Materials and Infrastructures 1 E-Book
153,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This volume presents the first half of a diverse collection of chapters in the field of materials and infrastructures in transport systems, which illustrate the technological and methodological innovations required to rise to the challenge of building more sustainable transport infrastructures for the future. The authors explore the potential of these sustainable solutions to improve the performance and efficiency of materials and infrastructures, with a reduced environmental impact and lower cost. Theoretical and practical case studies address a variety of topics including circular economy and sustainability, the impacts of climate change, durability, lifecycle, auscultation and the monitoring of infrastructures. This book provides transport researchers and professionals with a better understanding of the current and future trends in these innovative fields, enabling them to put into practice new technologies and methods of design and management, so that new solutions can become current practices to truly improve modern transport systems.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 617
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
I.1. Main findings
I.2. Conclusions
PART 1: Materials for Infrastructures
1 Use of an Ultra-wide Band Radar to Detect Slope Movements Along Transport Infrastructures
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Development of transportable ultra wide-band radar
1.3. Conclusion
1.4. Acknowledgments
1.5. Bibliography
2 Intelligent Compaction Technology for Geomaterials: A Demonstration Project
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Demonstration project
2.3. Conclusion
2.4. Acknowledgments
2.5. Bibliography
3 Geotechnical Challenges Related to Transport Infrastructures on Sensitive Soft Clay Deposits
3.1. Nomenclature
3.2. Introduction
3.3. Challenges related to the characterization of sensitive clays
3.4. Challenges related to the assessment of safety margins
3.5. Post-failure assessment
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. Acknowledgments
3.8. Bibliography
4 Performance Control of Bituminous Mixtures with a High RAP Content
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Impact of the high RAP content in the bituminous mixtures
4.3. Normative context
4.4. Development of a system to measure the blending degree of the RAP
4.5. Impact of the RAP content on the mechanical properties of the recovered binder
4.6. Correlation between laboratory and jobsite production
4.7. Rheological model
4.8. Conclusion
4.9. Bibliography
5 Integration of Materials Science-based Performance Models into PMS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Approach
5.3. Integration of material-based performance functions into PMS
5.4. Demonstration case studies
5.5. Conclusion
5.6. Bibliography
6 Decision Aid Model for Asphalt Mixture Choice
6.1. Background and objectives
6.2. Model architecture
6.3. Model implementation and results
6.4. Conclusions and perspectives
6.5. Bibliography
7 Experimental Study of Binder–Filler Interaction Using the Modified Multiple Stress–Strain Creep Recovery Test
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Experimental program
7.3. The development of multiple stress–strain creep recovery test
7.4. Results and discussion
7.5. Discussion and conclusions
7.6. Bibliography
8 Reliability of New Shear Design Equations for FRP-strengthened Concrete Bridge Girders
8.1. Nomenclature
8.2. Introduction
8.3. Shear strengthening using composites
8.4. Reliability study
8.5. Results and discussion
8.6. Conclusions
8.7. Acknowledgments
8.8. Bibliography
9 Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Bond between Aramid Fiber-reinforced Polymer Bars and Concrete
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Material properties at ambient temperature
9.3. Bond tests
9.4. Results
9.5. Modeling
9.6. Conclusions
9.7. Acknowledgments
9.8. Bibliography
10 Innovative Use of FRP for Sustainable Precast Concrete Structures
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Double-tees
10.3. Precast concrete wall panels
10.4. Architectural cladding
10.5. Precast concrete piles (CFFT)
10.6. Bridge girders
10.7. Future opportunities
10.8. Conclusions
10.9. Acknowledgments
10.10. Bibliography
PART 2: Auscultation and Monitoring
11 3D Extraction of the Relief of Road Surface through Image Analysis
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Photometric models
11.3. Extraction of gradient field
11.4. Relief extraction
11.5. Conclusion and perspectives
11.6. Bibliography
12 Measurement Error Models (MEMs) Regression Method to Harmonize Friction Values from Different Skid Testing Devices
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Objective
12.3. MEM: background and modeling
12.4. Data collection
