Medical Instrumentation E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1474

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

Provides a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts behind the application and designs of medical instrumentation

This premiere reference on medical instrumentation describes the principles, applications, and design of the medical instrumentation most commonly used in hospitals. It places great emphasis on design principles so that scientists with limited background in electronics can gain enough information to design instruments that may not be commercially available. The revised edition includes new material on microcontroller-based medical instrumentation with relevant code, device design with circuit simulations and implementations, dry electrodes for electrocardiography, sleep apnea monitor, Infusion pump system, medical imaging techniques and electrical safety. Each chapter includes new problems and updated reference material that covers the latest medical technologies.

Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition covers general concepts that are applicable to all instrumentation systems, including the static and dynamic characteristics of a system, the engineering design process, the commercial development and regulatory classifications, and the electrical safety, protection, codes and standards for medical devices. The readers learn about the principles behind various sensor mechanisms, the necessary amplifier and filter designs for analog signal processing, and the digital data acquisition, processing, storage and display using microcontrollers. The measurements of both cardiovascular dynamics and respiratory dynamics are discussed, as is the developing field of biosensors. The book also covers general concepts of clinical laboratory instrumentation, medical imaging, various therapeutic and prosthetic devices, and more.

• Emphasizes design throughout so scientists and engineers can create medical instruments
• Updates the coverage of modern sensor signal processing
• New material added to the chapter on modern microcontroller use
• Features revised chapters, descriptions, and references throughout
• Includes many new worked out examples and supports student problem-solving
• Offers updated, new, and expanded materials on a companion webpage
• Supplemented with a solutions manual containing complete solutions to all problems

Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition is an excellent book for a senior to graduate-level course in biomedical engineering and will benefit other health professionals involved with the topic.

Leseprobe

MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Application and Design

FIFTH EDITION

Edited by

John G. Webster and Amit J. Nimunkar

Contributing Authors

John W. Clark, Jr.Rice University

Michael R. Neuman†Case Western Reserve University

Amit J. NimunkarBiomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin‐Madison

Walter H. OlsonMedtronic, Inc.

Robert A. PeuraWorcester Polytechnic Institute

Frank P. Primiano, Jr.Amethyst Research, Inc.

Melvin P. Siedband†University of Wisconsin‐Madison

John G. WebsterBiomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin‐Madison

Lawrence A. WheelerNutritional Computing Concepts

This fifth edition first published 2020© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition HistoryJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1e, 1977; 2e, 1992; 3e, 1997; 4e, 2010)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of John G. Webster and Amit J. Nimunkar to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Editorial Office111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Webster, John G., 1932– editor.Title: Medical instrumentation : application and design / John G. Webster,Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,Amit J. Nimunkar, Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin,Madison, Wisconsin.Description: Fifth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includesbibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2019054466 (print) | LCCN 2019054467 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119457336 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119457329 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119457312 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Medical instruments and apparatus. | Physiological apparatus.Classification: LCC R856 .M376 2020 (print) | LCC R856 (ebook) | DDC 610.28/4--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054466LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054467

Cover Design: WileyCover Images: © Jakub Krechowicz/Shutterstock, © Skinny boy/Shutterstock

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the reviewers of editions.

First Edition ReviewersDavid Arnett, Pennsylvania State UniversityRobert B. Northrop, University of Connecticut (Storrs)Kenneth C. Mylrea, University of ArizonaCurran S. Swift, Iowa State University

Second Edition ReviewersJonathan Newell, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteRobert B. Northrop, University of Connecticut (Storrs)

Third Edition ReviewersNoel Thompson, Stanford UniversityW. Ed Hammond, Duke UniversityRobert B. Northrop, University of ConnecticutRichard Jendrucko, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Fourth Edition ReviewersPaul J. Benkeser, Georgia Institute of TechnologyLawrence V. Hmurcik, University of BridgeportArt Koblasz, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAnant Madabhushi, Rutgers UniversityAndrew Mason, Michigan State UniversityKenith Meissner, Texas A&M UniversityPeter Molnar, Clemson UniversityHomer Nazeran, The University of Texas at El PasoJohn A. Pearce, The University of Texas at AustinNadine Barrie Smith, The Pennsylvania State University

The authors welcome your suggestions for improvement of subsequent printings and editions.

John G. Webster

Amit J. Nimunkar

PREFACE

Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition, is written for a senior to graduate‐level course in biomedical engineering. It describes the principles, applications, and design of the medical instruments most commonly used in hospitals. Because equipment changes with time, we have stressed fundamental principles of operation and general types of equipment, avoiding detailed descriptions and photographs of specific models. Furthermore, because biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field, requiring good communication with health‐care personnel, we have provided some applications for each type of instrument. However, to keep the book to a reasonable length, we have omitted much of the physiology.

