LTE Small Cell Optimization E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 741

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

LTE network capabilities are enhanced with small cell deployment, with optimization and with new 3GPP features. LTE networks are getting high loaded which calls for more advanced optimization. Small cells have been discussed in the communications industry for many years, but their true deployment is happening now. New 3GPP features in Release 12 and 13 further push LTE network performance.

This timely book addresses R&D and standardization activities on LTE small cells and network optimization, focusing on 3GPP evolution to Release 13. It covers LTE small cells from specification to products and field results; Latest 3GPP evolution to Release 13; and LTE optimization and learnings from the field.

Leseprobe

LTE SMALL CELL OPTIMIZATION

3GPP EVOLUTION TO RELEASE 13

Edited by

Harri Holma Antti Toskala Jussi Reunanen

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118912577

Cover image: © RossHelen/istockphoto

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 LTE Global Deployments and Devices

1.3 Mobile Data Traffic Growth

1.4 LTE Technology Evolution

1.5 LTE Spectrum

1.6 Small Cell Deployments

1.7 Network Optimization

1.8 LTE Evolution Beyond Release 13

1.9 Summary

References

2 LTE and LTE Advanced in Releases 8–11

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Releases 8 and 9 LTE

2.3 LTE Advanced in Releases 10 and 11

2.4 UE Capability in Releases 8–11

2.5 Conclusions

References

3 LTE-Advanced Evolution in Releases 12–13

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Machine-Type Communications

3.3 Enhanced CoMP

3.4 FDD–TDD Carrier Aggregation

3.5 WLAN-Radio Interworking

3.6 Device-to-Device Communication with LTE

3.7 Single Cell Point to Multipoint Transmission

3.8 Release 12 UE Capabilities

3.9 Conclusions

References

4 Small Cell Enhancements in Release 12/13

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Small Cell and Dual Connectivity Principles

4.3 Dual Connectivity Architecture Principle

4.4 Dual Connectivity Protocol Impacts

4.5 Dual Connectivity Physical Layer Impacts and Radio Link Monitoring

4.6 Other Small Cell Physical Layer Enhancement

4.7 Release 13 Enhancements

4.8 Conclusions

References

5 Small Cell Deployment Options

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Small Cell Motivation

5.3 Network Architecture Options

5.4 Frequency Usage

5.5 Selection of Small Cell Location

5.6 Indoor Small Cells

5.7 Cost Aspects

5.8 Summary

References

6 Small Cell Products

6.1 Introduction

6.2 3GPP Base Station Categories

6.3 Micro Base Stations

6.4 Pico Base Stations

6.5 Femtocells

6.6 Low-Power Remote Radio Heads

6.7 Distributed Antenna Systems

6.8 Wi-Fi Integration

6.9 Wireless Backhaul Products

6.10 Summary

Reference

7 Small Cell Interference Management

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Packet Scheduling Solutions

7.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination

7.4 Enhanced Coordinated Multipoint (eCoMP)

7.5 Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)

7.6 Summary

References

8 Small Cell Optimization

8.1 Introduction

8.2 HetNet Mobility Optimization

8.3 Inter-site Carrier Aggregation with Dual Connectivity

8.4 Ultra Dense Network Interference Management

8.5 Power Saving with Small Cell On/Off

8.6 Multivendor Macro Cell and Small Cells

8.7 Summary

References

9 Learnings from Small Cell Deployments

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Small Cell Motivations by Mobile Operators

9.3 Small Cell Challenges and Solutions

9.4 Summary of Learnings from Small Cell Deployments

9.5 Installation Considerations

9.6 Example Small Cell Case Study

9.7 Summary

10 LTE Unlicensed

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Unlicensed Spectrum

10.3 Operation Environment

10.4 Motivation for the Use of Unlicensed Spectrum with LTE

10.5 Key Requirements for 5 GHz Band Coexistence

10.6 LTE Principle on Unlicensed Band

10.7 LTE Performance on the Unlicensed Band

10.8 Coexistence Performance

10.9 Coverage with LTE in 5 GHz Band

10.10 Standardization

10.11 Conclusions

References

11 LTE Macro Cell Evolution

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation

11.3 Evolution of Antenna Array Technology

11.4 Deployment Scenarios for Antenna Arrays

11.5 Massive-MIMO Supported by LTE

11.6 Further LTE Multi-antenna Standardization

11.7 Release 13 Advanced Receiver Enhancements

11.8 Conclusions

References

12 LTE Key Performance Indicator Optimization

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Key Performance Indicators

12.3 Physical Layer Optimization

12.4 Call Setup

12.5 E-RAB Drop

12.6 Handover and Mobility Optimization

12.7 Throughput Optimization

12.8 High-Speed Train Optimization

12.9 Network Density Benchmarking

12.10 Summary

References

Notes

13 Capacity Optimization

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Traffic Profiles in Mass Events

