LTE Standards E-Book

Jean-Gabriel Remy

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 288

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

LTE (long-term evolution) mobile communication system is offering high bitrates in IP communications. Fourth Generation Mobile Communications/LTE describes various aspects of LTE as well as the change of paradigm, which it is bringing to mobile communications. The book is a vital resource for the entire mobile communication community. Coverage includes: LTE standards and architecture, Radio access sub-system, Signaling on the radio path, Macrocells, microcells, femtocells, SIM card and security, SIM card description, GPS driven applications, The Apple model, and much more more.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Introduction

I.1. Mobile communication systems: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G

I.2. High speed broadband mobile services: what the customers are waiting for

1 LTE Standards and Architecture

1.1. 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP)

1.2. LTE – numbering and addressing

1.3. LTE architecture overview

1.4. Radio access subsystem: eUTRAN (also called eUTRA)

1.5. Core network

1.6. LTE – roaming architecture

1.7. SIM for communications privacy

1.8. Glossary

1.9. Appendix 1: Complete submission of 3GPP LTE release 10 and beyond (LTE-advanced) under step 3 of the IMT-advanced process

1.10. Appendix 2: GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

1.11. Appendix 3: The SGW implementation by CISCO

1.12. Appendix 4: AT&T has LTE small cells “in the lab”: Source Dan Janes, Site Editor, Light Reading mobile [JON 13]

2 OFDMA

2.1. What is OFDM/OFDMA?

2.2. General principles

2.3. LTE channel: bandwidths and characteristics

2.4. OFDM applied to LTE

2.5. OFDMA in the LTE radio subsystem: OFDMA and SCFDMA in LTE

2.6. Appendix 1: the constraints of mobile radio

2.7. Appendix 2: Example of OFDM/OFDMA technological implementation Innovative DSP

2.8. Appendix 3: LTE error correction on the radio path [WIK 14d]

2.9. Appendix 4: The 700 MHz frequencies in the USA for LTE

3 The Full IP Core Network

3.1. Fixed mobile convergence

3.2. IP multimedia subsystem

3.3. Evolved packet system in 3GPP standards

3.4. Telephony processing

3.5. The requirements of VoLTE and V.VoIP applications

3.6. Voice and video over LTE are achieved using voice on IP channels (VoLTE)

3.7. Cut down version of IMS

3.8. Latency management

3.9. Appendix 1: VoIP tests in UK

4 LTE Security. SIM/USIM Subsystem

4.1. LTE security

4.2. SIM card

Appendix

Bibliography

Index

First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2014

The rights of Jean-Gabriel Remy and Charlotte Letamendia to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945533

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-588-7

List of Figures

Introduction

I.1. LTE and LTE Advanced logo

I.2. The LTE project: milestones. Short history of the birth of a worldwide standard

