Materials for Solar Energy Conversion E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 558

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

MATERIALS FOR SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION This book provides professionals and students with a resource on the basic principles and applications of solar energy materials and processes, as well as practicing engineers who want to understand how functional materials operate in solar energy conversion systems. The demand for energy is increasing daily, and the development of sustainable power generation is a critical issue. In order to overcome the energy demand, power generation through solar energy is booming. Many research works have attempted to enhance the efficiency of collection and storage of solar energy and, as a result, numerous advanced functional materials have been developed for enhancing the performance of solar cells. This book has compiled and broadly explores the latest developments of materials, methods, and applications of solar energy. The book is divided into 2 parts, in which the first part deals with solar cell fundamentals and emerging categories, and the latter part deals with materials, methods, and applications in order to fill the gap between existing technologies and practical requirements. The book presents detailed chapters including organic, inorganic, coating materials, and collectors. The use of modern computer simulation techniques, conversion and storage processes are effectively covered. Topics such as nanostructured solar cells, battery materials, etc. are included in this book as well. Audience The book is aimed at researchers in materials science, chemistry, physics, electrical and mechanical engineering working in the fields of nanotechnology, photovoltaic device technology, and solar energy.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Part 1 SOLAR CELLS - FUNDAMENTALS AND EMERGING CATEGORIES

1 Introduction to Solar Energy Conversion

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Forms of Energy

1.3 Solar Radiation

1.4 Heat Transfer Principles

1.5 Basic Laws of Radiation

1.6 Solar Energy Conversion

1.7 Photo-Thermal Conversion System

1.8 Thermal Applications

1.9 Solar Drying

1.10 Photovoltaic Conversion

1.11 Photovoltaic Thermal Systems

1.12 Conclusion

References

2 Development of Solar Cells

Abbreviations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 First-Generation PV Cells

2.3 Second-Generation Solar PV Technology

2.4 Third-Generation PV Cells

2.5 Conclusion

References

3 Recycling of Solar Panels

Abbreviations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 PV and Recycling Development Worldwide

3.3 Current Recycling and Recovery Techniques

3.4 Strategies for Recycling Processes

3.5 Approaches for Recycling of Solar Panel

3.6 Global Surveys in PV Recycling Technology

3.7 Ecological and Economic Impacts

3.8 Conclusion

References

4 Multi-Junction Solar Cells

Abbreviation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Key Issues for Realizing the Efficiency of MJCs

4.3 Structure of Multi-Junction Cell

4.4 Novel Materials for Multi-Junction Cells

4.5 Applications

4.6 Conclusions

References

5 Perovskite Solar Cells

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Structure and Working

5.3 Fabrication of Simple Perovskite Solar Cell

5.4 Fabrication Methods

5.5 Stability of Perovskite Solar Cell

5.6 Losses in Solar Cells

5.7 Conclusion

References

6 Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Abbreviations

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

6.3 Dye (Photosensitizer)

6.4 Conclusion

References

Part 2 MATERIALS, METHODS AND APPLICATIONS

7 Organic Materials and Their Processing Techniques

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Organic Materials

7.3 Electrical Characteristics of OPVs

7.4 Potential Materials for OPV Applications

7.5 Conclusion

References

8 Inorganic Materials and Their Processing Techniques

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Functional Inorganic Materials

8.3 Comprehensive Processing Strategy

8.4 Solid-Phase Processing

8.5 Solution-Phase Processing

8.6 Gas-Phase Processing

8.7 Challenges in Nanomaterial Production and Processing

8.8 Conclusion and Perspectives

References

9 2D Materials for Solar Cell Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fundamental Principles of Solar Cell

9.3 Fabrication Methods for the Generation of Solar Cell

9.4 Introduction to 2D Materials

9.5 Solar Cell Application of 2D Materials

9.6 Conclusions

References

10 Nanostructured Materials and Their Processing Techniques

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The Need for Solar Energy

10.3 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

10.4 Nanotechnology in Solar Energy

10.5 The Outlook of Nanomaterials in the Performance of Solar Cells

10.6 Photovoltaic-Based Nanomaterials and Synthesis Techniques

10.7 Nanofluids in Solar Collectors

10.8 Nanofluids in Solar Stills

10.9 Conclusion

References

11 Coating Materials, Methods, and Techniques

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Thin Film Deposition Techniques

11.3 Anti-Reflection Thin Films

11.4 Methods of Thin Film Growth

11.5 Thin Film Characterization

11.6 Performance Analysis of ARC Coated Solar Cells

11.7 Conclusion

References

12 Anti-Reflection Coating

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Anti-Reflection Coating

12.3 Perspectives on ARC Materials

12.4 Techniques for Coating ARC

12.5 Literature Studies: Impact of ARC on Performance of Solar Cell

12.6 Conclusion

References

13 Thermal Energy Storage and Its Applications

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Types of ES

13.3 Methods of TES

13.4 Applications of TES

13.5 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Various modes of heat transfer.

