Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Volume 4 E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
The engineer's ready reference for mechanical power and heat Mechanical Engineer's Handbook provides the most comprehensive coverage of the entire discipline, with a focus on explanation and analysis. Packaged as a modular approach, these books are designed to be used either individually or as a set, providing engineers with a thorough, detailed, ready reference on topics that may fall outside their scope of expertise. Each book provides discussion and examples as opposed to straight data and calculations, giving readers the immediate background they need while pointing them toward more in-depth information as necessary. Volume 4: Energy and Power covers the essentials of fluids, thermodynamics, entropy, and heat, with chapters dedicated to individual applications such as air heating, cryogenic engineering, indoor environmental control, and more. Readers will find detailed guidance toward fuel sources and their technologies, as well as a general overview of the mechanics of combustion. No single engineer can be a specialist in all areas that they are called on to work in the diverse industries and job functions they occupy. This book gives them a resource for finding the information they need, with a focus on topics related to the productions, transmission, and use of mechanical power and heat. * Understand the nature of energy and its proper measurement and analysis * Learn how the mechanics of energy apply to furnaces, refrigeration, thermal systems, and more * Examine the and pros and cons of petroleum, coal, biofuel, solar, wind, and geothermal power * Review the mechanical parts that generate, transmit, and store different types of power, and the applicable guidelines Engineers must frequently refer to data tables, standards, and other list-type references, but this book is different; instead of just providing the answer, it explains why the answer is what it is. Engineers will appreciate this approach, and come to find Volume 4: Energy and Power an invaluable reference.
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Vision for the Fourth Edition
Contributors
Part 1: Energy
Chapter 1: Thermophysical Properties of Fluids
Chapter 2: Mechanics of Incompressible Fluids
1 Introduction
2 Fluid Properties
3 Fluid Statics
4 Ideal (Inviscid) Fluid Dynamics
5 Viscous Fluid Dynamics
6 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
7 Flow in Closed Conduits
8 Flow in Open Channels
9 Flow About Immersed Objects
10 Fluid Measurements
References
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Thermodynamics Fundamentals
1 Introduction
2 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
3 Second Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
4 Energy Minimum Principle
5 Laws of Thermodynamics for Open Systems
6 Relations Among Thermodynamic Properties
7 Analysis of Engineering System Components
References
Chapter 4: Exergy Analysis, Entropy Generation Minimization, and the Constructal Law
1 Introduction
2 Exergy Analysis
3 Entropy Generation Minimization
4 Cryogenics
5 Heat Transfer
6 Storage Systems
7 Solar Energy Conversion
8 Power Plants
9 Constructal Law
References
Chapter 5: Heat Transfer Fundamentals
1 Conduction Heat Transfer
2 Convection Heat Transfer
3 Radiation Heat Transfer
4 Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer
References
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Temperature Measurement
1 Introduction
2 Selection
3 Invasive Temperature Measurement
4 Semi-Invasive Methods
5 Noninvasive Methods
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Heat Flux Measurement
1 Introduction
2 Important Issues
3 Gauges Based on Spatial Temperature Difference
4 Gauges Based on Temperature Change with Time
5 Gauges Based on Active Heating Methods
6 Calibration and Errors
References
Chapter 8: Furnaces
1 Scope and Intent
2 Standard Conditions
3 Furnace Types
4 Furnace Construction
5 Fuels and Combustion
6 Oxygen Enrichment of Combustion Air
7 Thermal Properties of Materials
8 Heat Transfer
9 Fluid Flow
10 Burner and Control Equipment
11 Waste Heat Recovery Systems
12 Furnace Components in Complex Thermal Processes
13 Furnace Capacity
14 Furnace Temperature Profiles
15 Representative Heating Rates
16 Selecting Number of Furnace Modules
17 Furnace Economics
Reference
Chapter 9: Heat Exchangers, Vaporizers, and Condensers
1 Heat Exchanger Types and Construction
2 Estimation of Size and Cost
3 Rating Methods
4 Common Operational Problems
5 Use of Computers in Thermal Design of Process Heat Exchangers
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 10: Heat Pipes
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals
3 Heat Transport Limitations
4 Heat Pipe Fabrication Processes
5 Other Types of Heat Pipes
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 11: Air Heating
1 Air-Heating Processes
2 Costs
3 Warnings
4 Benefits
References
Chapter 12: Cooling Electric Equipment