12.5. Results and analysis
12.6. Conclusion
12.7. Acknowledgments
12.8. Bibliography
13 Accurate and Up-to-Date Evaluation of Extreme Load Effects for Bridge Assessment
13.1. Introduction
13.2. WIM data files
13.3. Extrapolated values for the considered WIM data
13.4. Conclusion
13.5. Acknowledgments
13.6. Bibliography
14 Transportation Infrastructure Monitoring Using Satellite Remote Sensing
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Purpose and scope
14.3. Methodology
14.4. Results
14.7. Discussion
14.8. Conclusions
14.9. Acknowledgments
14.10. Disclaimer
14.11. Bibliography
15 Monitoring of Scour Critical Bridges using Changes in the Natural Frequency of Vibration of Foundation Piles: A Preliminary Investigation
15.1. Nomenclature
15.2. Introduction
15.3. Scour monitoring using fixed instruments
15.4. Scour monitoring using structural response measurement
15.5. Field investigation at UCD dense sand test site
15.6. Results and conclusions
15.7. Acknowledgments
15.8. Bibliography
16 Evaluation of Multilayer Pavement Viscoelastic Properties from Falling Weight Deflectometer using Neural Networks
16.1. Nomenclature
16.2. Introduction
16.3. Methodology
16.4. Calibration process
16.5. Backcalculation process: artificial neural network
16.6. Conclusions
16.7. Acknowledgments
16.8. Bibliography
17 Accuracy of Ground-penetrating Radar in Pavement Thickness Evaluation: Impact of Interpretation Errors
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Ground-penetrating radar technology
17.3. Data collection and interpretation
17.4. Results
17.5. Discussion and conclusion
17.6. Bibliography
18 Full-scale Test on Prefabricated Slabs for Electrical Supply by Induction of Urban Transport Systems
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Design of the full-scale test
18.3. Construction of the full-scale test and solution for installation of the prefabricated slabs
18.4. Test conditions and parameters measured during the test
18.5. First results and interpretation
18.6. Conclusions and perspectives
18.7. Bibliography
PART 3: Durability and Maintenance Repair
19 The Poroelastic Road Surface (PERS): Is the 10 dB Reducing Pavement within Reach?
19.1. Introduction
19.2. The PERSUADE project
19.3. Mix design
19.4. Safety issues
19.5. Cost–benefit analysis
19.6. Test tracks on the road
19.7. Conclusions
19.8. Acknowledgments
19.9. Bibliography
20 Modeling Subjective Condition Data of Asphalt Surfaced Urban Pavements
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Regression and Markov chain modeling
20.3. Data description and preparation
20.4. Modeling using deterministic regression analysis
20.5. Modeling surfacing deterioration using Markov chains
20.6. Markov models for sample AC network
20.7. Comparison of models
20.8. Conclusions
20.9. Acknowledgments
20.10. Bibliography
21 Modeling of Aging of Low-noise Road Surfaces
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Noise reduction over time
21.3. Mechanisms of noise reducing surfaces
21.4. Deterioration process
21.5. Parameters
21.6. Discussion
21.7. Acknowledgments
21.8. Bibliography
22 Evaluation of Load-carrying Capacity of Asphalt Superstructures from Deflection Measurements
22.1. Nomenclature
22.2. Introduction
22.3. Theoretical analysis
22.4. Validation of theoretical analysis
22.5. Conclusion and recommendation
22.6. Bibliography
23 Durable Pothole Repairs
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Definition of the term “pothole”
23.3. Tests and evaluation methods for use in the laboratory and
in situ
23.4. Existing standards, techniques, materials and experience with them on the European market
23.5. Experience from trial sections
23.6. Laboratory tests
23.7. Whole lifecycle costs and benefits
23.8. Conclusions
23.9. Acknowledgments
23.10. Bibliography
24 Application of Multicriteria Assessment for the Selection of At-grade Intersections
24.1. Introduction
24.2. MCA application in the choice of at-grade intersections
24.3. Selected intersection and its alternative design
24.4. Conclusion
24.5. Acknowledgments
24.6. Bibliography
25 Low-energy and Environmentally-friendly Solutions for Road Maintenance
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Flexible bituminous mixtures for the maintenance of flexible low traffic roads
25.3. Emulsion-based cold bituminous mixtures
25.4. Conclusion
25.5. Bibliography
26 3D Longitudinal and Transverse Cracking and the Influence of Non-Uniform Contact Pressure on the Stress Intensity Factors of these Cracks
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Objectives
26.3. Methodology
26.4. Results and discussion
26.5. Conclusions
26.6. Acknowledgments
26.7. Bibliography
27 Selecting a Road Network Maintenance Strategy to Achieve the Operator’s Objectives
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Maintenance strategies