I.3. 3GGP logo

Chapter 1

1.1. Organizational Partners’ deliverables

1.2. LTE architecture

1.3. UTRAN and E-UTRAN

1.4. LTE general architecture

1.5. Protocol stacks operating at S1 and S5/S8 interfaces

1.6. UE-MSC

1.7. EPC/SAE

1.8. The complete set of network elements and standardized signaling interfaces of LTE

1.9. LTE subsystems and connections

1.10. LTE interfaces

1.11. 3GPP image for eUTRAN

1.12. Tools from Rohde & Schwartz

1.13. Description of eUTRAN with its interfaces

1.14. E-UTRAN architecture with HeNodeB GW and HeNodeB

1.15. X2 interface

1.16. This shows the enhancements in release 10 and release 11

1.17. Functional split between E-UTRAN and EPC [3GPP TS 36.300]

1.18. Radio frequency protocol

1.19. User plane

1.20. Protocol stack for the control plane between the UE and MME

1.21. Structure

1.22. Token

1.23. Physical layer

1.24. Signaling channel mapping

1.25. Functions of the different layers

1.26. The protocol chain from IP packets to transport blocks

1.27. Optimization of the repartition of carriers

1.28. Single-user MIMO

1.29. MIMO signal processing

1.30. Spatial multiplexing MIMO sector rate

1.31. Heterogeneous network (4G Americas)

1.32. Core network

1.33. Three subsystems

1.34. LTE network elements

1.35. LTE interfaces

1.36. Protocol stack of S1-MME interface

1.37. Protocol stack of S3 interface

1.38. Protocol stack of S4 interface

1.39. Protocol stack of interface S5 or S8

1.40. Protocol stack of S10 interface

1.41. Protocol stack of S11 interface

1.42. Protocol stack of S6a interface

1.43. Protocol stack of S13 interface

1.44. Protocol stack of SBc interface

1.45. User plane

1.46. Protocol stack of S1-U interface

1.47. Protocol stacks of S4 interfaces used to connect UE from 2G network to PDN

1.48. Protocol stacks of S4 interfaces used to connect UE from 3G network to PDN

1.49. Protocol stack of S12 interface used to connect UE from 3G network to PDN

1.50. E-UTRAN and the EPC

1.51. UE is moving from old to new RAN coverage provided by eNodeB

1.52. S1-based handover

1.53. S1-based handover reject scenario

1.54. Rooming architecture

1.55. Non-roaming architecture by 3GPP

1.56. Roaming architecture scenario with home routed traffic

1.57. Roaming architecture for local breakout, with home operator’s application functions only

1.58. Roaming architecture for local breakout, with home visitor’s application functions only

1.59. Security architecture

1.60. The process for authentication and ciphering

1.61. Kc Key

1.62. RAND and Ki

1.63. Ki

1.64. TMSI, Kc, RAND and SRES

1.65. Schema of the structure of a SIM card

1.66. SIM

1.67. GTP present at the interface between eNodeB and S-GW

1.68. GTP between S-GW and P-GW

1.69. GPRS tunneling protocol in LTE

1.70. GPRS tunneling protocol Types

Chapter 2

2.1. OFDM frequency and time domain

2.2. OFDMA subcarriers

2.3. OFDM frequency

2.4. Channels

2.5. OFDM techniques

2.6. Cyclic prefix

2.7. Transformation

2.8. Effect of multipath propagation

2.9. LTE OFDMA in the downlink

2.10. 16 QAM modulation: 4 bits per symbol

2.11. LTE RB allocation

2.12. Uplink

2.13. SC-FDMA spreads the data symbols all over the system bandwidth

2.14. Localized mapping and distributed mapping

2.15. SC-FDMA and OFDMA. DFT: discrete Fourier transform

2.16. LTE OFDMA physical layer structure LTE physical layer uses multiple OFDMA subcarriers and symbols separated by guard intervals

2.17. LTE resource blocks and resource elements (from the 3GPP standard)

2.18. CDF PAPR comparison for OFDMA used in the LTE downlink, and SC-FDMA localized mode (LFDMA) used in the LTE uplink – 256 total subcarriers, 64 subcarrier per user, 0.5 roll-off factor, a) QPSK, b) 16 QAM

2.19. Some LTE resource elements are reserved for control channel and reference signals only a subset are used for user data, thus lowering actual throughput

2.20. Conventional OFDMA with cyclic prefix

2.21. Downlink: OFDMA transmission scheme: downlink physical layer processing chain

2.22. Transmitter scheme of SC-FDMA

2.23. OFDMA and SC-FDMA

2.24. Number of DL/UL component carriers

Chapter 3

3.1. IMS

3.2. IMS wide scope

3.3. IMS functions

3.4. Security aspects of early IMS and non-3GPP systems

3.5. Full scope of EPS

3.6. PCRF connections in LTE’s EPC

3.7. Evolved packet core

3.8. EPC components

3.9. Cut down version of IMS Reduced IMS network for VoLTE

3.10. Latency (50 ms)

Chapter 4

4.1. LTE needs a layered security

4.2. Layered security model

4.3. LTE eUTRAN protocole stack

4.4. Derivation of successive keys

4.5. LTE keys hierarchy as in 3GPP TS 36.300

4.6. EPS security

4.7. IPsec

4.8. (U)SIM cards as released by the operator

4.9. Structure of the UICC electronic chip

4.10. UICC form factors

4.11. UICC contacts

4.12. NFC applications of the UICC

4.13. Example of UICC architecture

4.14. The complex structure of UICC applications in a modern device

4.15. The complex links of (U)SIM with the LTE world as seen by Telenor

4.16. UICC structure with ISIM

4.17. Example of ISIM application: digital right management, as seen by Telenor

4.18. Example of OTA use for non-telecommunication applications

List of Tables

Introduction

I.1. Mobile broadband explosion

Chapter 1

1.1. 3GPP organizational partners

1.2. Organization

1.3. Releases

1.4. Area and description

1.5. The network ID

1.6. The MME IDs

1.7. The GUMMEI

1.8. TAI

1.9. M-TMSI

1.10. GUTI

1.11. Classes of mobiles

1.12. E-UTRA band

1.13. Basic parameters of LTA

1.14. Control plane

1.15. Logical channel name

1.16. Transport channel name

1.17. Physical data channel name

1.18. Control information field name

1.19. Physical control channel name

1.20. Images and memory recommendations for Cisco LTE SGW Release 1.x

Chapter 2

2.1. Number of resource block by channel bandwidth

2.2. LTE cyclic prefix lengths in number of symbols, subcarriers and time

2.3. Comparison of LTE with Wi-Fi and WiMAX

Chapter 3

3.1. The chart describes the interfaces involved in IMS and figure 3.4 shows their place in the overall processing system

3.2. Priority

3.3. Latency

3.4. Measurement

Chapter 4

4.1. SIM/USI Applicable standard

Introduction

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is commonly marketed as fourth generation (4G). LTE and LTE Advanced have been recognized by International Telecommunications Union – Radiocommunications (ITU-R) and International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications (ITU-T) as the principal solution for the future mobile communication networks standards. Thus, they are the framework of what marketing calls 4G and maybe also fifth generation (5G). They have registered logos:

Figure I.1.LTE and LTE Advanced logo

It seems interesting to look at the evolution of mobile communication systems from their appearance upto LTE. This move has obviously been driven by commercial motivations as well as by the extraordinary improvement of microelectronics, especially from the 1960s to the present day. Functionalities, computing power and miniaturization have drastically progressed, while cost has constantly decreased.

I.1. Mobile communication systems: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G

In this short introduction, many mobile communication systems will be omitted: