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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: ASM
- Sprache: Englisch
Microbe Microbe THIRD EDITION Brings the excitement, breadth, and power of the modern microbial sciences to the next generation of students and scientists. This third edition of the bestselling Microbe textbook is an eloquent and highly readable introduction to microbiology that will engage and excite science majors and pre-health professionals. The authors have carefully crafted a lively narrative with stunning, detailed illustrations to bring key concepts to life and promote a lifelong passion for the microbial sciences. Microbe is replete with case studies, ranging from a MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) outbreak in an NFL locker room to the search for life outside of Earth, that illustrate relevant microbiology concepts in real-world scenarios. To further engage students and deepen their understanding of both the principles and practice of science, each chapter includes activities that encourage students to demonstrate and apply their knowledge of the topics presented. Questions are posed throughout each chapter to introduce important subjects and to prompt students to actively participate in the learning experience. This new edition also features highlight boxes exploring the varied roles and applications of microbes at work in our world as well as profiles of the diverse array of individuals who work in and adjacent to the field of microbiology. An equally valuable tool for instructors of all classroom modalities, Microbe integrates key concepts, learning outcomes, and fundamental statements directly from the ASM Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Microbiology. The new edition also provides robust instructor materials, including slides with figures and tables from the text, access to more than 250 peer-reviewed questions for microbiology education, and an instructors' manual featuring answers for end-of-chapter questions as well as supplemental exercises and resources to challenge students to dig deeper into their understanding of the material. "This is a fantastic text that makes microbiology accessible to students. The new edition highlights a One Health perspective and the impact of microbiology on society and the human experience. The stories of Microbiologists at Work reflect the diversity of individuals making contributions to the field through a range of career paths. The conversational, engaging writing style; the learning outcomes that provide roadmaps for guided reading; and the clear, concise figures make this a text my students enjoy." --Mary E. Allen, Professor of Biology & Coordinator of Academic Assessment, Hartwick College "Microbe is one of the best undergraduate textbooks I have used to teach microbial metabolism. It has the perfect mix of examples from both the research literature and the real world for explaining challenging concepts to students. The new human gut microbiome chapter is amazing and does a great job of tying in concepts students learn in earlier chapters." --Kersten Schroeder, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences-College of Medicine, University of Central Florida
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Seitenzahl: 1479
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
PART I: Fundamentals of Microbial Life
CHAPTER ONE: A Microbial Planet
Introduction
What Is a Microbe?
What Do Microbes Look Like Under the Microscope?
Does Size Really Matter?
How Many Microbes Are on Earth? On Your Body?
How Long Have Microbes Been on Earth?
Are Microbes Everywhere on Earth?
How Do Microbes Help Make a Planet Habitable?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWO: Microbial Cell Exterior:
Envelopes and Appendages
Introduction
How Complex Are Bacterial and Archaeal Cells?
How Do We Visualize the Structural Details of Microbial Cells?
Why Do All Cells Have a Membrane?
Why Do Microbes Need a Cell Envelope?
How Do
Bacteria
and
Archaea
Modify Their Cell Envelope?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER THREE: Microbial Cell Interior
Introduction
How Do Microbes Organize Their DNA Inside the Cell?
How Do Microbes Organize Their Cytoplasm?
Are There Specialized Intracellular Structures in the Cytoplasm of Bacterial and Archaeal Cells?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER FOUR: Microbial Cell Growth and Division
Introduction
What Is Microbial Growth?
How Do We Measure Microbial Growth?
Why Is Exponential Growth “Balanced”?
How Is the Physiology of a Cell Affected by Its Growth Rate?
How Do Microbes Grow in Extreme Environments?
How Does a Microbial Cell Divide in Two?
Is Binary Cell Division the Only Way?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER FIVE: Microbial Metabolism
Introduction
How Is Life Made from Inert Components?
How Do Cells Metabolize Substrates to Grow?
How Is Growth Fueled in
Bacteria
and
Archaea
?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER SIX: Bioenergetics of Fueling
Introduction
Why Do Microbes Need Energy?
How Is Energy Conserved during Fueling?
How Is ATP Generated through Substrate-Level Phosphorylation and Fermentation?
How Are Transmembrane Ion Gradients Generated during Respiration?
How Are Transmembrane Ion Gradients Generated during Photosynthesis?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER SEVEN: Synthesis of Building Blocks
Introduction
Why Do Cells Need Building Blocks?