Most of those who use this text have had an introductory course in chemistry, are familiar with mathematics through differential equations, have a strong background in physics, and have taken courses in electric circuits and electronics. However, readers without this background will gain much from the descriptive material and should find this text a valuable reference. In addition, we recommend reading background material from an inexpensive physiology text, such as W. F. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition (New York: McGraw‐Hill Education, 2019).

EMPHASIS ON DESIGN

Throughout the book, we emphasize design. A scientist or engineer who has some background in electronics and instrumentation will glean enough information, in many of the areas we address, to be able to design medical instruments. This ability should be especially valuable in those situations—so frequently encountered—where special instruments that are not commercially available are required.

PEDAGOGY

The book provides 282 problems, located at the end of each chapter, plus 127 in‐text worked examples. Problems are designed to cover a wide variety of applications ranging from analysis of the waves of the electrocardiogram to circuit design of biopotential amplifiers with microcontroller implementation and identification of electric safety hazards.

REFERENCES

Rather than giving an exhaustive list of references, we have provided a list of review articles and books that can serve as a point of departure for further study on any given topic.

ORGANIZATION

Each chapter has been carefully reviewed and updated for the fifth edition, and many new problems and references are included.

Chapter 1 covers general concepts that are applicable to all instrumentation systems, including the commercial development of medical instruments, on biostatistics, and on the regulation of medical devices, and the design of amplifiers. Chapter 2 describes basic sensors, and Chapter 3 presents microcontroller implementation in medical devices. Chapters 4 through 6 deal with biopotentials, tracing the topic from the origin of biopotentials, through electrodes, to the special amplifier design required.

Chapters 7 and 8 cover the measurement of cardiovascular dynamics–pressure, sound, flow, and volume of blood. Chapter 9 presents the measurement of respiratory dynamics–pressure, flow, and concentration of gases.

Chapter 10 describes the developing field of biosensors: sensors that measure chemical concentrations within the body via catheters or implants. Chapter 11 describes that area in the hospital where the greatest number of measurements are made, the clinical laboratory. Chapter 12 starts with general concepts of medical imaging and shows their applications to x‐ray techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and Doppler ultrasonic imaging.

Chapter 13 deals with devices used in therapy, such as the pacemaker, defibrillator, cochlear prosthesis, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, implantable automatic defibrillators, the total artificial heart, lithotripsy, high‐frequency ventilators, infant incubators, drug infusion pumps, and anesthesia machines. Chapter 14 presents a guide both to electric safety in the hospital and to minimization of hazards.

We have used the internationally recommended SI units throughout this book. In the case of units of pressure, we have presented both the commonly used millimeters of mercury and the SI unit, the pascal. To help the reader follow the trend toward employing SI units, the Appendix provides the most common conversion factors. The Appendix also provides a number of physical constants used in the book and a list of abbreviations.

A Solutions Manual containing complete solutions to all problems is available for the instructors at www.wiley.com/go/Webster/Medical instrumentation5e

LIST OF SYMBOLS

This list gives single‐letter symbols for quantities, without subscripts or modifiers. Symbols for physical constants are given in Appendix A.1, multiletter symbols in Appendix A.4, and chemical symbols in Appendix A.5.

