests include wideband wireless systems, antennas, propagation, waveform design and energy harvesting. Professor Allen is a Chartered Engineer, Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, Senior Member of the IEEE and a Member of the editorial board of the IET Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Journal. He has received several awards for his research.

List of Contributors

Ben Allen, University of Bedfordshire, UK

Laura Bernadó, Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien, Austria

Tim Brown, University of Surrey, UK

Jorge Cabrejas, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

Narcis Cardona, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

Luis M. Correia, IST/IT—Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Nicolai Czink, Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien, Austria

Guillaume de la Roche, Mindspeed Technologies, France

David Edward, University of Oxford, UK

Rob Edwards, Loughborough University, UK

Jan Ellenbeck, Technische Universität München, Germany

Andrés Alayón Glazunov, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

Katsuyuki Haneda, Aalto University, Finland

Petros Karadimas, University of Bedfordshire, UK

Muhammad Irfan Khattak, NWFP University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan

Veli-Matti Kolmonen, Aalto University, Finland

Thomas Kürner, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany

Zhihua Lai, Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd, UK

Tommi Laitinen, Aalto University, Finland

Guangyi Liu, China Mobile, China

Yves Lostanlen, University of Toronto, Canada

Lei Ma, Loughborough University, UK

Christoph Mecklenbräuker, Vienna University of Technology, Austria

Andreas F. Molisch, University of Southern California, USA

Jose F. Monserrat, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

Michal Mackowiak, IST/IT—Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Carla Oliveira, IST/IT—Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Alexander Paier, Austria

Ghazanfar A. Safdar, University of Bedfordshire, UK

Vit Sipal, University of Oxford, UK

Fredrik Tufvesson, Lund University, Sweden

Julian Webber, Hokkaido University, Japan

Thomas Zemen, Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien, Austria

Jianhua Zhang, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China

Jie Zhang, University of Sheffield, UK

Preface

In the nineteenth century, scientists, mathematician, engineers and innovators started investigating electromagnetism. The theory that underpins wireless communications was formed by Maxwell. Early demonstrations took place by Hertz, Tesla and others. Marconi demonstrated the first wireless transmission. Since then, the range of applications has expanded at an immense rate, together with the underpinning technology. The rate of development has been incredible and today the level of technical and commercial maturity is very high. This success would not have been possible without understanding radio-wave propagation. This knowledge enables us to design successful systems and networks, together with waveforms, antennal and transceiver architectures. The radio channel is the cornerstone to the operation of any wireless system.

Today, mobile networks support millions of users and applications spanning voice, email, text messages, video and even 3G images. The networks often encompass a range of wireless technologies and frequencies all operational in very diverse environments. Examples are: Bluetooth personal communications that may be outside, indoors or in a vehicle; wireless LAN in buildings, femtocell, microcell and macrocell sites; wireless back-haul; and satellite communications. Examples of emerging wireless technologies include body area networks for medical or sensor applications; ultra wideband for extremely high data rate communications and cognitive radio to support efficient and effective use of unused sections of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Mobile device usage continues to grow with no decrease in traffic flow. Most of the current cellular networks are now in their third generation (3G). Based on Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), they support data rates of a few megabits per second under low-mobility conditions. During the last few years, the number of cell phones has dramatically increased as wireless phones have become the preferred mode of communication, while landline access has decreased. Moreover, most new wireless devices like smart phones, tablets and laptops include 3G capabilities. That is why new applications are proposed every year and it is now common to use mobile devices not only for voice but also for data, video, and so on.

The direct consequence of this is that the amount of wireless data that cellular networks must support is exploding. For instance, Cisco recently noted in its Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Forecast that a smart phone generates, on average, 24 times more wireless data than a plain vanilla cell phone. The report also noted that a tablet generates 122 times more wireless data than a feature phone, and a wireless laptop creates 515 times the wireless data traffic of traditional cell phones. Hence in 2009, the International Telecommunication Union—Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) organization specified the International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-A) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). The main candidate to 4G is the so called Long Term Evolution Advanced which is expected to be released in 2012. Unlike the first Long Term Evolution (LTE) deployments (Rel 8 or Rel 9) which do not fully meet the 4G requirements, LTE-Advanced is supposed to surpass these requirements. That is why LTE-Advanced and beyond networks introduce new technologies and techniques (Multiple antennas, larger bandwidth, OFDMA, and so on) whose aim is to help reach very high capacity even in mobility conditions. 4G and beyond network are not deployed yet, however most of industry and researchers focus on developing new products, algorithms, solutions and applications. Like all wireless networks the performance of 4G and beyond networks depend for a major part on the channel, that is, how the signal propagates between emitters and users. That is why channel modelling and propagation, which is sometimes seen as an old topic, is very important and must have full consideration. Indeed, in order to study the performance of future wireless networks, it is very important to be able to characterize the wireless channel into different scenarios and and to be able to take into account the new situations introduced by future networks such as multiple antennas that can be embedded in high speed cars or worn directly on the body.

