Meteorological Measurements and Instrumentation E-Book

R. Giles Harrison

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Advancing Weather and Climate Science
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 463

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This book describes the fundamental scientific principles underlying high quality instrumentation used for environmental measurements. It discusses a wide range of in situ sensors employed in practical environmental monitoring and, in particular, those used in surface based measurement systems. It also considers the use of weather balloons to provide a wealth of upper atmosphere data. To illustrate the technologies in use it includes many examples of real atmospheric measurements in typical and unusual circumstances, with a discussion of the electronic signal conditioning,  data acquisition considerations and data processing principles necessary for reliable measurements. This also allows the long history of atmospheric measurements to be placed in the context of the requirements of modern climate science, by building the physical science appreciation of the instrumental record and looking forward to new and emerging sensor and recording technologies.

Leseprobe

Advancing Weather and Climate Science

Series Author:

R. Giles Harrison

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, UK

Other titles in the series:

Mesoscale Meteorology in MidlatitudesPaul Markowski and Yvette Richardson, Pennsylvania State University, USAPublished: February 2010ISBN: 978-0-470-74213-6

Thermal Physics of the AtmosphereMaarten H.P. Ambaum, University of Reading, UKPublished: April 2010ISBN: 978-0-470-74515-1

The Atmosphere and Ocean: A Physical Introduction, 3rd EditionNeil C. Wells, Southampton University, UKPublished: November 2011ISBN: 978-0-470-69469-5

Time-Series Analysis in Meteorology and Climatology: An IntroductionClaude Duchon, University of Oklahoma, USA andRobert Hale, Colorado State University, USAPublished: January 2012ISBN: 978-0-470-97199-4

Operational Weather ForecastingPeter Inness, University of Reading, UK andSteve Dorling, University of East Anglia, UKPublished: December 2012ISBN: 978-0-470-71159-0

Meteorological Instruments and Measurements

R. Giles Harrison

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, UK

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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CONTENTS

Series Foreword

Advancing Weather and Climate Science

Preface

Note

Acknowledgements

Disclaimer

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 The instrumental age

1.2 Measurements and the climate record

1.3 Clouds and rainfall

1.4 Standardisation of air temperature measurements

1.5 Upper air measurements

1.6 Scope and structure

Notes

Chapter 2: Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation

2.1 Instruments and measurement systems

2.2 Instrument response time

2.3 Deriving the standard error

2.4 Calculations combining uncertainties

2.5 Calibration experiments

Notes

Chapter 3: Electronics and Analogue Signal Processing

3.1 Voltage measurements

3.2 Signal conditioning

3.3 Voltage signals

3.4 Current measurement

3.5 Resistance measurement

3.6 Oscillatory signals

3.7 Physical implementation

Notes

Chapter 4: Data Acquisition Systems and Initial Data Analysis

4.1 Data acquisition

4.2 Custom data logging systems

4.3 Management of data files

4.4 Preliminary data examination

Notes

Chapter 5: Temperature

5.1 The Celsius temperature scale

5.2 Liquid in glass thermometry

5.3 Electrical temperature sensors

5.4 Resistance thermometry considerations

5.5 Thermometer exposure

5.6 Surface and below-surface temperature measurements

Notes

Chapter 6: Humidity

6.1 Water vapour as a gas

6.2 Physical measures of humidity

6.3 Hygrometers and their operating principles

6.4 Practical psychrometers

6.5 Hygrometer calibration using salt solutions

6.6 Comparison of hygrometry techniques

Notes

Chapter 7: Atmospheric Pressure

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Barometers

7.3 Corrections to barometers

Notes

Chapter 8: Wind Speed and Direction

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Types of anemometer

8.3 Wind direction

8.4 Anemometer exposure

8.5 Wind speed from kite tether tension

Notes

Chapter 9: Radiation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Solar geometry

9.3 Shortwave radiation instruments

9.4 Pyrheliometers

9.5 Diffuse solar radiation measurement

9.6 Reference solar radiation instruments

9.7 Longwave instruments

9.8 Sunshine duration

Notes

Chapter 10: Clouds, Precipitation and Atmospheric Electricity

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Visual range

10.3 Cloud base measurements

10.4 Rain gauges

10.5 Atmospheric electricity

Notes

Chapter 11: Upper Air Instruments

11.1 Radiosondes

11.2 Radiosonde technology

11.3 Uncertainties in radiosonde measurements

11.4 Specialist radiosondes

11.5 Aircraft measurements

11.6 Small robotic aircraft

Notes

Chapter 12: Further Methods for Environmental Data Analysis

12.1 Physical models

12.2 Solar radiation models

12.3 Statistical models

12.4 Ensemble averaging

12.5 Spectral methods

12.6 Conclusion

Notes

Appendix A: Writing a Brief Instrumentation Paper

A.1 Scope of an instrument paper

A.2 Structure of an instrument paper

A.3 Submission and revisions

Note

Appendix B: Anemometer Coordinate Rotations

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Chapter 12

Table 12.1