Symbol

Quantity

Introduced in Section

a

Absorptivity

10.3

a

Activity

5.2

a

Coefficient

1.10

a

Lead vector

6.2

A

Absorbance

10.3

A

Area

2.2

A

Coefficient

1.10

A

Gain

1.11

A

Magnetic vector potential

4.9

A

Percent

1.9

b

Coefficient

1.10

b

Intercept

1.9

B

Coefficient

1.10

B

Percent

1.9

B

Viscous friction

1.10

B

Magnetic flux density

8.3

c

Coefficient

7.11

c

Specific heat

8.2

c

Velocity of sound

8.4

C

Capacitance

1.10

C

Compliance

1.10

C

Concentration

8.1

C

Contrast

12.1

d

Diameter

5.9

d

Distance

4.1

d

Duration

14.2

D

d/dt

1.10

D

Detector responsivity

2.19

D

Diameter

5.9

D

Diffusing capacity

9.8

D

Digital signal

3.4

D

Distance

4.4

E

emf

2.10

E

Energy

2.15

E

Irradiance

2.19

E

Modulus of elasticity

1.10

f

Force

2.7

f

Frequency

1.18

F

Faraday constant

4.1

F

Filter transmission

2.19

F

Flow rate

7.3

F

Force

7.14

F

Molar fraction

9.3

g

Conductance/area

4.1

g

Gravity acceleration

7.11

G

Form factor

2.4

G

Gage factor

2.2

G

Gain

1.14

G

Transfer function

1.7

h

Height

7.11

H

Feedback gain

1.7

i

Current

1.12

I

Current

1.9

I

Intensity

12.5

j

1.10

J

Current density

4.9

J

Number of standard deviations

12.1

k

Constant

6.8

k

Piezoelectric constant

2.7

K

Constant

1.10

K

Number

12.1

K

Sensitivity

1.10

K

Solubility product

5.3

K

Spring constant

1.10

L

Inductance

2.4

L

Inertance

7.3

L

Length

2.2

m

Average number

12.1

m

Mass

7.3

m

Slope

1.9

M

Mass

1.10

M

Measured values

12.2

M

Modulation

12.1

M

Cardiac vector

6.2

n

Number

1.8

n

Refractive index

2.16

n

Valence

4.1

N

Noise equivalent bandwidth

12.3

N

Number

5.3

N

Numerical aperture

7.1

N

Turns ratio

1.23

p

Change in pressure

9.1

p

Probability

12.1

P

Permeability

4.1

P

Power

1.9

P

Pressure

7.3

P

Projection

12.7

q

Change in volume flow

9.1

q

Charge

2.7

Q

Heat content

8.2

Q

Volume flow

9.1

r

Correlation coefficient

1.8

r

Radius

7.3

r

Resistance per length

4.1

R

Range

8.4

R

Impedance

1.11

R

Ratio

10.3

R

Resistance

1.10

R

Universal gas constant

4.1

s

d/dt

1.10

s

Standard deviation

1.8

S

Modulation transfer function

12.2

S

Saturation

10.1

S

Slew rate

1.21

S

Source output

2.19

t

Thickness

5.9

t

Time

1.10

T

Temperature

2.10

T

Tensile force

7.14

T

Time

3.4

T

Transmittance

11.1

u

Velocity

4.4

u

Work function

12.5

U

Molar uptake

9.1

v

Voltage

1.11

v

Change in volume

9.1

V

Voltage

1.10

V

Volume

7.3

W

Radiant Power

1.12

W

Power

8.5

W

Weight

10.3

W

Weighting factor

12.7

x

Constant

10.3

x

Distance

2.6

x

Input

1.7

X

Chemical species

9.1

X

Effort variable

1.9

X

Flow variable

1.9

X

Value

1.8

y

Constant

10.3

y

Output

1.7

Y

Admittance

1.9

Y

Flow variable

1.9

Y

Value

1.8

z

Distance

4.1

Z

Atomic number

12.5

Z

Impedance

1.6

Greek Letters

Symbol

Quantity

Introduced in Section

α

Polytropic constant

9.5

α

Temperature coefficient

2.11

α

Thermoelectric sensitivity

2.10

β

Material constant for thermistor

2.11

γ

Gyromagnetic ratio

12.8

Δ

Deviation

10.3

ε

Dielectric constant

2.6

ε

Emissivity

2.12

ξ

Damping ratio

1.10

η

Viscosity

1.10

θ

Angle

2.16

Λ

Logarithmic decrement

1.10

λ

Wavelength

2.12

μ

Absorption coefficient

12.7

μ

Mobility

5.2

μ

Permeability

2.4

μ

Poisson's ratio

2.2

υ

Frequency

2.15

ρ

Density

1.10

ρ

Mole density

9.1

ρ

Resistivity

2.2

σ

Electrical conductivity

13.4

σ

Stefan–Boltzmann constant

12.5

τ

Time constant

1.10

ϕ

Divergence

8.4

ϕ

Phase shift

1.10

Φ

Potential

4.6

ω

Frequency

1.10

1BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Walter H. Olson and John G. Webster

The invention, prototype design, product development, clinical testing, regulatory approval, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of a new medical instrument add up to a complex, expensive, and lengthy process. Very few new ideas survive the practical requirements, human barriers, and inevitable setbacks of this arduous process. Usually there is one person who is the “champion” of a truly new medical instrument or device. This person—who is not necessarily the inventor—must have a clear vision of the final new product and exactly how it will be used. And most important, this person must have the commitment and persistence to overcome unexpected technical problems, convince the naysayers, and cope with the bureaucratic apparatus that is genuinely needed to protect patients.