27.3. Choosing a maintenance strategy
27.4. An ELECTRE III-based approach
27.5. Example
27.6. Conclusion
27.7. Bibliography
List of Authors
Index
Contents for Volume 5B
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
3 Geotechnical Challenges Related to Transport Infrastructures on Sensitive Soft Clay Deposits
Table 3.1. The effects of sample disturbance
Table 3.2. Material factor (EN 1997)
Table 3.3. Partial safety factors for effective stress and total stress analyses according to the NPRA regulations
4 Performance Control of Bituminous Mixtures with a High RAP Content
Table 4.1. Impact of the new bitumen penetrability on the mix modulus (NF EN 12697-26 E)
Table 4.2. Evaluation of the blending degree between laboratory and jobsite to evaluate the binder homogeneity in the asphalt concrete
Table 4.3. Comparison between the calculated E* following the Eurovia model and the measured E*
5 Integration of Materials Science-based Performance Models into PMS
Table 5.1. Laboratory test procedures suitable to assess asphalt material parameters [WIS 13]
6 Decision Aid Model for Asphalt Mixture Choice
Table 6.1. Comparison between the various evaluation levels
7 Experimental Study of Binder–Filler Interaction Using the Modified Multiple Stress–Strain Creep Recovery Test
Table 7.1. Stresses and the corresponding strains in MSSCR
8 Reliability of New Shear Design Equations for FRP-strengthened Concrete Bridge Girders
Table 8.1. Summary of bias and COV values used in calibration study
Table 8.2. Reliability index, β, results from calibration study
9 Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Bond between Aramid Fiber-reinforced Polymer Bars and Concrete
Table 9.1. Experimental evaluation of the coefficients of thermal expansion
Table 9.2. Results of the pull-out tests
Table 9.3. Identified parameters of the model
11 3D Extraction of the Relief of Road Surface through Image Analysis
Table 11.1. Comparison of reconstruction errors
12 Measurement Error Models (MEMs) Regression Method to Harmonize Friction Values from Different Skid Testing Devices
Table 12.1. Test matrix
Table 12.2. Section texture and material properties of the pavement surfaces tested
Table 12.3. Results of the linear regression and orthogonal regression for runs obtained from the same device
Table 12.4. Relationship between the GT and LWT
13 Accurate and Up-to-Date Evaluation of Extreme Load Effects for Bridge Assessment
Table 13.1. Comparison of the WIM data from 1986 and 2010
Table 13.2. Extrapolated effect values on a given bridge for the various extrapolation methods and WIM data (1986 and 2010)
15 Monitoring of Scour Critical Bridges using Changes in the Natural Frequency of Vibration of Foundation Piles: A Preliminary Investigation
Table 15.1. Site properties
16 Evaluation of Multilayer Pavement Viscoelastic Properties from Falling Weight Deflectometer using Neural Networks
Table 16.1. Ciudad Real airport pavement structures
Table 16.2. CEDEX laboratory pavement structures
Table 16.3. Distribution of the geophones according to the distance to the impact point
Table 16.4. Ciudad Real airport. Calibration results
Table 16.5. CEDEX laboratory. Calibration results
Table 16.6. Training and validation process for the artificial neural network
17 Accuracy of Ground-penetrating Radar in Pavement Thickness Evaluation: Impact of Interpretation Errors
Table 17.1. Measured dielectric constants
Table 17.2. GPR relative errors compared to reference thicknesses measured on cores (asphalt)
Table 17.3. GPR relative errors compared to reference thicknesses measured on cores (base)
18 Full-scale Test on Prefabricated Slabs for Electrical Supply by Induction of Urban Transport Systems
Table 18.1. Testing configuration of slab prototypes
20 Modeling Subjective Condition Data of Asphalt Surfaced Urban Pavements
Table 20.1. General form of TPM used in modeling pavement deterioration
Table 20.2. TPM for AC network
Table 20.3. Markov chains for AC network using 2012 start vector
Table 20.4. MC models for AC network using the initial vector and TPM and their weighted average condition (WAC) values
21 Modeling of Aging of Low-noise Road Surfaces
Table 1.1. Overview of observed slopes [dB/yr] of different surface types, found in different countries in Europe. CPX and SPB are combined
Table 21.2. Results of multiple parameter analysis of acoustic road surface performance. The pass-by level for LVs at 110 km/h and for HVs at 80 km/h is given by formula [21.1]. The coefficients including the residues are given here
22 Evaluation of Load-carrying Capacity of Asphalt Superstructures from Deflection Measurements
Table 22.1. Stiffness of the load distributing layer of an asphalt superstructure by full-bonded, delaminated asphalt pavement slab
Table 22.2. Results of a back-calculation of FWD measurement and the investigation in the laboratory