Propagation and Channel Models

This book presents an overview of models of how the channel will behave in different scenarios, and how to use these channel models to study the performance of 4G and beyond networks. 4G is imminent, so we believe it is good timing to have a book on channel propagation for these aspects. Moreover, future wireless networks will never stop using larger bandwidth, higher frequencies, more antennas, so this book is not only focused on 4G but on beyond 4G networks as well, where new concepts like cognitive radio or heterogeneous will be ever more important.

This book is divided into three parts as follows:

This first part includes all the basics necessary to understand the remainder of the book. Therefore the next chapter presents LTE Advanced standard and the new technologies it introduced in order to achieve high data rate and low latency. In particular we will see in this chapter that LTE-Advanced will have to support more antennas, larger bandwidth, more cells and different scenarios compared to traditional cellular networks. Then Chapter 2 will explain the principle of channel modelling and radio propagation as well as the main important concepts and theory.

The second part of this book details the properties of the radio channel in main scenarios suitable for 4G and beyond wireless networks. First, Chapter 3 discusses the indoor radio channel, which is ever more important when simulating indoor small NodeBs or relays. The following chapter (Chapter 4) focuses on outdoor wireless environments and gives a detailed study of how the spatial and temporal variations occur due to outdoor propagation mechanisms. In LTE-Advanced and beyond cellular networks it is expected that there will be important interactions between indoor and outdoorcells which will lead to interference if the resources are not properly allocated. That is why outdoor to indoor models are also important and will be discussed in Chapter 5. 4G networks suppose that high mobility users can still expect very high performance,that is why mobility is important to model in LTE-Advanced. Hence, Chapter 6 focuses on vehicular channel models. Moreover, it is also proposed in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and beyond to use more antennas at both emitter and receiver side, and to use larger bandwidth which is referred to as Carrier Aggregation. Hence, Chapter 7 will detail the MIMO channels followed by a description of Wideband channels in Chapter 8. In the future it is also expected that antennas will be deployed directly on or even inside the human body. Hence, Chapter 9 deals with the challenges related to channels for Body Area Networks (BANs).

After this detailed presentation of the different radio channels for future networks, the last part of this book focuses more on the application of these models from the point of view of performance analysis, simulation, antenna and measurements. One important factor when studying the performance of wireless networks is to use the knowledge on the channel in order to develop accurate models. Hence, Chapter 10 presents the theory and application of ray tracing models which can accurately compute all reflections and diffractions in any given scenarios. Then, Chapter 11 will present an alternative to ray tracing, which is based on FDTD methods, leading to high accuracy. It will also present the challenges that need to be overcome before it can be used for larger and more realistic scenarios. The mainrole for accurate propagation models like ray tracing of Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) is to be applied to wireless network planning. Hence, Chapter 12 deals with all the wireless network planning, as well as the models, applications and techniques for developing a wireless network planning tool. Simulating the performance of wireless networks requires not only having a good knowledge of the path loss, fading, and so on, but also being able to evaluate the performance of the users in terms of throughput.

That is why Chapter 13 focuses on the use of channel models for performing system level simulations. In more detail it focuses on the IMT-Advanced model which is the model proposed by 3GPP for LTE-Advanced. If software solutions can be a good way to simulate the channel, another alternative is to use channel emulators. Those will be investigated in Chapter 14. For all the channels presented in this book, it is important to consider how to perform measurement and calibratethe models accurately. If most of the chapters present results based on measurements, Chapter 15 focuses on over the air MIMO measurement, which is the most challenging type of measurement and is currently highly regarded by many researchers because multi-user MIMO is a key technology in 4G and beyond networks. Then, Chapter 16 presents different topics related to cognitive radio, which will also play a strong role in future communication systems. If there is one important consideration when studying the performance, it is to take into account the antenna aspects which have a strong interaction with the radio channel. That is why the two last chapters will present the antenna aspects related to future networks. First Chapter 17 will present all the challenges when designing small antennas for a LTE-A system. Finally, Chapter 18 will focus on antennas for BANs and more especially how to perform statistical characterization of antennas in such an environment.

For more information, please visit the companion website – www.wiley.com/go/delaroche_next.

Acknowledgements

As editors of this book, we would first like to express our sincere gratitude to our esteemed and knowledgeable co-authors, without whom this book would not have been accomplished. It is their time and dedication spent on this project that has facilitated the timeliness and high quality of this book. We extend a immensely grateful thank you to all our contributors, from many countries (including Austria, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Pakistan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, USA and UK) who accepted to share their expertise and contributed to make this book happen—thank you!

We would like to thank Wiley staff and more in particular Anna Smart and Susan Barclay for their help and encouragement during the publication process of this book.

Guillaume de la Roche is very grateful to his family and friends for their support during the time devoted to compiling this book. He also wishes to say thank you to his previous colleagues and more in particular Prof. Jean Marie Gorce for introducing him to the world of radio propagation and Prof Jie Zhang for letting him continue to do research in this area.