What Is Needed to Synthesize Building Blocks
De Novo
?
How Are Precursor Metabolites Made during Fueling?
Are Precursor Metabolites All That Is Needed to Make Building Blocks?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER EIGHT: Building Macromolecules
Introduction
Why Do Cells Have Nucleic Acids and Proteins?
How Do Cells Make Copies of Their Chromosomes?
How Is DNA Transcribed into RNA?
What Is Needed To Make a Functional Protein?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER NINE: Building the Cell Envelope
Introduction
How Do Cells Make a Lipid Membrane?
How Are Proteins Exported across the Cell Envelope?
How Are More‐Complex Bacterial Cell Envelope Structures Built?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TEN: Inheritance and Information Flow
Introduction
Why Does Genetic Variation Matter?
What Are Mutations?
How Do
Bacteria
and
Archaea
Exchange DNA?
Can Genetic Exchange Get Any “Crisper”?
What Do Genomes Tell Us about
Bacteria
and
Archaea
?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Coordination of Cell Processes
Introduction
What Evidence Shows That Metabolic Reactions Are Coordinated?
How Do Microbes Regulate Their Metabolism?
How Is Protein Activity Modulated?
How Are Protein Amounts Modulated?
Why Regulate Both Protein Activity and Amounts?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWELVE: Succeeding in the Environment
Introduction
When Are Microbes “Stressed”?
How Do Microbes Cope with Stress?
Is Stationary Phase a Stress Response?
How Do Microbes Use Motility and Chemotaxis To Avoid Stress?
How Do Microbes Coordinate To Overcome Stress?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Differentiation and Development in
Bacteria
Introduction
Why Do Microbes Differentiate To Become a Different Version of Themselves?
What Are Endospores?
How Does
Caulobacter crescentus
Morph into Two Different Cells?
How Do Myxobacteria Form Fruiting Bodies and Sporulate?
How Do Filamentous Cyanobacteria Undergo Differentiation and Development?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
PART II: Microbial Diversity
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
Bacteria
and
Archaea
Introduction
How Did
Bacteria
and
Archaea
Evolve from a Common Ancestor?
How Diverse Are Today's
Bacteria
and
Archaea
?
Why Is It So Difficult To Assess the Diversity of
Bacteria
and
Archaea
?
How To Make Order of the Incredible Diversity of
Bacteria
and
Archaea
?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: The Fungi
Introduction
What Are the Fungi?
Are Yeasts a Type of Fungi?
How Are the Lifestyles of Yeasts Different from Those of Other Fungi?
Why Is Yeast Such a Popular Genetic Tool?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Protists
Introduction
What Are the Protists?
Do All Protists Have a Typical Eukaryotic Cell Structure?
How To Classify Such a Diverse Group?
How Do Lifestyles Differ among the Protists?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: The Viruses
Introduction
Who Are the Viruses, How Abundant Are They, and Why Do They Matter?
How Diverse Are Viruses, and How Are They Classified?
How Do Viruses Infect Their Hosts?
What Are All Those Viruses Doing Out There?
How Do Antiviral Therapies Work?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Viral Latency
Introduction
What Is Viral Latency?
How Do Animal Viruses Become and Remain Latent?
What Are the Implications of Viral Latency for Animal Hosts?
How Do Phages Become Lysogenic and Subsequently Become Induced?
What Are the Genetic and Evolutionary Consequences of Lysogeny for Bacteria?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
PART III: Microbial Ecology
CHAPTER NINETEEN: Microbial Communities
Introduction
What Is the Power of Microbial Ecology?
How Do We Know Who Is There?
How Do We Know What Microbes Are Doing in the Environment?
Is Everything Everywhere?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY: Cycles of Elements
Introduction
What Is the Contribution of Microbes to Biogeochemical Cycles?
How Do Microbes Cycle Carbon?
Why Are Microbes Critical to the Cycling of Nitrogen on Earth?
The Microbial Cycling of Sulfur and Phosphorus: Why Does It Matter?
What Else Can Microbes Recycle?
What Are the Global Impacts of Microbial Recycling Activities?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: Microbial Interactions
Introduction
What Is Symbiosis?
What Are Some Example Microbial Symbioses?
How Do Microbes Feed Together in Syntrophic Associations?
What Are the Perks of Being a Commensal?
How Do Microbes Manipulate Their Host?