Table 22.3. The back-calculated thickness of the load distributing layer of superstructure at the FWD station with delaminated asphalt pavement slab and the thickness of the stiffest asphalt slab of the core samples
23 Durable Pothole Repairs
Table 23.1. Estimated durability of 25 generic pothole repair materials
Table 23.2. An overview of repair materials for potholes classified by generic material types
Table 23.3. Repair alternatives
Table 23.4. Pothole scenarios
24 Application of Multicriteria Assessment for the Selection of At-grade Intersections
Table 24.1. Safety index for separate intersection types
Table 24.2. Weight of criteria
Table 24.3. Input data for MCA evaluation
Table 24.4. Results of MCA evaluation
25 Low-energy and Environmentally-friendly Solutions for Road Maintenance
Table 25.1. Workable mixes for wearing courses – properties measured on cores
Table 25.2. RD 35 at Meyrals – properties measured on cores
Table 25.3. VC 12 at Juillac – properties measured on cores
Table 25.4. RD 107 at St-Sylvestre sur Lot – properties measured on cores
27 Selecting a Road Network Maintenance Strategy to Achieve the Operator’s Objectives
Table 27.1. A simple maintenance strategy based on the IRI
Table 27.2. A maintenance strategy where maintenance interventions depend on both the IRI and the percentage of cracks extent
Table 27.3. Performance matrix
Table 27.4. Thresholds and criteria weights defined by the user
Table 27.5. Concordance matrix
Table 27.6. Descending and ascending distillation preorders
Table 27.7. Ranking matrix
Table 27.8. Final order
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Pages
C1
iii
iv
v
xix
xx
xxi
xxiii
xxiv
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
xxviii
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
145
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
410
Research for Innovative Transports Set
coordinated by
Bernard Jacob
Volume 5A
Materials and Infrastructures 1
Edited by
Jean-Michel Torrenti
Francesca La Torre
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2016
The rights of Jean-Michel Torrenti and Francesca La Torre to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939896
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-029-4
Preface
The transport sector is very much concerned about environmental adaptation and mitigation issues. Most of these are related to the objective of curbing GHG emission by 20% by 2020, alternative energy and energy savings, sustainable mobility and infrastructures, safety and security, etc. These objectives require the implementation of advanced research works, to develop new policies, and to adjust education and industrial innovations.
The theme and slogan of the Transport Research Arena held in Paris (TRA2014) were respectively: “Transport Solutions: From Research to Deployment” and “Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation”. Top researchers and engineers, as well as private and public policy and decision–makers, were mobilized to identify and take the relevant steps to implement innovative solutions in transport. All surface modes were included, including walking and cycling, as well as cross modal aspects.
Policies, technologies and behaviors must be continually adapted to new constraints, such as climate change, the diminishing supply of fossil fuels, the economic crisis, the increased demand for mobility, safety and security, i.e. all the societal issues of the 21st Century. Transport infrastructures and materials, modal share, co-modality, urban planning, public transportation and mobility, safety and security, freight, logistics, ITS, energy and environment issues are the subject of extensive studies, research works and industrial innovations that are reported in this series of books.
This book is part of a set of six books called the Research for Innovative Transports set. This collection presents an update of the latest academic and applied research, case studies, best practices and user perspectives on transport carried out in Europe and worldwide. The presentations made during TRA2014 reflect on them. The TRAs are supported by the European Commission (DG-MOVE and DG-RTD), the Conference of European Road Directors (CEDR), and the modal European platforms, ERRAC (rail), ERTRAC (road), WATERBORNE, and ALICE (freight), and also by the European Construction Technology Platform (ECTP) and the European Transport Research Alliance (ETRA).
The volumes are made up of a selection of the best papers presented at TRA2014. All papers were peer reviewed before being accepted at the conference, and were then selected by the editors for the purpose of the present collection. Each volume contains complementary academic and applied inputs provided by highly qualified researchers, experts and professionals from all around the world.
Each volume of the series covers a strategic theme of TRA2014.