1 Thermal Modeling
2 Heat Transfer Correlations for Electronic Equipment Cooling
3 Thermal Control Techniques
References
Chapter 13: Refrigeration
1 Introduction
2 Basic Principles
3 Refrigeration Cycles and System Overview
4 Refrigerants
5 Absorption Systems
6 Indirect Refrigeration
7 System Components
8 Defrost Methods
9 System Design Considerations
10 Refrigeration System Specification
References
Chapter 14: Cryogenic Engineering
1 Introduction
2 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
3 Cryogenic Properties of Materials
4 Refrigeration and Liquefaction
5 Cryocoolers
6 Cryostat Design and Insulation
7 Instrumentation
8 Air Separation
9 Safety
10 Helium II
11 Sub-Kelvin Cooling
References
Chapter 15: Indoor Environmental Control
1 Indoor Environment Parameters
2 Air-Handling Processes
3 Thermal Comfort
4 Indoor Air Quality
5 Building Thermal Loads
6 Computer Programs
7 Equipment for Environmental Control
References
Chapter 16: Thermal Systems Optimization
1 Introduction
2 Optimization Toolbox
3 Methodology
4 Approximation–Assisted Optimization
References
Bibliography
Part 2: Power
Chapter 17: Combustion
1 Fundamentals of Combustion
2 Thermal Aspects of Combustion
3 Flame Aerodynamics
4 Firing Systems
5 Pollutant Emissions
6 Safety Considerations
7 Oxy-Fuel Firing
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18: Gaseous Fuels
1 Introduction
2 Natural Gas
3 Liquefied Petroleum Gases
References
Chapter 19: Liquid Fossil Fuels from Petroleum
1 Introduction
2 Fuel Oils
3 Shale Oils
4 Oils from Tar Sands
5 Oil–Water Emulsions
References
Chapter 20: Coals, Lignite, and Peat
1 Introduction
2 Current Uses—Heat, Power, Steelmaking, Other
3 Types
4 Physical and Chemical Properties—Description and Tables of Selected Values
5 Burning Characteristics
6 Ash Characteristics
7 Sampling
8 Coal Cleaning
References
Chapter 21: Clean Power Generation from Coal
1 Introduction
2 Preconversion
3 Coal Conversion and In Situ Pollution Control
4 Postconversion Clean-Up
5 Carbon Dioxide
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Biofuels for Transportation
1 Introduction
2 Ethanol
3 Biodiesel and Vegetable Oil
4 Hydrogen
5 Other Biofuels
6 Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 23: Solar Energy Measurements
1 Introduction
2 Measurement Equipment
3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty
4 Operational Errors
5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors
6 Types of Sensors and Their Accuracy
7 Modern Developments
8 Data Quality Assessment
9 Statistical Evaluation of Models
10 Outlier Analysis
References
Chapter 24: Geothermal Resources and Technology: Introduction
1 Introduction
2 Geothermal Resources
3 Geothermal Energy Conversion
References
Chapter 25: Pumps, Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
1 Liquid Movers—Pumps
2 Gas Movers
3 Thermodynamics of Gas Compression
References
Bibliography
Chapter 26: Gas Turbines
1 Introduction
2 Gas Turbine Performance
3 Applications
4 Evaluation and Selection
References
Chapter 27: Wind Power Generation
1 Market and Economics
2 Configurations
3 Power Production and Energy Yield
4 Rotor and Drive Train Design
5 Site Selection
References
Chapter 28: Cogeneration
1 Introduction
2 Basic Cogeneration Systems
3 Descriptions of Prime Movers
4 Description of Other Equipment and Components
5 Technical Design Issues
6 Regulatory Considerations
7 Economic Evaluations
8 Ownership and Financial Arrangements
9 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 29: Hydrogen Energy
1 Introduction
2 Hydrogen Production
3 Hydrogen Storage
4 Hydrogen Utilization
5 Hydrogen Safety
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 30: Steam Turbines
1 Introduction
2 Historical Evolution of Steam Turbines
3 Turbine Stages
4 Classification of Steam Turbines
5 Steam Turbine Parameters and Performance
6 Cogeneration and Combined-Cycle Plants
7 Applications
8 Other Related Topics
References
Chapter 31: Fuel Cells
1 Introduction
2 Basic Operating Principles, Efficiency, and Performance
3 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
References
Chapter 32: Fluid Power Systems
1 Introduction
2 Symbols and Terminology
3 System Components
4 System Dynamic Behavior
5 Common Nonlinearities
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Energy
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
Figure 2.11
Figure 2.12
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
Figure 2.15
Figure 2.16
Figure 2.17
Figure 2.18
Figure 2.19
Figure 2.20
Figure 2.21
Figure 2.22
Figure 2.23
Figure 2.24
Figure 2.25
Figure 2.26
Figure 2.27
Figure 2.28
Figure 2.29
Figure 2.30
Figure 2.31
Figure 2.32
Figure 2.33
Figure 2.34
Figure 2.34
Figure 2.35
Figure 2.36
Figure 2.37
Figure 2.38
Figure 2.36
Figure 2.39
Figure 2.40
Figure 2.36
Figure 2.41
Figure 2.42
Figure 2.43
Figure 2.44
Figure 2.45
Figure 2.46
Figure 2.47
Figure 2.48
Figure 2.49
Figure 2.50
Figure 2.51
Figure 2.52
Figure 2.53
Figure 2.54
Figure 2.55
Figure 2.56
Figure 2.57
Figure 2.58
Figure 2.59
Figure 2.60