Andrés Alayón Glazunov wishes to thank his mother Louise for her encouragement to always pursue his dreams, his children Amanda and Gabriel for being his most precious treasures and his wife Alina for her wonderful love and support. Andrés also wishes to thank his current and former colleagues at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Lund University, TeliaSonera/Telia Research and Ericsson Research for the valuable intellectual interactions on wireless propagation and antenna research that have made this project come true

Ben Allen wishes to thank his family, Louisa, Nicholas and Bethany, for their understanding of the dedication and time required for this project. Ben also wishes to thank colleagues at the University of Bedfordshire for making a stimulating and fulfilling work environment that enables works such as this to be possible, and to thank all those who he has collaborated with for making the wireless research community what it is.

List of Acronyms

2D

Two-dimensional

3D

Three-dimensional

3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project

3G

Third Generation

4G

Fourth Generation

AAA

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

ABS

Almost Blank Subframe

ACIR

Adjacent Channel Interference Rejection ratio

ACK

Acknowledgement

ACL

Allowed CSG List

ACLR

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio

ACPR

Adjacent Channel Power Ratio

ACS

Adjacent Channel Selectivity

AD

Analog/Digital

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AF

Amplify-and-Forward

AGCH

Access Grant Channel

AH

Authentication Header

AKA

Authentication and Key Agreement

AMC

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System

ANN

Artificial Neural Network

ANR

Automatic Neighbor Relation

AOA

Angle-of-Arrival

AOD

Angle-of-Departure

API

Application Programming Interface

APS

Angular Power Spectrum

ARFCN

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

ASA

Angle Spread of Arrival

ASD

Angle Spread of Departure

AS

Access Stratum

ASE

Area Spectral Efficiency

ASN

Access Service Network

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AUC

Authentication Centre

AWGN

Additive White Gaussian Noise

BAN

Body Area Network

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

BCH

Broadcast Channel

BCU

Body Central Unit

BE

Best Effort

BF

Beacon Management Frame

BER

Bit Error Rate

BR

Beacon Management Frame

BLER

BLock Error Rate

BP

BandPass

BPSK

Binary Phase-Shift Keying

BPR

Branch Power Ratio

BR

Bit Rate

BS

Base Station

BSC

Base Station Controller

BSIC

Base Station Identity Code

BSS

Blind Source Separation

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

CAC

Call Admission Control

CAM

Cooperative Awareness Message

CAPEX

CAPital EXpenditure

CAZAC

Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation

CC

Chase Combining

CCCH

Common Control Channel

CCDF

Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function

CCPCH

Common Control Physical Channel

CCTrCH

Coded Composite Transport Channel

CDF

Cumulative Distribution Function

CDM

Code Division Multiplexing

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

CGI

Cell Global Identity

CH-SEL

Channel Selection

CH-RES

Channel Reservation

CID

Connection Identifier

CIF

Carrier Indicator Field

CIR

Channel Impulse Response

CN

Core Network

CoC

Component Carrier

CoMP

Coordinated Multipoint transmission or reception

CORDIC

Coordinate Rotational Digital Computer

CP

Cyclic Prefix

CPCH

Common Packet Channel

CPE

Customer Premises Equipment

CPICH

Common Pilot Channel

CPU

Central Processing Unit

CQI

Channel Quality Indicator

CR

Cognitive Radio

CRC

Cyclic Redundance Check

CRN

Cognitive Radio Network

CRS

Channel state information Reference Signal

CSA

Concurrent Spectrum Acces

CS/CB

Coordinated Scheduling and Beamforming

CSG ID

CSG Identity

CSG

Closed Subscriber Group

CSI

Channel State Information

CSI-RS

Channel State Information - Reference Signal

CSMA/CA

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

CSMA

Carrier-Sense Multiple Access

CTCH

Common Traffic Channel

CTF

Channel Transfer Function

CTS

Clear To Send

CW

Continuous Wave

CWiND

Centre for Wireless Network Design

DAS

Distributed Antenna System

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel

DCH

Dedicated Channel

DCI

Data Control Indicator

DCS

Digital Communication System

DDH-MAC

Dynamic Decentralized Hybrid MAC

DEM

Digital Elevation Model

DI

Diffuse

DF

Decode-and-Forward

DFP

Dynamic Frequency Planning

DFT

Discrete Fourier Transform

DHM

Digital Height Model

DL

DownLink

DLU

Digital Land Usage

DM RS

Demodulation Reference Signal

DoS

Denial of Service

DoA

Direction of Arrival

DoD

Direction of Departure

DPCCH

Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPDCH

Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DRX

Discontinuous Reception

DPSS

Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences

DSA

Dynamic Spectrum Access

DS

Delay Spread

DSCH

Downlink Shared Channel

DSD

Doppler Power Spectra Density

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DSP

Digital Signal Processor

DFTS-OFDM

DFT Spread-OFDM

DTCH

Dedicated Traffic Channel

DTM

Digital Terrain Model

DUT

Device Under Test

DXF

Drawing Interchange Format

E-SDM

Eigenbeam Space Division Multiplexing

EAB

Extended Access Barring

EAGCH

Enhanced uplink Absolute Grant Channel

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol

ECRM

Effective Code Rate Map