Are Microbes Prey or Predators?
How Do Microbes Antagonize Their Neighbors?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: The Human Gut Microbiome
Introduction
What Is the Microbiome?
The Gut Microbiome: A Microbial Fingerprint
The Interplay between Microbes and Medicine
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
PART IV: Microbial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: Infection:
The Vertebrate Host
Introduction
What Challenges Do All Infectious Agents Confront?
Host Defenses
What Defenses Was I Born With?
What Defenses Do We Gain from Experience?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: Opportunistic Infections by Microbiota:
MRSA
Introduction
What Is the Source of Pathogenic MRSA?
How Does
S. aureus
Persist in the Human Population?
How Does
S. aureus
Infection Cause Abscesses?
How Does
S. aureus
Overcome Nutritional Immunity?
How Did
S. aureus
Become Resistant to β-Lactam Antibiotics?
What Factors Equip MRSA USA300 To Spread between and within Humans?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: Intracellular Pathogens:
Listeria
and
Mycobacterium
Introduction
Where Do People Encounter
L. monocytogenes
?
How Can
L. monocytogenes
Be Traced in the Food Supply?
How Does
L. monocytogenes
Alternate between the Environment and Host Cells?
How Does
L. monocytogenes
Cause Invasive Disease?
What Is the History of Tuberculosis in Human Populations?
What Happens When People Encounter
M. tuberculosis
?
What Features of
M. tuberculosis
Contribute to Its Spread?
What Happens When Macrophages Ingest
M. tuberculosis
?
Why Does
M. tuberculosis
Make Some People Sick, But Not Others?
What Challenges Are Unique to Infections with Intracellular Pathogens?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: Toxins and Epidemic Cholera:
Phage Giveth, and Phage Taketh Away
Introduction
What Is the Source of Pathogenic
Vibrio cholerae
?
How Does Cholera Toxin Contribute to Disease?
How Does Serotype Impact the Population Dynamics of
V. cholerae
?
What Forces Collapse Epidemics of Cholera?
What Other Diseases Do Bacterial Toxins Cause?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: Zoonoses:
How Plague Emerged from a Foodborne Illness
Introduction
What Are Zoonoses?
How Do Two Closely Related Species Cause Different Diseases?
How Did
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Spawn
Y. pestis
?
What Causes Pandemics of
Y. pestis
?
Conclusions
Supplemental Material
Coda
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
TABLE 1.1 Characteristics of microbes
TABLE 1.2 Human use of microbes
TABLE 1.3 The known extremes of life
Chapter 2
TABLE 2.1 Some functions of bacterial and archaeal and eukaryotic cell memb...
TABLE 2.2 The Gram stain
TABLE 2.3 The acid‐fast stain
Chapter 3
TABLE 3.1 What's inside the cell membrane of bacteria and archaea?
Chapter 4
TABLE 4.1 Temperature responses of microbes
Chapter 5
TABLE 5.1 Chemical processes that form the basis of all cellular metabolism
TABLE 5.2 Some cellular activities requiring energy
TABLE 5.3 Energy and reducing power used in making macromolecules
TABLE 5.4 Patterns of fueling reactions among microbes
Chapter 6
TABLE 6.1 Examples of some of the many compounds that can replace O2 as elec...
TABLE 6.2 Examples of inorganic compounds that can serve as electron donor a...
TABLE 6.3 Distinctive features of some bacterial phototrophs
Chapter 7
TABLE 7.1 Major building blocks needed to produce a typical Gram-negative ba...
TABLE 7.2 The 13 precursor metabolites generated in the central pathways of ...
TABLE 7.3 Families of amino acids and their precursor metabolites
Chapter 8
TABLE 8.1 Actions of certain restriction endonucleases
TABLE 8.2 Examples of bacterial protein modifications
Chapter 9
TABLE 9.1 Some protein secretion systems in Gram‐negative bacteria
Chapter 10
TABLE 10.1 Types of mutant strains
TABLE 10.2 Small mutational changes: point mutations and microlesions
TABLE 10.3 Large mutational changes: rearrangements and macrolesions
TABLE 10.4 Some physical and chemical mutagens
TABLE 10.5 Transposable elements and how they duplicate
TABLE 10.6 Differences between generalized and specialized transduction
Chapter 12
TABLE 12.1 Some major bacterial adaptations to the environment
TABLE 12.2 Bacterial movement stimuli
TABLE 12.3 Sampling of bacterial quorum‐sensing systems
Chapter 13
TABLE 13.1 Some well‐studied examples of bacterial differentiation and devel...
