Metrology in Industry E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 376

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Metrology is an integral part of the structure of today's world: navigation and telecommunications require highly accurate time and frequency standards; human health and safety relies on authoritative measurements in diagnosis and treatment, as does food production and trade; global climate studies also depend on reliable and consistent data. Moreover, international trade practices increasingly require institutions to display demonstrated conformity to written standards and specifications. As such, having relevant and reliable results of measurements and tests in compliance with mutually recognised standards can be a technical, commercial and statutory necessity for a company. This book, the results of a working group from the French College of Metrology and featuring chapters written by a range of experts from a variety of European countries, gives a comprehensive and international treatment of the subject. Academics involved in metrology as well as people involved in the metrology capacities of companies and institutions will find this book of great interest.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Preface

Foreword

Chapter 1: Analysis of the Metrological Requirements Needed to Ensure Quality

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Definition of the objectives

1.3. Choice of the method of measurement

1.4. Choice of the means of measurement

1.5. The traceability of the measurements

1.6. Conclusion

Chapter 2: Organization of Metrology: Industrial, Scientific, Legal

2.1. A metrological organization: why?

2.2. Metrology: how?

2.3. Scientific and technical metrology

2.4. Legal metrology

Chapter 3: Mastering Measurement Processes Approach to the Setting up of a Metrology Function

3.1. What to do at the beginning?

3.2. Goals and role of the measurement management system — metrological function

3.3. The measurement processes

3.4. Management of the measuring equipment (metrological confirmation)

3.5. Setting up a metrological structure within the firm

3.6. Suggested approach for setting up a metrology function

3.7. Bibliography

Chapter 4: Handling of a Bank of Measuring Instruments

4.1. Acquaintance with the bank

4.2. Metrological policy of the firm

4.3. Drafting of the documents

4.4. Physical handling of the measuring instruments

4.5. Follow-up of the measuring instruments over time

4.6. Software for the handling of the means of measurements

Chapter 5: Traceability to National Standards

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Definitions

5.3. Traceability chains

5.4. Traceability

5.5. Calibration

5.6. Verification

5.7. Use of calibration and verification results

5.8. Particular cases

5.9. Metrology in chemistry and physical methods of chemical analysis

5.10. Assessment of traceability

5.11. Bibliography

Chapter 6: Calibration Intervals and Methods for Monitoring the Measurement Processes

6.1. Normative requirements

6.2. Methods for monitoring the instruments in use — general criteria

6.3. The determination of the calibration intervals

6.4. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Measurements and Uncertainties

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Measurement of physical quantity

7.3. Analysis of the measurement process

7.4. Modeling of the measurement process

7.5. Assessment of the uncertainty of the input quantities

7.6. Calculating the combined uncertainty on the result

7.7. Use of the performances of the method (repeatability and freedom of bias) to assess the uncertainty of the measurement result

7.8. Reporting of the measurement result

7.9. Example

7.10. Bibliography

Chapter 8: The Environment of Measuring

8.1. The premises

8.2. The personnel

8.3. The documentation

8.4. Bibliography

8.5. Appendix

Chapter 9: About Measuring

9.1. Preliminary information

9.2. Choice of a measuring principle

9.3. Practicing in metrology

9.4. Expression of the results

9.5. What qualities does a metrologist require?

Chapter 10: Organization of Metrology at Solvay Research and Technology

10.1. Presentation of the company

10.2. Organization of the metrology sector

10.3. Metrology

Chapter 11: Metrology within the Scope of the ISO 9001 Standard

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Introduction to the evolution of the standard

11.3. Measurement control process

11.4. The ISO 9001 (2000) standard step-by-step

11.5. Conclusion

Chapter 12: Training for the Metrology Professions in France

12.1. The metrology function in a firm’s strategy

12.2. Metrology profession

12.3. Initial training

12.4. Continuing education

12.5. Long-lasting training courses

12.6. The teaching of metrology in secondary schools

12.7. Prospects for the development of long-lasting training courses

12.8. Bibliography

The Authors

Index

First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2006 by ISTE Ltd

Translated into English by Jean Barbier

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd6 Fitzroy SquareLondon W1T 5DXUKISTE USA4308 Patrice RoadNewport Beach, CA 92663USA

www.iste.co.uk

© ISTE Ltd, 2006

The rights of the French College of Metrology to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Metrology in industry: the key for quality / edited by French College of Metrology.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-905209-51-4

1. Quality control. 2. Metrology. I. Collège français de métrologie.

TS156.M485 2006

620'.0045--dc22

2006003530

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 10: 1-905209-51-7

ISBN 13: 978-1-905209-51-4

Preface

Metrology is an essential part of the infrastructure of today’s world. It enters into our lives in a multitude of ways, some direct and some indirect. National and international trade increasingly require demonstrated conformity to written standards and specifications and mutual recognition of measurements and tests. The economic success of most manufacturing industries is critically dependent on how well its products are made, a requirement in which measurement plays a key role. Navigation and telecommunications require the most accurate time and frequency standards. Human health and safety depend on reliable measurements in diagnosis and therapy and in the production and trade in food and food products. The protection of the environment from the short-term and long-term destructive effects of industrial activity can only be assured on the basis of accurate and reliable measurements. Global climate studies depend on reliable and consistent data from many disciplines often over long periods of time and this can be assured only on the basis of measurements traceable to measurement standards that are themselves linked to fundamental and atomic constants.