Figure 1.2 Non-concentrating liquid flat plate collectors.

Figure 1.3 Non-concentrating air collectors.

Figure 1.4 Concentrating collectors.

Figure 1.5 Natural circulation system [1].

Figure 1.6 SWH by forced circulation-Industrial purposes [19].

Figure 1.7 Forced circulation system—Domestic purposes.

Figure 1.8 Flash type [1].

Figure 1.9 Direct method [1].

Figure 1.10 Unfired boiler [1].

Figure 1.11 Open to solar drying system method.

Figure 1.12 Direct solar energy crop drying method.

Figure 1.13 Forced circulation system method.

Figure 1.14 Schematic figure of photovoltaic module.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Classification of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells.

Figure 2.2 Single-crystalline PV cells.

Figure 2.3 Amorphous silicon PV cell.

Figure 2.4 Cadmium telluride PV cell.

Figure 2.5 Cadmium indium gallium diselenide PV cell.

Figure 2.6 Copper zinc tin sulfide PV cell.

Figure 2.7 Dye sensitized PV cell.

Figure 2.8 Organic PV cell.

Figure 2.9 Perovskite PV cell.

Figure 2.10 Polymer photovoltaic cell.

Figure 2.11 Quantum dot photovoltaic cell.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Power generating capacity installed in 2017 [5, 6] (Reproduced and ob...

Figure 3.2 Market share of PV panels by technology type (2014-2030) [4, 5, 23, 2...

Figure 3.3 PV panel failure rates according to customer complaints [5, 28, 34] (...

Figure 3.4 Different types of solar PV recycling processes [5, 40, 41] (Reproduc...

Figure 3.5 PV wafers during heating procedure: (a) before heating; (b) after hea...

Figure 3.6 Recycling techniques for various types of solar panels [4] (Reproduce...

Figure 3.7 The estimated cumulative worldwide solar PV module waste (tonnes) 201...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Different layers in MJC [36].

Figure 4.2 Layers of InGaP/GaAs cell—Schematic representation [11].

Figure 4.3 Materials, thickness, and doping concentration of various layers in I...

Figure 4.4 VI curve of InGaP/GaAs multi-junction solar cell [32].

Figure 4.5 Redesigned structure of InGaP/GaAs by employing BSF layer—Schematic r...

Figure 4.6 Materials, thickness, and doping concentration of various layers in I...

Figure 4.7 VI curve of InGaP/GaAs multi-junction cell with BSF layer [40].

Figure 4.8 Vanguard I satellite [60].

Figure 4.9 Solar aircraft [61].

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Cell efficiencies of various solar cells.

Figure 5.2 Broad classification of perovskite materials.

Figure 5.3 (a) Mesoporous n-i-p structure. (b) Inverted p-i-n planar structure. ...

Figure 5.4 Perovskite solar cell architecture.

Figure 5.5 Fabrication of simple perovskite solar cell.

Figure 5.6 Fabrication techniques of perovskite solar cell.

Figure 5.7 Various losses in solar cells.

Figure 5.8 Control measures for recombination losses in solar cells.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Solar cell generations [2].

Figure 6.2 Number of publications per year from literature, advanced search usin...

Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of a dye-sensitized solar cell [10].

Figure 6.4 Types of plant pigments [2].

Figure 6.5 Possible bonding schemes of some anthocyanin molecules to TiO

2

surfac...

Figure 6.6 FTIR spectra of the dyes extracts: (a) cassia tora and cassia alata a...

Figure 6.7 Absorption spectra of the extracted dyes [52].

Figure 6.8 Absorption spectra of mixture [57].

Figure 6.9 Absorption spectra of (a) undoped and Na doped TiO2 films, (b) Kigeli...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Organic solar cell operation.

Figure 7.2 Single layer OPV cell.

Figure 7.3 Bilayer solar cell.

Figure 7.4 Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells.

Figure 7.5 Traditional equivalent circuit model for solar cell.

Figure 7.6 Structure of some important electron-donor materials [11].

Figure 7.7 Structure of some new electron-acceptor materials [11].

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Comprehensive strategy for the production and processing of inorganic...

Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of high speed vibration milling (ball millin...

Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of the friction consolidation setup.

Figure 8.4 Diagrammatic representation of sol-gel process.

Figure 8.5 Diagrammatic representation of sol-gel process.

Figure 8.6 Schematic drawing of spray pyrolysis for the production of nanopowder...

Figure 8.7 Experimental design of LP-PLA for the synthesis of nanoparticles.

Figure 8.8 Schematic representations of electrospinning and electrospraying tech...

Figure 8.9 Schematic picture of gas and inert gas condensation setup.

Figure 8.10 Schematic representation of gas-phase flame spray pyrolysis.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Diagrammatic illustration of fundamental principles of a p-n junction...

Figure 9.2 Schematic representation of electrical equivalent circuits of solar c...

Figure 9.3 (a) Figure showing the two-step spin-coating, adapted from ref. [48],...

Figure 9.4 (a) Illustration of the Slot-Die coating technique, adopted from ref....

Figure 9.5 The bandgap energy as well as the crystal structure comparison for va...

Figure 9.6 (a) % transmittance vs. sheet resistance plot of graphene as a functi...

Figure 9.7 (a) Diagrammatic illustration of a typical OSC device structure and f...

Figure 9.8 (a) Diagrammatic illustration of a typical OSC device with graphene e...

Figure 9.9 Schematic representation of direct and inverted PSCs with planner and...

Figure 9.10 (a) Diagrammatic illustration of working principle of a general DSSC...

Figure 9.11 Photocurrent density vs. voltage curves of the DSSCs where the count...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Classification of solar cells.

Figure 10.2 (a) Schematic diagram of the constructed solar cell and (b)

I

–

V

char...

Figure 10.3 Surface reflectance (a) and

I–V

characteristics curves (b) of thin fi...

Figure 10.4 Schematic representation of spin coating processes with single and d...

Figure 10.5 Schematic representation of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor depo...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Thin film deposition techniques.

Figure 11.2 Sol-gel deposition techniques.

Figure 11.3 Schematic diagram of X-ray diffraction.

Figure 11.4 Schematic diagram of Bragg diffraction.

Figure 11.5 Schematic representation of FTIR.

Figure 11.6 Photography image of TGA and DTA (Source: CRF Laboratory, IIT Kharag...

Figure 11.7 UV-vis spectrometer.

Figure 11.8 Schematic representation of FE-SEM.

Figure 11.9 Schematic representation of HR-TEM.

Figure 11.10 Schematic diagram of AFM.

Figure 11.11 Four probe method.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 The components of solar panel [19].

Figure 12.2 Reflection of sunlight rays from cover glass and cell of solar panel...

Figure 12.3 Phenomenon of reflection loss elimination through ARC on solar cell.

Figure 12.4 Mechanism of reflection loss in multilayer ARC.

Figure 12.5 Classification of anti-reflection coating.

Figure 12.6 Behavior of light rays on the normal flat and textured surface.

Figure 12.7 Systematic process of spin coating technique using sol-gel.

Figure 12.8 Three stages of the dip coating technique using sol-gel.

Figure 12.9 Process of sol-gel coating through meniscus technique.

Figure 12.10 Solar cell coating with help of thermal evaporation PVD method.

Figure 12.11 Anti-reflection coating through electron beam PVD method.

Figure 12.12 Image of (a) DC magnetron sputtering technique and (b) RF magnetron...

Figure 12.13 Chemical vapor deposition method by hot wall CVD and LPCVD is repre...

Figure 12.14 ARC coating through electrospinning technique.

Figure 12.15 The mechanism of the spray pyrolysis technique for ARC coating is r...

Figure 12.16 Working procedure of the lithography technique to coat ARC on solar...

Figure 12.17 Comparison of reflectance (%) measured from both front and back of ...

Figure 12.18 (a) Reflectance (%) vs. wavelength (nm) graph comparing the result ...

Figure 12.19 Reflection (%) vs. wavelength (nm) graph of bare glass substrate an...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of TES.

Figure 13.2 Step-by-step phase change process of a solid-liquid PCM.