Volume 1, Energy and Environment, presents recent research works around the triptych “transports, energy and environment” that demonstrate that vehicle technologies and fuels can still improve, but it is necessary to prepare their implementation (electro-mobility), think about new services and involve enterprises. Mitigation strategies and policies are examined under different prospective scenarios, to develop and promote alternative fuels and technologies, multi-modality and services, and optimized transport chains whilst preserving climate and the environment. Evaluation and certification methodologies are key elements for assessing air pollution, noise and vibration from road, rail and maritime transports and their impacts on the environment. Different depollution technologies and mitigation strategies are also presented.
Volume 2, Towards Innovative Freight and Logistics, analyzes how to optimize freight movements and logistics, introduces new vehicle concepts, points out the governance and organization issues, and proposes an assessment framework.
Volumes 3 and 4 are complementary books covering the topic of traffic management and safety.
Volume 3, Traffic Management, starts with a survey of data collection processes and policies and then shows how traffic modeling and simulation may resolve major problems. Traffic management, monitoring and routing tools and experience are reported and the role of traffic information is highlighted. Impact assessments are presented.
Volume 4, Traffic Safety, describes the main road safety policies, accident analysis and modeling. Special focus is placed on the safety of vulnerable road users. The roles of infrastructure and ITS on safety are analyzed. Finally railway safety is focused upon.
Volume 5, Materials and Infrastructures, split into two sub-volumes, investigating geotechnical issues, and pavement materials’ characterization, innovative materials, technologies and processes, and introducing new techniques and approaches for auscultation and monitoring. Solutions to increase the durability of infrastructures and to improve maintenance and repair are shown, for recycling as well as for ensuring the sustainability of the infrastructures. Specific railways and inland navigation issues are addressed. A focus is put on climate resilient roads.
Volume 6, Urban Mobility and Public Transport, highlights possible innovations in order to improve transports and the quality of life in urban areas. Buses and two-wheelers could be a viable alternative in cities if they are safe and reliable. New methodologies are needed to assess urban mobility through new survey protocols, a better knowledge of user behavior or taking into account the value of travel for public transport. The interactions between urban transport and land planning are a key issue. However, these interactions have to be better assessed in order to propose scenarios for new policies.
Bernard JACOB, Chair of the TRA2014 Programme Committee
Jean-Bernard KOVARIK, Chair of the TRA2014 Management Committee
March 2016
Acknowledgments
The European Commission, DG MOVE and RTD, the Conference of European Road Directors (CEDR), the European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC), the European Rail Research Advisory Council (ERRAC) and the European technology platform WATERBORNE-TP are acknowledged for their support and active contribution to the Programme Committee of the TRA2014, in charge of reviewing and selecting the papers presented at the conference, which forms the main input of this volume.
The French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) is acknowledged for having organized the TRA2014, in which 600 high-quality papers were presented, successfully.
Anne Beeldens, Pierre Marchal, Manuel Pereira, and Jon Krokeborg; coordinators of the topic on Materials and Infrastructure; all the other members of the Programme Committee; the reviewers who actively contributed to review and select the papers; and the authors who wrote them are acknowledged for their great job that produced the material for this volume.
Joëlle Labarrère, secretary of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is acknowledged for her valuable help to the editors and for her support to prepare this volume.
Francesca La Torre
Professor Francesca La Torre is a Full Professor of roads, railways and airports at the University of Florence (Italy). She has been working in the field of transportation infrastructures for over 20 years. She obtained her PhD in 1998 at the University of Rome and she served as an assistant researcher at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA). She is a member of the EC Horizon 2020 advisory group for “Smart, Green and Integrated Transport” and the infrastructures representative for academia in ERTRAC.
Jean-Michel Torrenti
Jean Michel Torrenti is the R&D director of the Materials and Structures Department of IFSTTAR. He is also professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. His research concerns mechanics of concrete and its coupling with durability aspects: behavior of concrete at early age, creep, leaching. It is applied to model the behavior of structures such as bridges, nuclear power plants and nuclear waste storage. He is the co-author of several books concerning concrete and concrete structures.
Bernard Jacob
Bernard Jacob, chair of the Programme Committee of TRA2014, is deputy scientific director for transport, infrastructures and safety with IFSTTAR. His research works are in bridge and road safety, traffic loads on bridges, heavy vehicles and weigh-in-motion. He has coordinated a number of European and International research projects. He is an active member in several scientific and technical committees (OECD/ITF, PIARC, TRB, etc.) and provided expertise to the European Commission. He is professor at Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat and the president of the International Society for WIM (ISWIM). He has published more than 100 scientific papers and edited 10 published volumes of international projects and conference proceedings.
