Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Groundwater E-Book

Anatoly Legtchenko

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 182

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This book presents the basics of the non-invasive geophysical method for groundwater investigation, called Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) or Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR), and its practical application to the problems of groundwater localization and aquifer characterization. The method is based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon and is selectively sensitive to groundwater. The main aims of the author are to teach the reader the basic principles of the method as well as to formulate consistent approximate models, leading to reasonably simple inverse problems.

Containing an extensive bibliography, numerous practical and numerical examples as well as a detailed presentation of the nuts and bolts of the method based on the long-term experience of SNMR development and practical use, this book is useful for students, scientists and professional engineers working in the field of hydrogeophysics and hydrogeology.

Contents

1. SNMR Imaging for Groundwater.
2. The Basics of NMR.
3. Forward Modeling.
4. Inversion.
5. Link Between SNMR and Aquifer Parameters.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: SNMR Imaging for Groundwater

1.1. Brief history of SNMR development

1.2. The basic principles

1.3. Magnetic Resonance Sounding

1.4. Measuring setup

1.5. Geophysical tool for hydrogeologists

Chapter 2: The Basics of NMR

2.1. NMR phenomenon

2.2. NMR relaxation

2.3. NMR measurements

Chapter 3: Forward Modeling

3.1. The imaging equation

3.2. The Earth’s magnetic field

3.3. Modeling typical SNMR signals

3.4. 3-D sensitivity of the SNMR loop

3.5. Experimental verification

Chapter 4: Inversion

4.1. The SNMR inverse problem

4.2. Linearization

4.3. Discretization

4.4. Linear inverse problems

4.5. Nonlinear inverse problems

Chapter 5: Link Between SNMR and Aquifer Parameters

5.1. Parameters used for characterizing an aquifer

5.2. Available SNMR estimates on aquifer parameters

5.3. Joint use of SNMR and resistivity data

Bibliography

Index

To the memory of my teacher A.G. Semenov, the pioneer of SNMR.

First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA

www.iste.co.uk

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© ISTE Ltd 2013

The rights of Anatoly Legchenko to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948059

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISSN: 2051-2481 (Print) ISSN: 2051-249X (Online) ISBN: 978-1-84821-568-9

Preface

The surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance method (SNMR) is a new application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) for groundwater investigation. It is already an established method, but still, not all of the problems with the method’s applications have been resolved; that requires further research effort. The encouragement of geophysicists and hydrologists to use this method in their practical work and the attraction of new researchers to contribute to further developments necessitate a good understanding of SNMR by a broad community of scientists across different disciplines. To contribute to such understanding is the main goal of the book.

SNMR is a product of joint effort by many scientists and engineers who started developing this method in the USSR under the guidance of A.G. Semenov and continued this work all over the world. It is my special pleasure to mention my colleagues who participated at the very beginning of this development: Michael Schirov, Alexandre Pusep, Alexandre Portcelan (Russia), Pierre Valla, Alain Beauce, Jean Bernard, Jean-Michel Baltassat (France), Ugur Yaramanci, Marian Hertrich, Martina Braun (Germany), Jean Roy (Canada), Juan Plata (Spain), Aldo Mazzella and Pete Haeni (USA). I would also like to thank all my colleagues who contributed to the leading knowledge of the method and thus directly or indirectly participated in the writing of this book.

This book has been written based on lectures regularly given by the author to Masters degree students in applied geophysics at Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC) in Paris. Readers are assumed to have a geophysical background, and necessary supplementary material in physics and hydrogeology that should allow for a better understanding of the method is provided.

Chapter 1 presents an overview of the method. Those readers who are looking for very general information may put the book aside after reading this chapter. Chapter 2 presents the basics of NMR that should be sufficient for the understanding of the measurement procedures and for appreciating the information about aquifers that can be obtained with SNMR. The imaging equations and examples of numerical modeling presented in Chapter 3 should help the reader learn about SNMR performance and the physical limitations of the method. Chapter 4 is linked to Chapter 3 and presents analysis of the inverse problem and inversion algorithms actually used for interpretation of field measurements. The fifth and final chapter presents a brief discussion on the link between SNMR derived parameters and aquifer parameters used by hydrogeologists.

This book has been prepared as a textbook and a lot of care has been taken to present the material clearly in order to make the subject more accessible. Consequently, many simplifications are used and the presentation of the method does not include many specific details. It was impossible to present here signal processing, nonlinear and joint inversion, instrumentation, and practical experience and recommendations. Readers are invited to read additional literature, which is easily available. If at least some part of the audience reads this book with interest, then the author will consider his goal as fully achieved.

Anatoly LEGCHENKO September 2013

Acknowledgements

I am thankful to all my colleagues in different countries who spent time and energy in making this book possible.

I acknowledge the IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), a French research organization, which continuously supported my work.

I am also grateful to the following journals for permission to use tables and figures.

Ground Water (published by the National Ground Water Assosciation (NGWA), USA)

Table 5.2, Figures 5.14 and 5.15

LEGCHENKO A., BALTASSAT J.-M., BOBACHEV A., MARTIN C., ROBAIN H., VOUILLAMOZ J.-M., “Magnetic resonance sounding applied to aquifer characterization”, Ground Water, 42, 363-373, Table 2, Figures 11 and 12, 2004.

Boletin Geológico y Minero (published by the Instiuto Geológico y Minero España in collaboration with both the Spanish and international world of Earth Sciences).

Figures 5.6, 5.10 and 5.12

VOUILLAMOZ J.-M., BALTASSAT J.-M., GIRARD J.-F., PLATA J., and LEGCHENKO A., “Hydrogeological experience in the use of MRS”, Boletin Geológico y Minero, 118 (3), 531-549, ISSN: 0366-0176, Figures 1, 3 and 4, 2007.

1

SNMR Imaging for Groundwater

1.1. Brief history of SNMR development

Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR) imaging is a non-invasive geophysical technique developed for groundwater investigation. This method was initially used for investigating a homogeneous subsurface. In a one-dimensional (1-D) implementation, the subsurface is assumed to be horizontally stratified and the method is known as the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) method or Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR). In France, the name RMP (sondage par la Résonance Magnétique Protonique) is used.

The MRS method was developed in Russia in the early 1980s by a team of Russian scientists under the guidance of A.G. Semenov. Their research program started from the Varian patent [VAR 62] where using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance phenomenon (NMR) was proposed for non-invasive detection of proton-containing liquids (hydrocarbons or water) in the subsurface. The very first MRS instrument, named HYDROSCOPE, was built in 1981 [SEM 89]. The method was used in Russia and has been tested in other countries: [SCH 91], [GOL 94], [LIE 94], [LEG 95] and [GEV 96]. In 1996, IRIS Instruments (France), in cooperation with the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM (The French Geological Survey), France) and the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion (ICKC, Russia), released the first commercial MRS instrument (NUMIS), thus rendering MRS commercially available and easily accessible for the international scientific community. Since then, MRS has been intensively tested by different teams and in different countries. A two-dimensional (2-D) implementation named the Surface Magnetic Resonance Tomography or 2D-SNMR was developed around 2005 [HER 07], which was further extended to the three-dimensional (3-D) applications named 3D-SNMR [LEG 11]. MRS equipment was also improved and MRS instruments of the new generation were developed in France, USA, Germany and China.