Manual of Equine Lameness E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 920

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Manual of Equine Lameness provides essential information on equine lameness diagnostics and treatment in an easy-to-use format ideal for the clinical setting. A clinically relevant distillation of topics from Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses, this text offers a quick introduction and fast access to key information. An accompanying DVD includes practical supplements, including additional anatomical images, video clips demonstrating key procedures such as perineural and intrasynovial injections, and examples of lameness conditions in motion. Designed for use in daily practice, the book is presented in brief chapters carefully formatted to maximize the usefulness for practicing veterinarians. Manual of Equine Lameness is an invaluable resource to any veterinarian treating lameness in horses and an ideal reference for veterinary students wanting to learn the fundamentals of lameness.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

CONTRIBUTORS

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES AND ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 1 Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System

ANATOMIC NOMENCLATURE AND USAGE

THORACIC LIMB

HINDLIMB

AXIAL COMPONENTS

CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of Lameness Diagnosis

DEFINITION OF LAMENESS

CLASSIFICATION OF LAMENESS

WHAT TO LOOK FOR

ANATOMIC PROBLEM AREAS

OCCUPATION-RELATED PROBLEM AREAS

EVALUATION OF FOALS WITH LAMENESS

PERFORMING A PREPURCHASE EXAMINATION

CHAPTER 3 Assessment of the Lame Horse

HISTORY

SIGNALMENT AND USE

VISUAL EXAMINATION AT REST

PALPATION AND MANIPULATION

VISUAL EXAM AT EXERCISE

FLEXION TESTS/MANIPULATION

PERINEURAL ANESTHESIA

INTRASYNOVIAL ANESTHESIA

CHAPTER 4 Imaging

RADIOGRAPHY

ULTRASOUND

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 5 Common Conditions of the Foot

NAVICULAR DISEASE/SYNDROME

FRACTURES OF THE NAVICULAR (DISTAL SESAMOID) BONE

INJURIES TO THE DDFT AND PODOTROCHLEAR APPARATUS

INJURIES TO THE COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS (CLs) OF THE DIP JOINT

OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) OF THE DIP JOINT

FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX (P3, COFFIN BONE)

PEDAL OSTEITIS (PO)

SUBCHONDRAL CYSTIC LESIONS OF THE DISTAL PHALANX (P3)

OSSIFICATION OF THE COLLATERAL CARTILAGE OF THE DISTAL PHALANX (SIDEBONE)

SOLE BRUISES, CORNS, AND ABSCESSES

CANKER

THRUSH

WHITE LINE DISEASE

PENETRATING INJURIES OF THE FOOT

KERATOMA

FOOT IMBALANCES

CLUB FOOT

TOE CRACKS, QUARTER CRACKS, HEEL CRACKS (SAND CRACKS)

LAMINITIS

CHAPTER 6 Common Conditions of the Forelimb

OA OF THE PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL (PIP) JOINT

OSTEOCHONDROSIS (OC) OF THE PIP JOINT

LUXATION/SUBLUXATION OF THE PIP JOINT

FRACTURES OF THE MIDDLE PHALANX (P2)

FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL PHALANX (P1)

DESMITIS OF THE DISTAL SESAMOIDEAN LIGAMENTS (DSLs)

SDFT AND DDFT INJURIES IN THE PASTERN

OSTEOCHONDRAL (CHIP) FRACTURES OF PROXIMAL P1

FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES

SESAMOIDITIS

TRAUMATIC OA OF THE MCP JOINT (OSSELETS)

FETLOCK SUBCHONDRAL CYSTIC LESIONS (SCLs)

TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SUSPENSORY APPARATUS

DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON SHEATH (DFTS) TENOSYNOVITIS

PERIOSTITIS AND FRACTURE OF THE DORSAL METACARPUS (BUCKED SHINS, SHIN SPLINTS, AND STRESS FRACTURE)

MCIII/MTIII CONDYLAR FRACTURES

COMPLETE FRACTURES OF THE MCIII/MTIII (CANNON BONE)

“SPLINTS” OR SMALL MC BONE EXOSTOSIS

FRACTURES OF THE SMALL MC/MT (SPLINT) BONES

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT (SL) DESMITIS

DEGENERATIVE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT DESMITIS (DSLD)

SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL FLEXOR (SDF) TENDINITIS (BOWED TENDON)

COMMON DIGITAL EXTENSOR (CDE) TENDON RUPTURE

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS (ECR) TENDON DAMAGE

INTRA-ARTICULAR CARPAL FRACTURES

OA OF THE CARPUS

CARPAL SHEATH TENOSYNOVITIS

FRACTURES OF THE RADIUS

FRACTURES OF THE ULNA

SUBCHONDRAL CYSTIC LESIONS (SCLs) OF THE ELBOW

BURSITIS OF THE ELBOW (OLECRANON BURSITIS)

FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS

BICIPITAL (INTERTUBERCULAR BURSA) BURSITIS

OSTEOCHONDROSIS (OCD) OF THE SCAPULOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT

SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE INJURY (SWEENY)

FRACTURES OF THE SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE (TUBEROSITY)

CHAPTER 7 Common Conditions of the Hindlimb

DISTAL HINDLIMB AND FOOT

DISTAL TARSAL OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)

OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS (OCD) OF THE TARSOCRURAL JOINT

SLAB/SAGITTAL FRACTURES OF THE CENTRAL OR THIRD TARSAL BONES

FRACTURES OF THE TIBIAL MALLEOLI

SUBLUXATIONS/LUXATIONS OF THE TARSAL JOINTS

LUXATION OF THE SDFT FROM THE CALCANEUS

CAPPED HOCK/CALCANEAL BURSITIS

TARSAL SHEATH TENOSYNOVITIS (THOROUGHPIN)

RUPTURE OF THE PERONEUS TERTIUS

STRINGHALT

TIBIAL STRESS FRACTURES

DIAPHYSEAL AND METAPHYSEAL TIBIAL FRACTURES

TIBIAL TUBEROSITY/CREST FRACTURES

FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIAL PHYSIS

FEMOROPATELLAR OCD

FRACTURES OF THE PATELLA

UPWARD FIXATION OF THE PATELLA (UFP)

SUBCHONDRAL CYSTIC LESIONS (SCLs) OF THE STIFLE

MENISCAL INJURIES

COLLATERAL/CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY

SYNOVITIS/CAPSULITIS/OA OF THE STIFLE

FIBROTIC MYOPATHY

DIAPHYSEAL AND METAPHYSEAL FEMORAL FRACTURES

CAPITAL PHYSEAL FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL HEAD

COXOFEMORAL LUXATION (DISLOCATION OF THE HIP JOINT)

OA OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINT

INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS/PHYSITIS OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINT

CHAPTER 8 Common Conditions of the Axial Skeleton

PELVIC FRACTURES

ILIAL WING FRACTURES

TUBER COXAE FRACTURES

ACETABULAR FRACTURES

FRACTURES OF THE SACRUM AND COCCYGEAL VERTEBRAE

DISEASES OF THE SACROILIAC REGION

OVERRIDING/IMPINGEMENT OF DORSAL SPINOUS PROCESSES

SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT INJURIES

FRACTURES OF THE SPINOUS PROCESSES

VERTEBRAL FRACTURES

DISCOSPONDYLITIS

SPONDYLOSIS

FACET JOINT OA AND VERTEBRAL FACET JOINT SYNDROME

NUCHAL LIGAMENT DESMOPATHY/NUCHAL BURSITIS

CERVICAL FACET JOINT OA

CHAPTER 9 Therapeutic Options

SYSTEMIC/PARENTERAL

TOPICAL/LOCAL

INTRASYNOVIAL

INTRALESIONAL

ORAL/NUTRITIONAL

CORRECTIVE TRIMMING AND SHOEING

CHAPTER 10 Musculoskeletal Emergencies

SEVERE UNILATERAL LAMENESS

SEVERELY SWOLLEN LIMB

LONG BONE FRACTURES/LUXATIONS

SYNOVIAL INFECTIONS

TENDON LACERATIONS

Index

This edition first published 2011 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1546-6/2011.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Manual of equine lameness / edited by Gary Baxter.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1546-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)

 ISBN-10: 0-8138-1546-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)

 1. Lameness in horses. 2. Horses–Diseases. 3. Horses–Wounds and injuries. I. Baxter, Gary M.

 [DNLM: 1. Horse Diseases. 2. Lameness, Animal. 3. Horses–injuries. SF 959.L25]

 SF959.L25M36 2011

 636.1'089758–dc23

2011014377

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9780470960745; ePub 9780470960752; Mobi 9780470960769

Disclaimer

The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

CONTRIBUTORS

Some chapters in this book have been revised from material contributed to Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses, Sixth Edition, by the following authors:

ANNA DEE FAILS, DVM, PHD

Department of Biomedical Sciences

Colorado State University

1345 Center Ave.

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

GARY M. BAXTER, VMD, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Professor Emeritus, Colorado State University

Director, Veterinary Teaching Hospital

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Georgia

501 DW Brooks Dr.

Athens, GA 30602-7385

JAMES K. BELKNAP, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences

College of Veterinary Medicine

The Ohio State University

601 Vernon Tharp St.

Columbus, OH 43210

ALEJANDRO VALDÉS-MARTÍNEZ, MVZ, DIPLOMATE ACVR

Assistant Professor

Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences

Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Colorado State University

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

W. RICH REDDING, DVM, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

North Carolina State University

College of Veterinary Medicine

4700 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27614

MICHAEL SCHRAMME, DRMEDVET, CERTEO, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVS AND ECVS

Associate Professor, Equine Surgery

North Carolina State University

College of Veterinary Medicine

4700 Hillsborough St.

Raleigh, NC 27606

ANTHONY P. PEASE, DVM, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVR

Michigan State University

College of Veterinary Medicine

Office G370

East Lansing, MI 48823

ALICIA L. BERTONE, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Trueman Family Endowed Chair and Professor