Figure 2.61
Figure 2.62
Figure 2.63
Figure 2.64
Figure 2.65
Figure 2.66
Figure 2.67
Figure 2.68
Figure 2.69
Figure 2.70
Figure 2.71
Figure 2.72
Figure 2.73
Figure 2.74
Figure 2.75
Figure 2.76
Figure 2.77
Figure 2.78
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.9
Figure 5.10
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.8
Figure 5.11
Figure 5.12
Figure 5.13
Figure 5.14
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16
Figure 5.17
Figure 5.18
Figure 5.19
Figure 5.20
Figure 5.21
Figure 5.25
Figure 5.26
Figure 5.27
Figure 5.28
Figure 5.29
Figure 5.30
Figure 5.31
Figure 5.32
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.9
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.11
Figure 6.12
Figure 6.13
Figure 6.14
Figure 6.15
Figure 6.16
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4
Figure 7.5
Figure 7.6
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
Figure 7.9
Figure 7.10
Figure 7.11
Figure 7.12
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.5
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4
Figure 8.6
Figure 8.7
Figure 8.8
Figure 8.9
Figure 8.10
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.12
Figure 8.13
Figure 8.14
Figure 8.19
Figure 8.15
Figure 8.16
Figure 8.17
Figure 8.18
Figure 8.20
Figure 8.21
Figure 8.22
Figure 8.23
Figure 8.24
Figure 8.25
Figure 8.26
Figure 8.27
Figure 8.28
Figure 8.29
Figure 8.30
Figure 8.31
Figure 8.32
Figure 8.33
Figure 8.34
Figure 8.35
Figure 8.36
Figure 8.37
Figure 8.38
Figure 8.39
Figure 8.40
Figure 8.41
Figure 8.42
Figure 8.43
Figure 8.44
Figure 8.45
Figure 8.46
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5
Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7
Figure 9.8
Figure 9.9
Figure 9.10
Figure 9.11
Figure 9.12
Figure 9.13
Figure 9.14
Figure 9.15
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.18
Figure 9.19
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4
Figure 10.5
Figure 10.6
Figure 10.7
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.9
Figure 10.10
Figure 10.11
Figure 10.12
Figure 10.13
Figure 10.14
Figure 10.15
Figure 10.16
Figure 10.17
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
Figure 12.1
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
Figure 12.5
Figure 12.6
Figure 12.7
Figure 12.8
Figure 12.9
Figure 12.10
Figure 12.11
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.13
Figure 12.14
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.16
Figure 12.17
Figure 12.18
Figure 12.20
Figure 12.19
Figure 13.1
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
Figure 13.4
Figure 13.5
Figure 13.6
Figure 13.7
Figure 13.8
Figure 13.9
Figure 13.10
Figure 13.11
Figure 13.12
Figure 13.13
Figure 13.14
Figure 13.15
Figure 13.16
Figure 13.17
Figure 13.18
Figure 13.19
Figure 13.20
Figure 13.21
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.4
Figure 14.5
Figure 14.6
Figure 14.7
Figure 14.8
Figure 14.9
Figure 14.10
Figure 14.11
Figure 14.12
Figure 14.13
Figure 14.14
Figure 14.15
Figure 14.16
Figure 14.17
Figure 14.18
Figure 14.19
Figure 14.20
Figure 14.21
Figure 14.22
Figure 14.23
Figure 14.24
Figure 14.25
Figure 14.26
Figure 15.1
Figure 15.2
Figure 15.3
Figure 15.4
Figure 15.5
Figure 15.6
Figure 15.7
Figure 15.8
Figure 15.9
Figure 15.10
Figure 15.11
Figure 16.1
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.3
Figure 16.4
Figure 16.5
Figure 16.6
Figure 16.7
Figure 16.8
Figure 16.9
Figure 16.10
Figure 16.11
Figure 16.13
Figure 16.12
Figure 16.14
Figure 16.15
Figure 16.16
Figure 16.17
Figure 16.18
Figure 16.19
Figure 16.20
Figure 16.21
Figure 16.23
Figure 16.24
Figure 17.1
Figure 17.2
Figure 17.3
Figure 17.4
Figure 17.24
Figure 17.5
Figure 17.6
Figure 17.7
Figure 17.8
Figure 17.9
Figure 17.10
Figure 17.11
Figure 17.12
Figure 17.13
Figure 17.14
Figure 17.15
Figure 17.16
Figure 17.17
Figure 17.18
Figure 17.19
Figure 17.20
Figure 17.21
Figure 17.22
Figure 17.23
Figure 18.1
Figure 20.1
Figure 21.1
Figure 21.2
Figure 21.3
Figure 21.4
Figure 21.5
Figure 21.6
Figure 21.7
Figure 21.8
Figure 21.9
Figure 21.10
Figure 21.11
Figure 21.12
Figure 21.13
Figure 21.14
Figure 21.15
Figure 21.16
Figure 21.17
Figure 21.18
Figure 21.19
Figure 21.20
Figure 21.21
Figure 21.22
Figure 21.23
Figure 21.24
Figure 21.25
Figure 21.26
Figure 21.27
Figure 21.28
Figure 21.29
Figure 22.1
Figure 22.2
Figure 22.3
Figure 22.4
Figure 22.5
Figure 22.6
Figure 22.7
Figure 22.8
Figure 22.9
Figure 22.10
Figure 22.11
Figure 22.12
Figure 22.13
Figure 22.14
Figure 22.15
Figure 22.16
Figure 22.17
Figure 22.18
Figure 22.19
Figure 22.20
Figure 23.1
Figure 23.2
Figure 23.3
Figure 23.4
Figure 23.5
Figure 23.6
Figure 23.7
Figure 23.8
Figure 23.9
Figure 23.10
Figure 23.11
Figure 23.12
Figure 23.13
Figure 23.14
Figure 23.15
Figure 23.16
Figure 23.17
Figure 23.18
Figure 23.19
Figure 24.1
Figure 24.2
Figure 24.3
Figure 24.4
Figure 24.5
Figure 24.6
Figure 24.7
Figure 24.8
Figure 25.1
Figure 25.2
Figure 25.3
Figure 25.4
Figure 25.5
Figure 25.6
Figure 25.7
Figure 25.8
Figure 25.9
Figure 25.10
Figure 25.11
Figure 25.12
Figure 25.13
Figure 25.14