13.3 Uplink Interference Management

13.4 Downlink Interference Management

13.5 Signalling Load and Number of Connected Users Dimensioning

13.6 Load Balancing

13.7 Capacity Bottleneck Analysis

13.8 Summary

References

14 VoLTE Optimization

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Voice Options for LTE Smartphones

14.3 Circuit Switched Fallback

14.4 Voice over LTE

14.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

14.6 Summary

References

Notes

15 Inter-layer Mobility Optimization

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Inter-layer Idle Mode Mobility and Measurements

15.3 Inter-layer Connected Mode Measurements

15.4 Inter-layer Mobility for Coverage-Limited Network

15.5 Inter-layer Mobility for Capacity-Limited Networks

15.6 Summary

References

Notes

16 Smartphone Optimization

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis in LTE Networks

16.3 Smartphone Power Consumption Optimization

16.4 Smartphone Operating Systems

16.5 Messaging Applications

16.6 Streaming Applications

16.7 Voice over LTE

16.8 Smartphone Battery, Baseband and RF Design Aspects

16.9 Summary

References

Notes

17 Further Outlook for LTE Evolution and 5G

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Further LTE-Advanced Beyond Release 13

17.3 Towards 5G

17.4 5G Spectrum

17.5 Key 5G Radio Technologies

17.6 Expected 5G Schedule

17.7 Conclusions

References

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 15.7

Table 15.8

Table 15.9

Table 15.10

Table 15.11

Table 15.12

Table 15.13

Table 15.14

Table 15.15

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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Preface

We have witnessed a fast growth in mobile broadband capabilities during the last 10 years in terms of data rates, service availability, number of customers and data volumes. The launch of the first LTE network in December 2009 further boosted the growth of data rates and capacities. LTE turned out to be a success because of efficient performance and global economics of scale. The first LTE-Advanced network started in 2013, increasing the data rate to 300 Mbps by 2014, 450 Mbps in 2015 and soon to 1 Gbps. The number of LTE networks had grown globally to more than 460 by end 2015.

This book focuses on those solutions improving the practical LTE performance: small cells and network optimization. The small cells are driven by the need to increase network capacity and practical user data rates. The small cell deployment creates a number of new challenges for practical deployment ranging from interference management to low-cost products, site solutions and optimization. The network optimization targets to squeeze everything out of the LTE radio in terms of coverage, capacity and end-user performance.

Smartphones, tablets and laptops are the main use cases for LTE networks currently, but LTE radio will be the foundation for many new applications in the future. Internet of things, public safety, device-to-device communication, broadcast services and vehicle communication are a few examples that can take benefit of future LTE radio.

The contents of the book are summarized in Figure P.1. Chapters 1–3 provide an introduction to LTE in 3GPP Releases 8–13. The small cell-specific topics are discussed in Chapters 4–10 including 3GPP features, network architecture, products, interference management, optimization, practical learnings and unlicensed spectrum. The LTE optimization is presented in Chapters 11–16 including 3GPP evolution, performance, voice, inter-layer and smartphone optimization. Chapter 17 illustrates the outlook for further LTE evolution.

Figure P.1 Contents of the book

Acknowledgements

The editors would like to acknowledge the hard work of the contributors from Nokia Networks, T-Mobile USA and Videotron Canada: Rajeev Agrawal, Anand Bedekar, Mihai Enescu, Amitava Ghosh, Tero Henttonen, Wang Hua, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, Jari Lindholm, Timo Lunttila, Riku Luostari, Bishwarup Mondal, Laurent Noël, Brian Olsen, Klaus Pedersen, Karri Ranta-aho, Claudio Rosa, Jari Salo, Rafael Sanchez-Mejias, Mikko Simanainen, Beatriz Soret and Benny Vejlgaard.

The editors also would like to thank the following colleagues for their valuable comments and contributions: Petri Aalto, Yin-tat Peter Chiu, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho, Jeongho (Jackson) Cho, Jinho (Jared) Cho, Anthony Ho, Richa Gupta, Kari Hooli, Kyeongtaek Kim, Kimmo Kivilahti, Ekawit Komolpun, Wai Wah (Endy) Kong, Dinesh Kumar, Karri Kuoppamäki, Andrew Lai, Franck Laigle, Mads Lauridsen, Hyungyoup (Henry) Lee, Jasin (Jason) Lee, Sami Lehesaari, Jun Liu, Jarkko Lohtaja, Yi-Nan (Evan) Lu, Mark McDiarmid, Luis Maestro, Deshan Miao, Marko Monkkonen, Balamurali Natarajan, Nuttavut Sae-Jong, Shuji Sato, Changsong Sun, Wangkeun (David) Sun, Kirsi Teravainen, Jukka Virtanen, Eugene Visotsky and Veli Voipio.