TABLE 13.2 Genera of endospore‐forming bacteria
TABLE 13.3 Sigma factors that direct expression of sporulation genes
Chapter 14
TABLE 14.1 Taxonomic classification based on 16S rRNA gene % identity
TABLE 14.2 Some
Streptomyces
species and the antibiotics they produce
Chapter 15
TABLE 15.1 Main groups of eukaryotic microbes
TABLE 15.2 Some useful things made by fungi
TABLE 15.3 Some major fungal pathogens of humans
TABLE 15.4 Some major fungal plant pathogens
Chapter 16
TABLE 16.1 Useful things that protists do
TABLE 16.2 Some of the major groups of protists
Chapter 17
TABLE 17.1 Abundances of organisms in 1 ml of seawater
TABLE 17.2 Classification and attributes of some animal viruses
Chapter 18
TABLE 18.1 Some virus-induced human cancers
Chapter 19
TABLE 19.1 Some examples of enrichment culture
TABLE 19.2 Examples of microbial functional traits useful in microbial ecolo...
Chapter 20
TABLE 20.1 Some geologically important biogeochemical conversions mediated o...
Chapter 21
TABLE 21.1 Types of microbial interactions or symbioses
TABLE 21.2 Commonly used antibiotics and how they work
TABLE 21.3 Modes of action of some bacteriocins
Chapter 23
TABLE 23.1 Human behavior that contributes to the emergence of infectious di...
TABLE 23.2 Examples of symptoms caused by host responses
TABLE 23.3 Properties of neutrophils, also called polymorphonuclear leukocyt...
TABLE 23.4 Properties of macrophages and monocytes
TABLE 23.5 Properties of bacterial endotoxin
TABLE 23.6 Some cells involved in adaptive immunity
TABLE 23.7 Some important cytokines involved in inflammation and immunity
Chapter 24
TABLE 24.1 Microbiota of human skin and gastrointestinal tract
TABLE 24.2 Anti-immunity factors of
S
.
aureus
TABLE 24.3 Opportunistic pathogens
Chapter 25
TABLE 25.1 A variety of bacteria produce cholesterol-dependent cytolysin tox...
TABLE 25.2 Some of the microbes that establish a replication niche within ho...
Chapter 26
TABLE 26.1 Volunteer study demonstrates the contribution of cholera toxin to...
TABLE 26.2 Phage-encoded toxins
TABLE 26.3 Bacterial toxins and their targets in host cells
Chapter 27
TABLE 27.1 Zoonoses: some of the many microbial infections humans acquire fr...
TABLE 27.2 Evolution of Y. pestis: four genetic changes critical to the emer...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.1 Size range of microbes. Microbes have a wide range of sizes, but ...
FIGURE 1.2 Microbes. Microbes—
Bacteria
,
Archaea
, and eukaryotes—come in many...
FIGURE 1.3 Microbes' diverse shapes and forms. A drop of pond water scum...
FIGURE 1.4 Traditional classification of microbes as Bacteria and Archaea, o...
FIGURE 1.5 Numbers, large and small, matter. One billion of an average‐sized...
FIGURE 1.6 Evolution of life forms on Earth.
Bacteria
and
Archaea
branched e...
FIGURE 1.7 Simplified representation of the classical three‐domain tree....
FIGURE 1.8 Antimicrobial resistance and One Health. The development of antim...
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.1 Ultrastructure of a characteristic bacterial cell. Inside the cel...
FIGURE 2.2 Envelopes of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria....
FIGURE 2.3 Gram‐stained bacterial cells visualized with a light microscope....
FIGURE 2.4 Distribution of plasmids in Escherichia coli cells containing a l...
FIGURE 2.5 Types of bacterial and archaeal phospholipid membranes. (A) Bacte...
FIGURE 2.6 Murein sacculus of
E. coli
. Electron micrograph of an isolated mu...
FIGURE 2.7 Peptidoglycan protection visualized in the genus Bacillus (B. meg...
FIGURE 2.8 Structure of the peptidoglycan cell wall. As the name indicates, ...
FIGURE 2.9 Peptidoglycan composition. The bacterial peptidoglycan has severa...
FIGURE 2.10 LPS structure. LPS consists of three parts: lipid A, a phosphory...