Figure 25.15
Figure 25.16
Figure 25.17
Figure 25.18
Figure 25.19
Figure 25.20
Figure 25.21
Figure 25.22
Figure 25.23
Figure 25.24
Figure 25.25
Figure 25.26
Figure 25.27
Figure 25.28
Figure 25.29
Figure 25.30
Figure 25.31
Figure 25.32
Figure 25.33
Figure 25.34
Figure 25.35
Figure 25.36
Figure 25.37
Figure 25.38
Figure 25.39
Figure 25.40
Figure 25.44
Figure 25.45
Figure 25.41
Figure 25.42
Figure 25.43
Figure 25.46
Figure 26.1
Figure 26.2
Figure 26.3
Figure 26.4
Figure 26.5
Figure 26.6
Figure 26.7
Figure 26.8
Figure 26.9
Figure 26.10
Figure 26.11
Figure 26.12
Figure 26.13
Figure 26.14
Figure 26.15
Figure 26.16
Figure 26.17
Figure 26.18
Figure 26.19
Figure 26.20
Figure 26.21
Figure 26.22
Figure 26.23
Figure 26.24
Figure 26.25
Figure 26.26
Figure 26.27
Figure 26.28
Figure 26.29
Figure 26.30
Figure 26.31
Figure 26.32
Figure 26.33
Figure 26.34
Figure 26.35
Figure 26.36
Figure 26.37
Figure 26.38
Figure 26.39
Figure 27.1
Figure 27.2
Figure 27.3
Figure 27.4
Figure 28.1
Figure 28.2
Figure 28.3
Figure 28.4
Figure 28.5
Figure 28.6
Figure 29.1
Figure 29.2
Figure 29.3
Figure 29.4
Figure 29.5
Figure 29.6
Figure 29.7
Figure 29.8
Figure 29.9
Figure 29.10
Figure 29.11
Figure 29.12
Figure 29.13
Figure 29.14
Figure 29.15
Figure 29.16
Figure 29.17
Figure 29.18
Figure 29.19
Figure 29.20
Figure 29.21
Figure 29.22
Figure 30.1
Figure 30.2
Figure 30.3
Figure 30.4
Figure 30.5
Figure 30.6
Figure 30.7
Figure 30.8
Figure 30.9
Figure 30.10
Figure 30.11
Figure 30.12
Figure 30.13
Figure 30.14
Figure 30.15
Figure 30.16
Figure 30.17
Figure 30.18
Figure 30.19
Figure 30.20
Figure 31.1
Figure 31.2
Figure 31.3
Figure 31.4
Figure 31.5
Figure 31.6
Figure 31.7
Figure 31.8
Figure 31.9
Figure 31.10
Figure 31.11
Figure 31.12
Figure 31.13
Figure 31.14
Figure 31.15
Figure 31.16
Figure 31.17
Figure 32.1
Figure 32.2
Figure 32.3
Figure 32.4
Figure 32.5
Figure 32.6
Figure 32.7
Figure 32.8
Figure 32.9
Figure 32.10
Figure 32.11
Figure 32.12
Figure 32.13
Figure 32.14
Figure 32.15
Figure 32.16
Figure 32.17
Figure 32.18
Figure 32.19
Figure 32.20
Figure 32.21
Figure 32.22
Figure 32.23
Figure 32.24
Figure 32.25
Figure 32.26
Figure 32.27
Figure 32.28
Figure 32.29
Figure 32.30
Figure 32.31
Figure 32.32
Figure 32.33
Figure 32.34
Figure 32.35
Figure 32.36
List of Tables
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4
Table 1.5
Table 1.6
Table 1.7
Table 1.8
Table 1.9
Table 1.10
Table 1.11
Table 1.12
Table 1.13
Table 1.14
Table 1.15
Table 1.16
Table 1.17
Table 1.18
Table 1.19
Table 1.20
Table 1.21
Table 1.22
Table 1.23
Table 1.24
Table 1.25
Table 1.26
Table 1.27
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 2.9
Table 2.10
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
Table 5.8
Table 5.9
Table 5.10
Table 5.11
Table 5.12
Table 5.13
Table 5.14
Table 5.15
Table 5.16
Table 5.17
Table 5.18
Table 5.19
Table 5.20
Table 5.21
Table 5.22
Table 5.24
Table 5.25
Table 5.26
Table 5.27
Table 5.28
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Table 6.6
Table 6.7
Table 6.8
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5
Table 9.6
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 10.4
Table 10.5
Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Table 12.4
Table 12.5
Table 12.6
Table 12.7
Table 12.8
Table 12.9
Table 12.10
Table 12.11
Table 13.1
Table 13.2
Table 13.3
Table 13.4
Table 13.5
Table 13.6
Table 13.7
Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 14.3
Table 14.4
Table 14.5
Table 14.6
Table 14.7
Table 14.8
Table 14.9
Table 14.10
Table 15.1
Table 15.2
Table 15.3
Table 15.4
Table 16.1
Table 16.2
Table 16.3
Table 16.6
Table 16.7
Table 16.8
Table 16.9
Table 16.10
Table 16.11
Table 16.12
Table 17.1
Table 17.2
Table 17.3
Table 17.4
Table 17.5
Table 17.6
Table 18.1a
Table 18.1b
Table 18.1c
Table 18.2
Table 18.3
Table 18.4a
Table 18.4b
Table 19.1
Table 19.5
Table 19.2
Table 19.7
Table 19.3
Table 19.8
Table 19.9
Table 19.10
Table 19.11
Table 19.12
Table 19.13
Table 19.14
Table 19.15a
Table 19.15b
Table 19.16
Table 19.17
Table 19.18
Table 19.19
Table 19.20
Table 20.1
Table 20.2
Table 20.3
Table 20.4
Table 20.5
Table 21.1
Table 21.2
Table 21.3
Table 21.4
Table 21.5
Table 21.6
Table 21.7
Table 21.8
Table 22.1
Table 22.2
Table 22.3
Table 22.4
Table 22.5
Table 22.6
Table 22.7
Table 22.8
Table 23.1
Table 23.2
Table 23.3
Table 23.4
Table 23.5
Table 23.6
Table 23.7
Table 23.9
Table 23.10
Table 23.11
Table 23.12
Table 24.1
Table 24.2
Table 25.1
Table 25.2
Table 25.3
Table 25.4
Table 25.5
Table 25.6
Table 25.7
Table 26.1
Table 26.2
Table 26.3
Table 26.4
Table 28.1
Table 28.2
Table 28.3
Table 28.4
Table 29.1
Table 29.2
Table 29.3
Table 29.4
Table 29.5
Table 29.6
Table 29.7
Table 30.1
Table 31.1
Table 31.2
Table 32.1
Table 32.2
Table 32.3
Table 32.4
Table 32.5
Table 32.6
Table 32.7
Table 32.8
Mechanical Engineers' HandbookFourth Edition
Energy and Power
Edited byMyer Kutz
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © denisovd / Thinkstock
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Mechanical engineers handbook : energy and power / edited by Myer Kutz. – Fourth edition.
