Mechanics of Solid Interfaces E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 346

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Mechanics of Solid Interfaces

The growing occurrence of heterogeneous materials such as composites or coated substrates in structural parts makes it necessary for designers and scientists to deal with the specific features of the mechanical behavior of solid interfaces.

This book introduces basic concepts on mechanical problems related to the presence of solid/solid interfaces and their practical applications. The various topics discussed here are the mechanical characterization of interfaces, the initiation and growth of cracks along interfaces, the origin and control of interface adhesion, focusing in particular on thin films on substrate systems. It is designed and structured to provide a solid background in the mechanics of heterogeneous materials to help students in materials science, as well as scientists and engineers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Foreword

PART 1 Fundamentals

Chapter 1 Interfaces: the Physics, Chemistry and Mechanics of Heterogeneous Continua

1.1. Definition and terminology

1.2. Energy considerations

1.3. Elastic behavior of an interface

1.4. Experimental stress analysis techniques

1.5. Conclusion

1.6. Bibliography

Chapter 2 Structure and Defects of Crystalline Interfaces

2.1. What is a crystalline interface?

2.2. Definitions and geometric tools to describe interfaces

2.3. Structure of interfaces: intrinsic dislocations and structural units

2.4. Linear interface defects: extrinsic dislocations

2.5. Interaction between dislocations and interfaces: relaxation of interfacial stresses

2.6. Conclusion

2.7. Bibliography

PART 2 Singularities, Notches and Interfacial Cracks

Chapter 3 Singularities and Interfacial Cracks

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Singularities

3.3. Modal mixity

3.4. Brittle fracture mechanics

3.5. Nucleation of cracks

3.6. Deflection of a crack at an interface

3.7. Conclusion

3.8. Bibliography

Chapter 4. Interface Adherence

4.1. Adhesion and adherence

4.2. Mode mixity

4.3. Measurement of adherence

4.4. Conclusion: choosing a test

4.5. Bibliography

PART 3 Practical Applications

Chapter 5 Controlling Adherence

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Multiscale adherence modeling

5.3. Nature and control of interface bonds

5.4. Dissipative mechanisms

5.5. The effect of interface geometry

5.6. Conclusion

5.7. Bibliography

Chapter 6 Crack-interface Interaction

6.1. Propagation of a crack near an interface

6.2. Criterion of crack deviation by an interface

6.3. Propagation of an interfacial crack

6.4. Branching criterion of a crack outside an interface

6.5. Conclusion

6.6. Bibliography

Chapter 7 Shock Mechanics and Interfaces

7.1. Introduction to shock wave mechanics

7.2. Damage under shock

7.3. Application to the shock adhesion test

7.4. Retrospective: recent advances made in shock adherence testing

7.5. Perspectives

7.6. Bibliography

PART4 Thin Films

Chapter 8 Coating-Substrate Interfaces

8.1. Thin films on massive substrates: a typical case

8.2. State of stress in a thin film-substrate specimen

8.3. Residual strains in thin films

8.4. Determination of stresses in thin films

8.5. Conclusions

8.6. Bibliography

Chapter 9 Damage in Thin Films on Substrates

9.1. Overview

9.2. Layers in tension

9.3. Films in compression

9.4. Conclusion

9.5. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2012 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA

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© ISTE Ltd 2012

The rights of Muriel Braccini & Michel Dupeux to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mechanics of solid interfaces / edited by Muriel Braccini, Michel Dupeux. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN 978-1-84821-373-9 (hardback)  1. Interfaces (Physical sciences) 2. Fracture mechanics. 3. Solids. I. Braccini, Muriel. II. Dupeux, Michel.   QC173.4.I57M43 2012   530.4'17--dc23

2012017659

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Foreword

When we observe the objects around us, wherever we look, we must search for a long time to find any that are made up of a homogeneous material, at either the macroscopic or microscopic level. The most common steel contains both ferrite and cementite; plastic materials are stiffened by mineral particles enrobed by a polymer matrix; the ceramic used in our daily pots combines crystallites bonded by a glassy phase. Mineral and organic glasses are frequently strengthened by a polycarbonate film or coated with an anti-scratch, anti-fouling or photochromic film.

In advanced technology, the search for optimal material/ function matching has led to an increasingly frequent use of “multimaterials”, “hybrid materials”, composites, brazed or adhesive bonding, coatings, and structural or functional multilayers. Practically all high-performance metallic alloys are strengthened by precipitates of various sizes, which hinder the dislocation motion that goes along with plasticity, but localize damage and promote crack initiation at the same time. Microelectronics’ integrated circuits combine fine metal deposits, insulators and semiconductors of very different types. Depending on the intended application, various functional characteristics are expected of the solid–solid interfaces that these single block pieces or components contain, but they are all heterogeneous at different scales. In every case, an adequate fracture resistance of interfaces is required to maintain the principal function and integrity of the material.