Figure 13.3 Classification of solid-liquid PCM [4].

Figure 13.4 Schematic of solar pond.

Figure 13.5 Domestic solar water heating system.

Figure 13.6 Schematic of packed rock bed storage [10].

Figure 13.7 SEM micrograph of microencapsulated paraffin.

Figure 13.8 (a) PCM encapsulated in spheres [14]. (b) PCM encapsulated in panels...

Figure 13.9 Solar water heater with encapsulated PCM.

Figure 13.10 TIM-PCM wall of the test room.

Figure 13.11 Schematic plan of PCM incorporation in buildings.

Figure 13.12 Structure of a novel cooling RC-PCM wall.

Figure 13.13 (a) Cold thermal energy storage tank. (b) Photographic view of heat...

Figure 13.14 Cylindrical modules inserted into storage tank.

Figure 13.15 Scheme of building energy system.

Figure 13.16 ITC/TSM TRNSYS schematic.

Figure 13.17 The design of plate heat exchanger.

Figure 13.18 (a) The LHTES system with solar collector. (b) Schematic of experim...

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Global industrial energy consumption pattern by fuel in 2020 and 2050 ...

Table 1.2 Various sources of energy.

Table 1.3 Renewable energy sources, annual production, and global demand [40].

Table 1.4 Energy conversion [11].

Table 1.5 Difference in renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

Table 1.6 Types of solar collectors [12].

Table 1.7 Utilization of heat in industries and their operating temperature rang...

Table 1.8 Types of solar energy applications and technologies involved in a syst...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 First-generation PV cells.

Table 2.2 Second-generation PV cells.

Table 2.3 Third-generation PV cells.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Silicon solar module recycling processes [5] (Reproduced and obtained ...

Table 3.2 Thin-film solar module recycling methods [5] (Reproduced and obtained ...

Table 3.3 Comparison of solar-panel recycling technologies [4] (Reproduced and o...

Table 3.4 Silicon solar modules recycling processes [31] (Reproduced and request...

Table 3.5 Thin-film solar modules recycling processes [31] (Reproduced and reque...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Key issues for recognizing high-efficiency multi-junction cells [32].

Table 4.2 Influence of bottom cell BSF layer thickness on performances of the ce...

Table 4.3 Efficiency of multi-junction cells [34].

Table 4.4 Power conversion efficiency of multi-junction cells with stack structu...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Comparison of several solar cell parameters.

Table 5.2 Comparison of various cell performances of perovskite cell architectur...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Chemical structures of natural dye classes [15].

Table 6.2 Photovoltaic performance of DSSC utilizing various natural dyes as pho...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Device structures and their efficiency [11].

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Photovoltaic properties of inorganic 2D material-based perovskite sola...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Various ARC material with their reflection index [50].

Table 12.2 Comparison of ARC coating techniques.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Some commonly available SHS materials.

Table 13.2 Some organic PCMs from the literatures [5–7].

Table 13.3 Some inorganic PCMs from the literatures [6].

Table 13.4 Some eutectic PCMs available in the literature [6, 8, 9].

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Materials for Solar Energy Conversion

Materials, Methods and Applications

Edited by

R. Rajasekar

C. Moganapriya

and

A. Mohankumar

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-75060-4

Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

In the current scenario, sustainable power generation is of crucial demand to meet our energy needs of day-to-day life. In order to overcome the energy demand, power generation through solar energy is booming. Many research works have been attempted to enhance the efficiency of collection and storage of solar energy and, as a result, numerous new materials have been developed for enhancing the performance of solar cells.

This book has compiled and broadly explored the latest developments of materials, methods and the applications of solar energy. The book is divided into 2 parts, in which first part deals with solar cell fundamentals and emerging categories and latter deals with materials, methods and application in order to fill the gap between existing technologies and practical requirements for industrial and academic researchers. The book presents detailed chapters including organic, inorganic, coating materials and collectors. It provides professionals and students with an invaluable resource on the basic principles and applications of solar energy materials and their processes.

We thank all the authors for their valuable research input and contribution. We render our sincere thanks to Scrivener–Wiley publishing team for their help with this book. We would like to thank Dr. P. Sathish Kumar for his help in proofreading the initial drafts of the chapters of the book.

R. RajasekarC. MoganapriyaA. MohankumarSeptember 2021

Part 1SOLAR CELLS - FUNDAMENTALS AND EMERGING CATEGORIES