1 online resource.
Includes index.
Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.
ISBN 978-1-118-95636-6 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-95637-3 (Adobe PDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-11899-3 (4-volume set) – ISBN 978-1-118-11285-4 (cloth : volume 4 : acid-free paper) 1. Mechanical engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Kutz, Myer, editor of compilation.
TJ151
621–dc23
2014005952
To Arthur and Bess, Tony and Mary-Ann, for all the good times
Preface
The fourth volume of the fourth edition of the Mechanical Engineers' Handbook comprises 32 chapters divided into two parts, the first on energy and the second on power. Part 1 begins with a chapter on thermophysical properties of fluids, then proceeds to cover fundamentals of mechanics of incompressible fluids, thermodynamics (including a chapter on exergy and entropy generation minimization), heat transfer, and temperature and heat flux measurements. Additional heat transfer topics in this volume include heat exchangers, heat pipes, air heating, and electronic equipment cooling. There are chapters on refrigeration and cryogenic engineering. One chapter deals with environmental issues: indoor environmental control. A chapter on thermal systems optimization rounds out this part of this volume.
Part 2 opens with a chapter on combustion. This part also includes chapters on conventional energy sources—gaseous and liquid fuels and coal (one chapter on properties of coals, lignite, and peat and a second chapter on clean power generation from coal)—and alternative energy sources—biofuels, solar, geothermal and fuel cells. There are, in addition, chapters on cogeneration and hydrogen energy. There are six chapters on power machinery: one on fans, blowers, compressors, and pumps; one each on gas, wind, and steam turbines; one on internal combustion engines and one on fluid power.
Two chapters—on cryogenic engineering and steam turbines—replace the old versions of the chapters on these important topics. To provide greater emphasis on sustainability than in earlier editions, I have included four chapters—on clean power generation from coal, wind power generation, cogeneration, and hydrogen energy—from my book, Environmentally Conscious Alternative Energy Production (chapters updated as contributors found necessary) and one chapter on biofuels from Environmentally Conscious Transportation. I have also included three chapters—on temperature, heat flux, and solar energy measurements—from my Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering and one on mechanics of incompressible fluids from the current edition of Eshbach's Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals, which I edited. Inclusion of these chapters enriches this handbook. All told, more than half the chapters in this volume contain material new to this handbook.
Vision for the Fourth Edition
Basic engineering disciplines are not static, no matter how old and well established they are. The field of mechanical engineering is no exception. Movement within this broadly based discipline is multidimensional. Even the classic subjects, on which the discipline was founded, such as mechanics of materials and heat transfer, keep evolving. Mechanical engineers continue to be heavily involved with disciplines allied to mechanical engineering, such as industrial and manufacturing engineering, which are also constantly evolving. Advances in other major disciplines, such as electrical and electronics engineering, have significant impact on the work of mechanical engineers. New subject areas, such as neural networks, suddenly become all the rage.
In response to this exciting, dynamic atmosphere, the Mechanical Engineers' Handbook expanded dramatically, from one to four volumes for the third edition, published in November 2005. It not only incorporated updates and revisions to chapters in the second edition, published seven years earlier, but also added 24 chapters on entirely new subjects, with updates and revisions to chapters in the Handbook of Materials Selection, published in 2002, as well as to chapters in Instrumentation and Control, edited by Chester Nachtigal and published in 1990, but never updated by him.
The fourth edition retains the four-volume format, but there are several additional major changes. The second part of Volume I is now devoted entirely to topics in engineering mechanics, with the addition of five practical chapters on measurements from the Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, published in 2013, and a chapter from the fifth edition of Eshbach's Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals, published in 2009. Chapters on mechanical design have been moved from Volume I to Volumes II and III. They have been augmented with four chapters (updated as needed) from Environmentally Conscious Mechanical Design, published in 2007. These chapters, together with five chapters (updated as needed, three from Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, published in 2007, and two from Environmentally Conscious Materials Handling, published in 2009 ) in the beefed-up manufacturing section of Volume III, give the handbook greater and practical emphasis on the vital issue of sustainability.
Prefaces to the handbook's individual volumes provide further details on chapter additions, updates and replacements. The four volumes of the fourth edition are arranged as follows:
Volume 1: Materials and Engineering Mechanics—27 chapters
Part 1. Materials—15 chapters
Part 2. Engineering Mechanics—12 chapters
Volume 2: Design, Instrumentation and Controls—25 chapters
Part 1. Mechanical Design—14 chapters
Part 2. Instrumentation, Systems, Controls, and MEMS —11 chapters
Volume 3: Manufacturing and Management—28 chapters
Part 1. Manufacturing—16 chapters
Part 2. Management, Finance, Quality, Law, and Research—12 chapters
Volume 4: Energy and Power—35 chapters
Part 1: Energy—16 chapters
Part 2: Power—19 chapters
The mechanical engineering literature is extensive and has been so for a considerable period of time. Many textbooks, reference works, and manuals as well as a substantial number of journals exist. Numerous commercial publishers and professional societies, particularly in the United States and Europe, distribute these materials. The literature grows continuously, as applied mechanical engineering research finds new ways of designing, controlling, measuring, making, and maintaining things, as well as monitoring and evaluating technologies, infrastructures, and systems.