Metrology is not an activity that is only carried out in specialized institutes or calibration laboratories. In order to meet the needs of society for accurate and reliable measurements in all its many applications, a strong spirit of metrology must also exist in companies and enterprises that make the instruments and that use them to make measurements.

For this reason I welcome this book. It gives a clear outline of the basic ideas of metrology, why we need it and how, in an enterprise it can be practiced. I wish it every success.

T.J. Quinn,

Director of BIPM

Foreword

Technically, economically, commercially and, sometimes, statutorily speaking, having relevant and reliable results of measurements, analyses and tests is a real asset for a firm which wishes to make efficacious decisions.

You cannot achieve such an end if you do not have firm control over the processes of measurement, analysis and testing. Nowadays, however, the measuring techniques, the normative and statutory requirements, the methods of measurement uncertainty assessment or those to secure the traceability of measurements are all complex and it is more necessary than ever to integrate them into a network of competent bodies so as to exchange experience and information. It is on this fundamental principle that the Metrology College was created in 1986, which became the French College of Metrology in 2002. The purpose of this association is obviously much wider:

– to identify which firms and organisms’ needs are to be met from the angle of metrology;

– to spread metrological culture and knowledge through the industrial, scientific and economic fabric;

– to be a form of exchange between people involved in metrology;

– to contribute to make the collective national and regional actions coherent in this sphere;

– to perform any action likely to contribute to the development and promotion of metrology.

The permanent evolution of metrology, together with the willingness to impart all the knowledge acquired so far, have led a working party of the French College of Metrology to write a second edition of the book Metrology in the Firm. Metrologists from various callings (national metrology laboratories, accrediting organisms, industrial concerns and consulting firms) and from different nationalities make up this working party. This broad range of authors gives the book a pragmatic characteristic and enables it to answer the questions and concerns of organizations, whether they be principals, small or medium firms, laboratories, etc.

The contribution from foreign authors gives the book an unquestionable international aspect which accurately reflects the current reality. More than ever, as a matter of fact, metrology contributes to the free circulation of goods between countries, thanks to the international organization of metrology and thanks to the international agreements between national metrology laboratories and between accrediting organisms.

Moreover, most of the authors belong to different national or international standardization committees. As a result, the latest normative evolutions are to be found in this book, whether it is the concept of firm certification developed in the 2000 version of standard ISO 9001, or the approach concerning the competence of activities of measurement, testing or analysis as expounded in standard ISO 17025.

Whether you are involved in your firm’s metrology function, or are simply interested in a concrete matter of measurement, analysis or testing, I am confident you will find here some clues which will help you progress and improve your processes.

The growing interest you have shown in this book has encouraged us in our intention of producing this English version. It is my sincere wish that whatever your need and country may be, you can get as much out of it as our French colleagues do.

May you enjoy reading it.

P. LEBLOIS,

President of the French College of Metrology

Chapter 1

Analysis of the Metrological Requirements Needed to Ensure Quality1

Anybody with a mind to implement (or improve) a metrology function might feel a bit panicky at the thought of all the work to be done if they read this book unwarned, and more particularly this chapter. Let the reader’s mind be put at ease first. All the content is not, fortunately, to be carried out literally. All we want to do is to offer as broad as possible a survey of the subject by pointing out practically all the items that require consideration.

And then, is it not normal to start wondering what one really needs?

Experience has taught us, too often alas, that this is not a natural process. Many industrial difficulties, or many costs, grow out of the inadequacy “means of measurement/real need”.

1.1. Introduction

Before we start any concrete action, it is primordial to analyze the metrological needs carefully. There are two kinds:

– The organizational needs for the management of metrology. Are those needs great enough to require the introduction of full-scale metrology? Are premises or qualified personnel needed permanently? What possibilities are there in the region? Does someone want to manage metrology on his or her own, with the help of a someone else, or to handle it to a subcontractor?

– The material needs for the realization of the measurements. In order to realize measurements correctly, it is necessary to have appropriate means; these means are found after analysis of the objectives and the possibilities of the instruments and the connection. In order to define the firm’s needs, it is necessary to answer the following questions:

1. What are my industrial needs?

– What do I have to measure and what accuracy shall I expect?

2. How can I meet my needs?

– What are the possible measuring methods?

– Which method and principle will be used?

3. Which measuring instruments can be used?

– Which instrument shall I use?

– Can the selected instrument ensure the required accuracy?

4. How is to be used the selected instrument?

– What assembly is to be set up and what procedure is to be followed?

– What technical competence do you have to have to use it?