The editors appreciate the fast and smooth editing process provided by Wiley publisher and especially Tiina Wigley and Mark Hammond.

The editors are grateful to their families, as well as the families of all the authors, for their patience during the late night writing and weekend editing sessions.

The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or changes that could be implemented in forthcoming editions of this book. The feedback may be addressed to: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

List of Abbreviations

3D

Three Dimensional

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

AAS

Active Antenna System

ABS

Almost Blank Subframe

AC

Alternating Current

ACK

Acknowledgement

AIR

Antenna Integrated Radio

AM

Acknowledge Mode

AMR

Adaptive Multirate

ANDSF

Access Network Discovery and Selection Function

ANR

Automatic Neighbour Relations

APP

Applications

APT

Average Power Tracking

ARFCN

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

AS

Application Server

ASA

Authorized Shared Access

AWS

Advanced Wireless Spectrum

BBU

Baseband Unit

BCCH

Broadcast Channel

BLER

Block Error Rate

BSIC

Base Station Identity Code

BSR

Buffer Status Report

BTS

Base Station

C-RNTI

Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier

CA

Carrier Aggregation

CAPEX

Capital Expenditure

CAT

Category

CC

Component Carrier

CCA

Clear Channel Assessment

CCE

Control Channel Element

CDF

Cumulative Density Function

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

cDRX

Connected Discontinuous Reception

CoMP

Coordinated Multipoint

CPRI

Common Public Radio Interface

CN

Core Network

CPICH

Common Pilot Channel

CPU

Central Processing Unit

CQI

Channel Quality Indicator

CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRAN

Centralized Radio Access Network

CRS

Common Reference Signals

CRS-IC

Common Reference Signal interference cancellation

CS

Circuit Switched

CS

Cell Selection

CSCF

Call Session Control Function

CSFB

Circuit Switched Fallback

CSG

Closed Subscriber Group

CSI

Channel State Information

CSI-RS

Channel State Information Reference Signals

CSMO

Circuit Switched Mobile Originated

CSMT

Circuit Switched Mobile Terminated

CSSR

Call Setup Success Rate

CWIC

Code Word Interference Cancellation

CWDM

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

D2D

Device-to-Device

DAS

Distributed Antenna System

DC

Direct Current

DC

Dual Connectivity

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel

DCH

Dedicated Channel

DCI

Downlink Control Information

DCR

Drop Call Rate

DFS

Dynamic Frequency Selection

DMCR

Deferred Measurement Control Reading

DMRS

Demodulation Reference Signals

DMTC

Discovery Measurement Timing Configuration

DPS

Dynamic Point Selection

DRB

Data Radio Bearer

DRS

Discovery Reference Signals

DRX

Discontinuous Reception

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DTX

Discontinuous Transmission

DU

Digital Unit

ECGI

E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier

eCoMP

Enhanced Coordinated Multipoint

EDPCCH

Enhanced Downlink Physical Control Channel

EFR

Enhanced Full Rate

eICIC

Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

eMBMS

Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Solution

EPA

Enhanced Pedestrian A

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

EPRE

Energy Per Resource Element

eRAB

Enhanced Radio Access Bearer

ESR

Extended Service Request

ET

Envelope Tracking

EVM

Error Vector Magnitude

EVS

Enhanced Voice Services

FACH

Forward Access Channel

FD-LTE

Frequency Division Long Term Evolution

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

feICIC

Further Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

FFT

Fast Fourier Transformation

FSS

Frequency Selective Scheduling

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

GBR

Guaranteed Bit Rate

GCID

Global Cell Identity

GERAN

GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

GPON

Gigabit Passive Optical Network

GPS

Global Positioning System

GS

Gain Switching

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HD

High Definition

HetNet

Heterogeneous Network

HFC

Hybrid Fibre Coaxial

HO

Handover

HOF

Handover Failure

HPM

High-Performance Mobile

HSPA

High-Speed Packet Access

HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSUPA

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IAS

Integrated Antenna System

IC

Interference Cancellation

ICIC

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

IRC

Interference Rejection Combining

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IM

Instant Messaging

IMEI

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity

IMPEX

Implementation Expenditure

IMS

Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem

IMT

International Mobile Telecommunication

IoT

Internet-of-Things

IQ

In-phase and Quadrature

IRC

Interference Rejection Combining

IRU

Indoor Radio Unit

ISD

Inter Site Distance

IT

Information Technology

ITU-R

International Telecommunications Union – Radiocommunications Sector