Most professional-level mechanical engineering publications tend to be specialized, directed to the specific needs of particular groups of practitioners. Overall, however, the mechanical engineering audience is broad and multidisciplinary. Practitioners work in a variety of organizations, including institutions of higher learning, design, manufacturing, and consulting firms, as well as federal, state, and local government agencies. A rationale for a general mechanical engineering handbook is that every practitioner, researcher, and bureaucrat cannot be an expert on every topic, especially in so broad and multidisciplinary a field, and may need an authoritative professional summary of a subject with which he or she is not intimately familiar.
Starting with the first edition, published in 1986, my intention has always been that the Mechanical Engineers' Handbook stand at the intersection of textbooks, research papers, and design manuals. For example, I want the handbook to help young engineers move from the college classroom to the professional office and laboratory where they may have to deal with issues and problems in areas they have not studied extensively in school.
With this fourth edition, I have continued to produce a practical reference for the mechanical engineer who is seeking to answer a question, solve a problem, reduce a cost, or improve a system or facility. The handbook is not a research monograph. Its chapters offer design techniques, illustrate successful applications, or provide guidelines to improving performance, life expectancy, effectiveness, or usefulness of parts, assemblies, and systems. The purpose is to show readers what options are available in a particular situation and which option they might choose to solve problems at hand.
The aim of this handbook is to serve as a source of practical advice to readers. I hope that the handbook will be the first information resource a practicing engineer consults when faced with a new problem or opportunity—even before turning to other print sources, even officially sanctioned ones, or to sites on the Internet. In each chapter, the reader should feel that he or she is in the hands of an experienced consultant who is providing sensible advice that can lead to beneficial action and results.
Can a single handbook, even spread out over four volumes, cover this broad, interdisciplinary field? I have designed the Mechanical Engineers' Handbook as if it were serving as a core for an Internet-based information source. Many chapters in the handbook point readers to information sources on the Web dealing with the subjects addressed. Furthermore, where appropriate, enough analytical techniques and data are provided to allow the reader to employ a preliminary approach to solving problems.
The contributors have written, to the extent their backgrounds and capabilities make possible, in a style that reflects practical discussion informed by real-world experience. I would like readers to feel that they are in the presence of experienced teachers and consultants who know about the multiplicity of technical issues that impinge on any topic within mechanical engineering. At the same time, the level is such that students and recent graduates can find the handbook as accessible as experienced engineers.
Contributors
Andrew Alleyne
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign
Urbana, Illinois
Avram Bar-Cohen
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
Prabir Basu
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Adrian Bejan
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Peter D. Blair
National Academy of Sciences
Washington, DC
James W. Butler
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Jerald A. Caton
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Peter R. N. Childs
Imperial College
London, England
Carroll Cone
Toledo, Ohio
T. E. Diller
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
Eric G. Eddings
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
D. Y. Goswami
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida
Cesar Granda
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Mark Holtzapple
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Wade W. Huebsch
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
James G. Keppeler
Progress Materials, Inc.
St. Petersburg, Florida
Allan Kraus
Beachwood, Ohio
Peter E. Liley
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
Hongbin Ma
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
Keith Marchildon
Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Matthew M. Mench
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
and
Oak Ridge National Lab
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Harold E. Miller
G.E. Energy
Schenectady, New York
David Mody
Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Tariq Muneer
Edinburgh Napier University
Edinburgh, Scotland
Todd S. Nemec
GE Energy
Schenectady, New York
Dennis L. O'Neal
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Egemen Ol Ogretim
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
Joseph W. Palen
Eugene, Oregon
William W. Peng
California State University
Fresno, California
G. P. Peterson
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
Reinhard Radermacher
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
Richard J. Reed
North American Manufacturing Company
Cleveland, Ohio
Aaron Smith
Heat Transfer Research, Inc.
Navasota, TX
Jelena Srebric
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
S. S. Srinivasan
Florida Polytechnic University
Lakeland, FL
E. K. Stefanakos
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida
Abhay A. Wative
Intel Corp.
Chandler, Arizona
Yieng Wei Tham
Edinburgh Napier University
Edinburgh, Scotland
J. G. Weisend II
European Spallation Source
Lund, Sweden
Feng-Yuan Zhang
University of Tennessee Space Institute
Tullahoma, Tennesee
Part 1
Energy
Chapter 1Thermophysical Properties of Fluids
Peter E. Liley
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Table 1 Conversion Factors
Table 2 Phase Transition Data for Elements
Table 3 Phase Transition Data for Compounds
Table 4 Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid and Saturated Vapor Air
Table 5 Ideal Gas Thermophysical Properties of Air
Table 6 Thermophysical Properties U.S. Standard Atmosphere
Table 7 Thermophysical Properties of Condensed and Saturated Vapor Carbon Dioxide from 200 K to Critical Point
Table 8 Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide at 1 Bar Pressure
Figure 1 Enthalpy–Log Pressure Diagram for Carbon Dioxide
Table 9 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Mercury
Figure 2 Enthalpy–Log Pressure Diagram for Mercury
Table 10 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Methane
Table 11 Thermophysical Properties of Methane at Atmospheric Pressure
Table 12 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 22
Table 13 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerant 22 at Atmospheric Pressure
Figure 3 Enthalpy–log Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 22
Table 14 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a
Table 15 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerant 134a
Figure 4 Compressibility Factor of Refrigerant 134a
Figure 5 Enthalpy–Log Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
Table 16 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Sodium
Table 17 Thermodynamic Properties of Ice/Water
Table 18 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam/Water
Table 19 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Substances at Atmospheric Pressure
Table 20 Physical Properties of Numbered Refrigerants
Table 21 Specific Heat (kJ/kg · K) at Constant Pressure of Saturated Liquids
Table 22 Ratio of Principal Specific Heats, cp/cv, for Liquids and Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
Table 23 Surface Tension (N/m) of Liquids
Table 24 Thermal Conductivity (W/m · K) of Saturated Liquids
Table 25 Viscosity (10−4 Pa · s) of Saturated Liquids
Table 26 Thermochemical Properties at 1.013 Bars, 298.15 K
Table 27 Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies (kJ/kg · mol) of Common Products of Combustion
Figure 6 Pscyhometric Chart
In this chapter, information is usually presented in the System International des Unités, called in English the International System of Units and abbreviated SI. Various tables of conversion factors from other unit systems into the SI system and vice versa are available. The following table is intended to enable rapid conversion to be made with moderate, that is, five significant figure, accuracy, usually acceptable in most engineering calculations. The references listed should be consulted for more exact conversions and definitions.
Table 1 Conversion Factors
Density: 1 kg/m
3
= 0.06243 lb
m
/ft
3
= 0.01002 lb
m
/U.K. gallon = 8.3454 × 10
−3
lb
m
/U.S. gallon = 1.9403 × 10
−3
slug/ft
3
= 10
−3
g/cm
3
Energy: 1 kJ = 737.56 ft · lb
f
= 239.01 cal
th
= 0.94783 Btu = 3.7251 × 10
−4
hp h = 2.7778 × 10
−4
kWh
Specific energy: 1 kJ/kg = 334.54 ft · lb
f
/lb
m
= 0.4299 Btu/lb
m
= 0.2388 cal/g
Specific energy per degree: 1 kJ/kg · K = 0.23901 Btu
th
/lb · °F = 0.23901 cal
th
/g · °C
Mass: 1 kg = 2.20462 lb
m
= 0.06852 slug = 1.1023 × 10
−3
U.S. ton = 10
−3
tonne = 9.8421 × 10
−4
U.K. ton
Pressure: 1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2
= 10
5
Pa = 750.06 mm Hg at 0°C = 401.47 in. H
2
O at 32°F = 29.530 in. Hg at 0°C = 14.504 lb/in.
2
= 14.504 psia = 1.01972 kg/cm
2
= 0.98692 atm = 0.1 MPa
Temperature:
T
(K) =
T
(°C) + 273.15 = [
T
(°F) + 459.69]/1.8 =
T
(°R)/1.8
Temperature difference: Δ
T
(K) = Δ
T
(°C) = Δ
T
(°F)/1.8 = Δ
T
(°R)/1.8
Thermal conductivity: 1 W/m · K = 0.8604 kcal/m · h · °C = 0.5782 Btu/ft · h · °F = 0.01 W/cm · K = 2.390 × 10
−3
cal/cm · s · °C
Thermal diffusivity: 1 m
2
/s = 38,750 ft
2
/h = 3600 m
2
/h = 10.764 ft
2
/s
Viscosity, dynamic: 1 N · s/m
2
= 1 Pa · s = 10
7
μP = 2419.1 lb
m
/ft · h = 10
3
cP = 75.188 slug/ft · h = 10 P = 0.6720 lb
m
/ft · s = 0.02089 lb
f
· s/ft
2
Viscosity, kinematic (
see
thermal diffusivity)
Source: E. Lange, L. F. Sokol, and V. Antoine, Information on the Metric System and Related Fields, 6th ed., G. C. Marshall Space Flight Center, AL (exhaustive bibliography); B. N. Taylor, The International System of Units, NBS S.P. 330, Washington, D.C., 2001; E. A. Mechtly, The International System of Units. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors, NASA S.P. 9012, 1973. numerous revisions periodically appear: see, for example, Pure Appl. Chem., 51, 1–41 (1979) and later issues.
Table 2 Phase Transition Data for Elementsa
Name
Symbol
Formula Weight
T
m
(K)
Δ
h
fus
(kJ/kg)
T
b
(K)
T
c
(K)
Actinium
Ac
227.028
1323
63
3,475
Aluminum
Al
26.9815
933.5
398
2,750
7,850
Antimony
Sb
121.75
903.9
163
1,905
5,700
Argon
Ar
39.948
83
30
87.2
151
Arsenic
As
74.9216
885
—
—
2,100
Barium
Ba
137.33
1,002
55.8
—
4,450
Beryllium
Be
9.01218
1,560
1,355
2,750
6,200
Bismuth
Bi
208.980
544.6
54.0
1,838
4,450
Boron
B
10.81
2,320
1,933
4,000
3,300
Bromine
Br
159.808
266
66.0
332
584
Cadmium
Cd
112.41
594
55.1
1,040
2,690
Calcium
Ca
40.08
1,112
213.1
1,763
4,300
Carbon
C
12.011
3,810
—
4,275
7,200
Cerium
Ce
140.12
1,072
390
—
9,750
Cesium
Cs
132.905
301.8
16.4
951
2,015
Chlorine
Cl
2
70.906
172
180.7
239
417
Chromium
Cr
51.996
2,133
325.6
2,950
5,500
Cobalt
Co
58.9332
1,766
274.7
3,185
6,300
Copper
Cu
63.546
1,357
206.8
2,845
8,280
Dysprosium
Dy
162.50
1,670
68.1
2,855
6,925
Erbium
Er
167.26
1,795
119.1
3,135
7,250
Europium
Eu
151.96
1,092
60.6
1,850
4,350
Fluorine
F
2
37.997
53.5
13.4
85.0
144
Gadolinium
Gd
157.25
1,585
63.8
3,540
8,670
Gallium
Ga
69.72
303
80.1
2,500
7,125
Germanium
Ge
72.59
1,211
508.9
3,110
8,900
Gold
Au
196.967
1,337
62.8
3,130
7,250
Hafnium
Hf
178.49
2,485
134.8
4,885
10,400
Helium
He
4.00260
3.5
2.1
4.22
5.2