The question of the mechanical behavior of the interfaces between two different materials is thus a critical challenge, as much from an applied perspective as from a fundamental one. The problems related to its characterization are far from being solved, which justifies active and multidisciplinary research in which the necessity of understanding brings mechanics together with the physics of materials, the chemistry of solids, and the thermodynamics of multicomponent equilibria.

We therefore thought it would be useful to compile typical contributions towards the approach to this topic in a single book. Part 1 (Chapters 1 and 2) presents the basics of the mechanical and structural characterization of interfaces. Part 2 (Chapters 3 and 4) is specifically devoted to a description of the theoretical and experimental tools used to address the issue of the initiation and propagation of interfacial fractures. Part 3, containing Chapters 5, 6 and 7, illustrates the way in which, given the current state of knowledge, we address practical problems of interfacial adherence in various geometric and loading conditions, and attempt to handle them. Finally, Part 4 of this book (Chapters 8 and 9) is dedicated to the specific case of interfaces between thin films and substrates, which is of growing importance in current practical applications. Each chapter includes a bibliography that will help readers to further their knowledge in this subject.

We make no claim to have exhausted the subject; but have laid down some milestones: theoretical and experimental advances will follow on the heels of all these approaches, as will other aspects of interface mechanics that can profitably be associated with a presentation such as the one we have written. Here, we are particularly thinking of the numerical modeling of problems of adherence and interfacial fracture, which surely deserves further development; and of questions of surface and interface elasticity, the importance of which is just beginning to be realized with the advent of nano-objects and nanofilms in research laboratories. These same nano-objects, as part of a matrix or confined by their free surface (paradoxically!) and the interface with their support, present unexpected deformation mechanisms that we are now just discovering. The approaches presented in this book are often illustrated by reference to inorganic materials, the field of activity for most of the contributors to this book; however, the ideas developed are common to all types of systems, and if we tie them in with the profusion of literature about the adherence of organic materials, their similarity becomes apparent. The older and more frequent topic of the mechanical behavior of mobile interfaces with relative sliding has not been addressed as it is well-documented thanks to specialists in wear and tribology.

We could not end this introduction without offering our deep gratitude to those who have helped us, particularly all the contributors who agreed to write a brief presentation on their area of scientific interest. Their names can be found in the various chapters they have written; this book belongs to them as well.

We wish you happy and fruitful reading.

Muriel BRACCINI

Michel DUPEUX

June 2012

PART 1

Fundamentals

Chapter 1

Interfaces: the Physics, Chemistry and Mechanics of Heterogeneous Continua

Of what does an interface between two solids consist? What qualifying or quantitative physical or chemical parameters must we specify to define it? What general considerations can we set out about the mechanical behavior of an interface in a heterogeneous solid? These are the basic questions that this chapter proposes to answer as an introduction to the following chapters, focusing on more specific points.

1.1. Definition and terminology

Strictly speaking, an interface can be defined as the two-dimensional border area between two dissimilar materials. These two materials may differ in their physical state (such as in the case of solidliquid or solidgas interfaces); their chemical composition (such as an interface between two immiscible liquids in an emulsion); their structure (such as a residual martensite/austenite interface in quenched steel); their relative orientation (such as the twin boundaries or grain boundaries in a polycrystal or the interface between layers in a multilayer composite); or even by their relative translation (such as a stacking fault surface in a crystal). In this book, as the title indicates, we will focus on the case of interfaces between two solid materials.

The geometric aspect of a solidsolid interface can prove extremely variable, depending on the scale at which it is observed. Abrupt interfaces, in which the physical and chemical characteristics change suddenly as the interface is crossed (see Figure 1.1a), are an ideal and simple case that is rarely encountered in reality. In real cases, the physical or chemical interaction between the two materials disturbs their composition or their structure in a layer of varying thickness near the interface, producing what we call a diffuse interface, with or without a marked discontinuity of properties (see Figures 1.1b and 1.1c).

Figure 1.1.View and development profile of the physicochemical characteristics (such as chemical composition) across various types of interfaces: a) abrupt interface; b) continuous diffuse interface; c) diffuse interface with discontinuity; d) heterogeneous diffuse interface; e) interface with interphase; and f) real interface between an AM1 nickel-based superalloy and a NiAlZr coating (cross-section, scanning electron microscope (SEM)) [THE 07]