Introduction
The infrastructures of the future will have to be sustainable, seamless, resilient and durable, will respect the principles of circular economy and will have to be easy to monitor and manage. New technologies are currently available or under development to reduce the carbon footprint of infrastructures and to increase the overall sustainability and recyclability of transport while maintaining the utility and value of the infrastructures. However, the impact of these new solutions will only be effective once these are thoroughly disseminated and extensively deployed.
This volume presents a series of the most promising solutions and aims at disseminating them to improve the performances and efficiency of materials and infrastructures, through a choice of updated papers from the TRA2014 Conference. Selection is primarily based on a quality criterion, also taking into account the geographical diversity of papers in order to restore the originality and richness of current research.
I.1. Main findings
The papers contained in this volume demonstrate how technological solutions and new design and management methodologies can be implemented in different surface transport modes (roads, railways and waterways) to increase transport sustainability by improving infrastructures design, maintenance, recyclability and management. Both theoretical research and practical case studies explore topics such as characterization of pavements, bridges and soils, use of recycled and warm mix asphalts as well as high-performance materials to increase durability or to reduce the noise impact.
New management techniques for improving infrastructure resilience both roads and railways is a very timely topic that has been selected by the European Commission and the U.S. Department of Transportation as the subject of further Euro-American cooperation. This topic is extensively covered in this volume for a number of different transport modes.
Road infrastructures are typically “low technology” structures but timely, cost-effective and seamless monitoring is essential for the implementation of effective maintenance and management concepts. New solutions for pavement and soil characterization are being developed by implementing seamless technologies. These range from well-established techniques, such as ground penetrating radars (GPR) and weigh-in-motion (WIM) techniques, to innovative radar remote sensing techniques.
The development of new pavement materials is always a key topic for road and airport engineers and the implementation of recycled materials and warm mix asphalt will be the standard solution of the future. However, there is still a strong need for understanding the long-term performance of these materials in situ and for developing performance models that the designers can implement for adopting these technologies. This volume will help the designers and road managers interested in implementing these solutions and presents different case studies that will make the potential users feel more confident.
It is interesting to observe that infrastructure performances often conflict and therefore solutions such as porous asphalt, that can be very effective for noise reduction, is more sensitive to climatic changes due to the effect of freeze-thaw cycles.
Durability and maintenance are core issues for road researchers with the final aim in mind that the road of the future will have to be “Forever Open”. However, local authorities are often faced with the issue of effective day to day maintenance. Infrastructure research too often focuses on highly trafficked motorways or primary road networks; therefore, it is extremely important that a research effort be specifically devoted to develop guidelines for the maintenance and repair of low volume roads, which represent a large portion of the whole road networks.
Railway and road infrastructures issues are usually tackled as separate but the recent work conducted by the joint roadmap for cross-modal transport infrastructure innovation toward a performing infrastructure has recently shown that a number of infrastructure research issues are cross-modal and therefore lessons can be learned across modes. This is clearly shown in this volume in which resilience to climatic changes covers both roads and railways and integrated modes are needed to achieve a truly resilient transport system.
This volume will be of interest not only for the research community and in higher education but also for professionals in the area of infrastructure design and management as well as economic and institutional decision makers. They will find state-of-the-art studies of key research issues, new advanced methods and illustrative case studies.
Volume 5 of the Research for Innovative Transports set is divided into two sub-volumes containing three parts each: five parts focus on roads but cover potentially cross-modal topics dealing with materials for infrastructures, auscultation and monitoring, durability and maintenance repair, recycling and sustainability issues and climate resilient roads. One part is specifically devoted to railways and inland navigation.
Sub-volume 1 contains parts 1–3. Part 1 deals with geotechnical issues and pavement materials’ characterization. In this part researchers and practitioners can find new test methods and materials characterization techniques for non-conventional materials including recycled asphalt mixtures, warm mix asphalts but also fiber reinforced concrete materials.
Part 2 presents novel and high-tech solutions to monitor and assess pavement conditions to assist road authorities in this key management activity. These techniques include 3D mapping, remote sensing, GPR evaluation of pavement structural capacity and WIM monitoring solutions. The reader will also find a highly specialized study on integrating the electrical supply cables for public transport, for creating an electromagnetic induction field, in a prefabricated concrete slab.
Part 3