Holmium
Ho
164.930
1,744
73.8
2,968
7,575
Hydrogen
H
2
2.0159
14.0
—
20.4
—
Indium
In
114.82
430
28.5
2,346
6,150
Iodine
I
2
253.809
387
125.0
457
785
Iridium
Ir
192.22
2,718
13.7
4,740
7,800
Iron
Fe
55.847
1,811
247.3
3,136
8,500
Krypton
Kr
83.80
115.8
19.6
119.8
209.4
Lanthanum
La
138.906
1,194
44.6
3,715
10,500
Lead
Pb
207.2
601
23.2
2,025
5,500
Lithium
Li
6.941
454
432.2
1,607
3,700
Lutetium
Lu
174.967
1,937
106.6
3,668
—
Magnesium
Mg
24.305
922
368.4
1,364
3,850
Manganese
Mn
54.9380
1,518
219.3
2,334
4,325
Mercury
Hg
200.59
234.6
11.4
630
1,720
Molybdenum
Mo
95.94
2,892
290.0
4,900
1,450
Neodymium
Nd
144.24
1,290
49.6
3,341
7,900
Neon
Ne
20.179
24.5
16.4
27.1
44.5
Neptunium
Np
237.048
910
—
4,160
12,000
Nickel
Ni
58.70
1,728
297.6
3,190
8,000
Niobium
Nb
92.9064
2,740
283.7
5,020
12,500
Nitrogen
N
2
28.013
63.2
25.7
77.3
126.2
Osmium
Os
190.2
3,310
150.0
5,300
12,700
Oxygen
O
2
31.9988
54.4
13.8
90.2
154.8
Palladium
Pd
106.4
1,826
165.0
3,240
7,700
Phosphorus
P
30.9738
317
—
553
995
Platinum
Pt
195.09
2,045
101
4,100
10,700
Plutonium
Pu
244
913
11.7
3,505
10,500
Potassium
K
39.0983
336.4
60.1
1,032
2,210
Praseodymium
Pr
140.908
1,205
49
3,785
8,900
Promethium
Pm
145
1,353
—
2,730
—
Protactinium
Pa
231
1,500
64.8
4,300
—
Radium
Ra
226.025
973
—
1,900
—
Radon
Rn
222
202
12.3
211
377
Rhenium
Re
186.207
3,453
177.8
5,920
18,900
Rhodium
Rh
102.906
2,236
209.4
3,980
7,000
Rubidium
Rb
85.4678
312.6
26.4
964
2,070
Ruthenium
Ru
101.07
2,525
256.3
4,430
9,600
Samarium
Sm
150.4
1,345
57.3
2,064
5,050
Scandium
Sc
44.9559
1,813
313.6
3,550
6,410
Selenium
Se
78.96
494
66.2
958
1,810
Silicon
Si
28.0855
1,684
1802
3,540
5,160
Silver
Ag
107.868
1,234
104.8
2,435
6,400
Sodium
Na
22.9898
371
113.1
1,155
2,500
Strontium
Sr
87.62
1,043
1042
1,650
4,275
Sulfur
S
32.06
388
53.4
718
1,210
Tantalum
Ta
180.948
3,252
173.5
5,640
16,500
Technetium
Tc
98
2,447
232
4,550
11,500
Tellurium
Te
127.60
723
137.1
1,261
2,330
Terbium
Tb
158.925
1,631
67.9
3,500
8,470
Thallium
Tl
204.37
577
20.1
1,745
4,550
Thorium
Th
232.038
2,028
69.4
5,067
14,400
Thulium
Tm
168.934
1,819
99.6
2,220
6,450
Tin
Sn
118.69
505
58.9
2,890
7,700
Titanium
Ti
47.90
1,943
323.6
3,565
5,850
Tungsten
W
183.85
3,660
192.5
5,890
15,500
Uranium
U
238.029
1,406
35.8
4,422
12,500
Vanadium
V
50.9415
2,191
410.7
3,680
11,300
Xenon
Xe
131.30
161.3
17.5
164.9
290
Ytterbium
Yb
173.04
1,098
44.2
1,467
4,080
Yttrium
Y
88.9059
1,775
128.2
3,610
8,950
Zinc
Zn
65.38
692.7
113.0
1,182
Zirconium
Zr
91.22
2125
185.3
4,681
10,500
aTm = normal melting point; Δhfus = enthalpy of fusion; Tb = normal boiling point; Tc = critical temperature.
Table 3 Phase Transition Data for Compoundsa
Substance
T
m
(K)
Δ
h
m
(kJ/kg)
T
b
(K)
Δ
h
v
(kJ/kg)
T
c
(K)
P
c
(bars)
Acetaldehyde
149.7
73.2
293.4
584
461
55.4
Acetic acid
289.9
195.3
391.7
405
594
57.9
Acetone
178.6
98
329.5
501
508
47
Acetylene
—
96.4
189.2
687
309
61.3
Air
60
—
—
—
133
37.7
Ammonia
195.4
331.9
239.7
1368
405.6
112.8
Aniline
267.2
113.3
457.6
485
699
53.1
Benzene
267.7
125.9
353.3
394
562
49
n
-Butane
134.8
80.2
261.5
366
425.2
38
Butanol
188
125.2
391.2
593
563