The Ohio State University

Veterinary Teaching Hospital

601 Vernon Tharp St.

Columbus, OH 43210

CHRIS KAWCAK, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Iron Rose Ranch Chair

Equine Orthopaedic Research Center

Colorado State University

300 West Drake Road

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

JEREMY HUBERT, BVSC, MRCVS, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Colorado State University

300 West Drake

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

KENNETH E. SULLINS, DVM, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Professor of Surgery

Marion DuPont Scott Equine Medical Center

P.O. Box 1938

Leesburg, VA 20177

ROB VAN WESSUM, DVM, MS, CERT PRACT, KNMVD (EQ)

1820 Darling Road

Mason, MI 48854

LAURIE R. GOODRICH, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Associate Professor in Equine Surgery and Lameness

College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

Colorado State University

300 West Drake

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

TROY N. TRUMBLE, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Assistant Professor

College of Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary Medical Center

University of Minnesota

1365 Gortner Ave., 225 VMC

St. Paul, MN 55108

NICOLAS ERNST, DVM, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Minnesota

1365 Gortner Ave., 225 VMC

St. Paul, MN 55108

ANDREW PARKS MA, VET MB, MRCVS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Professor of Large Animal Surgery

Department of Large Animal Medicine

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Georgia

501-DW Brooks Dr.

Athens, GA 30602

TERRY D. SWANSON, DVM

Littleton Equine Medical Center

8025 S. Santa Fe Dr,

Littleton, CO 80120

ROBERT A. KAINER, DVM, MS

Professor Emeritus, Anatomy and Neurobiology

Colorado State University

1345 Center Ave.

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

ROBERT J. HUNT, DVM, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVS

Hagyard-Davidson-McGee

4250 Iron Works Pike

Lexington, KY 40511

RICHARD PARK, DVM, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACVR

Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences

Colorado State University

300 West Drake

Ft. Collins, CO 80523

PHILLIP F. STEYN, BVSC, MS, DIPLOMATE ACVR

Director of Professional Services and Chief Radiologist

Antech Imaging Services

17672-B Cowan Ave.

Irvine, CA 92614

TED S. STASHAK DVM, MS DIPLOMATE ACVS

Professor Emeritus Surgery

Colorado State University

965 Los Alamos Road

Santa Rosa, CA 95409

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES AND ABBREVIATIONS

TerminologyAbbreviationsDistal or third phalanxP3, coffin boneMiddle or second phalanxP2Proximal or first phalanxP1Distal interphalangeal jointDIP joint or coffin jointProximal interphalangeal jointPIP joint or pastern jointMetacarpo/metatarsophalangeal jointMCP/MTP joint or fetlock jointDistal sesamoidean ligamentsDSLDistal sesamoidean impar ligamentDSILCollateral suspensory ligaments of navicular boneCSLCollateral ligaments of coffin jointCLs of DIP jointDeep digital flexor tendonDDFT or DDF tendonSuperficial digital flexor tendonSDFT or SDF tendonMetacarpus/metatarsusMC/MT or MC3/MT3 or MCIII/MTIII, cannon boneSecond and fourth metacarpal/metatarsal bonesMC2 or MCII, MC4 or MCIV, MT2 or MTII, MT4 or MTIV; splint bonesDigital flexor tendon sheathDFTS or digital sheathCommon digital extensor tendonCDETLong digital extensor tendonLDETTarsometatarsal jointTMT jointDistal intertarsal jointDIT jointProximal intertarsal jointPIT jointTarsocrural jointTC jointMedial femorotibial jointMFT jointLateral femorotibial jointLFT jointFemoropatellar jointFP jointScapulohumeral jointSHJ or shoulder jointSacroiliac jointSI jointComputed tomographyCTMagnetic resonance imagingMRI or MRUltrasonographyUSOsteochondrosisOC/OCDOsteochondritis dissecansOCDSubchondral cystic lesionSCLAngular limb deformityALDOsteoarthritisOAAccessory ligament of deep digital flexor tendonALDDFT, ICL, or inferior checkAccessory ligament of superficial digital flexor tendonALSDFT, SCL, or superior checkDevelopmental orthopedic diseaseDODProximal suspensory desmitisPSDSuspensory ligamentSLNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugNSAIDHyaluronan or hyaluronic acidHAPolysulfated glycosaminoglycansPSGAG, AdequanPlatelet-rich plasmaPRPInterleukin receptor antagonist protein or conditioned serumIRAPExtracorporeal shockwave treatmentESWT or shock waveIntra-articularIADorsopalmar/plantarDPMediolateralMLTriamcinoloneTAMethyl prednisolone acetateMPA or Depo-Medrol®Dimethyl sulfoxideDMSODiclofenac creamSurpass®Mesenchymal stem cellMSCProximal sesamoid bonePSB

CHAPTER 1

Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System

ANATOMIC NOMENCLATURE AND USAGE

Informative and logical names for parts of the horse’s body, as well as positional and directional terms, have evolved through the efforts of nomenclature committees. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria is the standard reference in veterinary science. Some older terminology is still widely used. For example, the following are acceptable synonyms: navicular bone for distal sesamoid bone, coffin joint for distal interphalangeal joint, pastern joint for proximal interphalangeal joint, and fetlock joint for metacarpophalangeal joint. It is useful to be familiar with the older terms because many times they are used interchangeably.

Figure 1.1 provides the appropriate directional terms for veterinary anatomy. With the exception of the eye, the terms anterior and posterior are not applicable to quadrupeds. Cranial and caudal apply to the limbs proximal to the antebrachiocarpal (radiocarpal) joint and the tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint. Distal to these joints, dorsal and palmar (on the forelimb) or plantar (on the hindlimb) are the correct terms. The term “solar” is used to designate structures on the palmar (plantar) surface of the distal phalanx and the ground surface of the hoof.

Figure 1.1. Positional and directional terms.

THORACIC LIMB

Digit and Fetlock

The foot and pastern comprise the equine digit, a region including the distal (third), middle (second), and proximal (first) phalanges and associated structures (Figure 1.2). The fetlock consists of the metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint and the structures surrounding it. The digits and fetlocks of the thoracic limb and the pelvic limbs are similar in most respects. The term “palmar” is used when referring to structures of the forelimb, whereas “plantar” is used when referring to the hindlimb.

Figure 1.2. Bones of the left equine thoracic limb (lateral view).

Foot

The foot consists of the epidermal hoof and all it encloses: the connective tissue corium (dermis), digital cushion, distal phalanx (coffin bone), most of the cartilages of the distal phalanx, distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint, distal extremity of the middle phalanx (short pastern bone), distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, podotrochlear bursa (navicular bursa), several ligaments, tendons of insertion of the common digital extensor and deep digital flexor muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. Skin between the heels is also part of the foot.

HOOF WALL, SOLE, AND FROG

The hoof is continuous with the epidermis at the coronet. Here the dermis of the skin is continuous with the dermis (corium) deep to the hoof. Regions of the corium correspond to the parts of the hoof under which they are located: perioplic corium, coronary corium, laminar (lamellar) corium, corium of the frog, and corium of the sole. Examination of the ground surface of the hoof reveals the sole, frog, heels, bars, and ground surface of the wall (Figure 1.3). The ground surface of the forefoot is normally larger than that of the hind foot, reflecting the shape of the distal surface of the enclosed distal phalanx.

Figure 1.3. Topography of the solar surface of the hoof. The right half has been trimmed to emphasize the region of the white line.

The hoof wall extends from the ground proximad to the coronary border where the soft white horn of the periople joins the epidermis of the skin at the coronet. The regions of the wall are the toe, medial and lateral quarters, and heels (Figures 1.3, 1.4). From the thick toe, the wall becomes progressively thinner and more elastic toward the heels, where it thickens again where it reflects dorsad as the bars. Ranges for the angle of the toe between the dorsal surface of the hoof wall and the ground surface of the hoof vary widely. In the ideal digit, the dorsal surface of the hoof wall and the dorsal surface of the pastern should be parallel, reflecting the axial alignment of the phalanges.

Figure 1.4. Dissected view of the relationship of the hoof to underlying regions of the corium (dermis).

The highly vascular and densely innervated collagenous connective tissue of the coronary corium (dermis) gives rise to elongated, distally directed papillae. Laminar (lamellar) corium forms a series of laminae that interdigitate with epidermal laminae of the stratum internum of the hoof wall. Shorter papillae extend from the perioplic, solar, and cuneate (frog) coria. The corium provides sensation as well as nourishment and attachment for the overlying stratified squamous epithelium comprising the ungual epidermis (hoof).

Three layers comprise the hoof wall: the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum internum (Figure 1.5). The superficial stratum externum is a thin layer of horn extending distad from the coronet a variable distance; this thin, soft layer, commonly called the periople, wears from the surface of the hoof wall so that it is present only on the bulbs of the heels and the proximal parts of the hoof wall. The bulk of the wall is a stratum medium consisting of horn tubules and intertubular horn. Horn tubules are generated by the stratum basale of the coronary epidermis covering the long papillae of the coronary corium. Intertubular horn is formed in between the projections.