FIGURE 2.11 Porins. (A) Embedded in the outer membrane of a Gram‐negative ba...
FIGURE 2.12 Structure of the acid‐fast cell envelope. (A) The outer my...
FIGURE 2.13 The S‐layer of some archaea and bacteria. Electron microgr...
FIGURE 2.14 Bacterial capsule. The capsule is the fuzzy material surrounding...
FIGURE 2.15 Arrangements of flagella in some types of bacteria. (A) Single p...
FIGURE 2.16 Structure of flagella. Anchoring of a flagellum into the double ...
FIGURE 2.17 Arrangement of the axial flagellum within the periplasm of a spi...
FIGURE 2.18 Flagella and fimbriae. (A) Sheathed polar flagellum of
V. paraha
...
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.1 Electron micrograph of a thin section through an
E. coli
cell. Th...
FIGURE 3.2 Genome sizes of Archaea and Bacteria. The overall range of genome...
FIGURE 3.3 The structure of the microbial chromosome. Although the structure...
FIGURE 3.4 Supercoiling of circular DNA molecules. Separating the two strand...
FIGURE 3.5 Control of supercoiling by gyrase and topoisomerase I (TOPO I). G...
FIGURE 3.6 Localization of transcription in the periphery of the nucleoid in...
FIGURE 3.7 The crowded cytoplasm. (A) Rendering of the crowded bacterial cyt...
FIGURE 3.8 Transmission electron micrograph showing gas vesicles. (A) Transv...
FIGURE 3.9 The cyanobacterial thylakoid. (A) Thylakoids are double‐membranou...
FIGURE 3.10 Various bacterial carboxysomes. (A) Carboxysomes in a photosynth...
FIGURE 3.11 Storage granules in a member of the genus
Bacillus
(
B. megateriu
...
FIGURE 3.12 Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense containing magnetosomes (dark b...
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4.1 The cycle of growth and cell division. Cells grow until they reac...
FIGURE 4.2 Chamber for counting cells under the microscope (similar to a hem...
FIGURE 4.3 Flow cytometry. (A) As a dilute suspension of particles, e.g., mi...
FIGURE 4.4 A typical bacterial growth curve. Measurements were carried out f...
FIGURE 4.5 Change in growth rate as a function of concentration of an essent...
FIGURE 4.6 Maintaining balanced growth. A culture will grow exponentially, i...
FIGURE 4.7 Continuous‐culture device, or chemostat. Fresh medium from ...
FIGURE 4.8 Compositions of E. coli cultures growing at different rates. Indi...
FIGURE 4.9 Change in cell size with growth rate. Electron micrograph of a mi...
FIGURE 4.10 Distribution of (hyper)thermophiles in the tree of life.
Bacteri
...
FIGURE 4.11 Lethal effect of temperature on microbes. The number of survivin...
FIGURE 4.12 Cell division in a Gram‐negative bacterium. This thin sect...
FIGURE 4.13 Cell division in the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aure...
FIGURE 4.14 Z‐rings in bacterial cells. (A) FtsZ–GFP localizes to inte...
FIGURE 4.15 Minicell production in
E. coli
. A thin section shows an abnormal...
FIGURE 4.16 Min proteins and FtsZ in action. The polymerization of the Min p...
FIGURE 4.17 Bacterial ectosymbionts that divide longitudinally. (A) Bacteria...
Chapter 5
FIGURE 5.1 Scanning electron micrograph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast...
FIGURE 5.2
Escherichia coli
on Luria broth agar, another model organism. It ...
FIGURE 5.3 Gene products of E. coli associated with various metabolic proces...
FIGURE 5.4 Framework of bacterial growth metabolism leading to the productio...
FIGURE 5.5 Macromolecular components assembled into a bacterial cell. The di...
FIGURE 5.6 Overall average composition of a lab‐grown E. coli cell based on ...
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6.1 Steps in the biosynthesis of macromolecules. The synthesis of ess...
FIGURE 6.2 Energy harvesting in heterotrophic and autotrophic fueling. Heter...
FIGURE 6.3 Hungarian Albert Szent-Györgyi. He was recipient of the 1937...
FIGURE 6.4 Harvesting energy from oxidation reactions in chemotrophs versus ...
FIGURE 6.5 Oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions during fueling. The diagr...
FIGURE 6.6 Modes of ATP generation via transmembrane ion gradients or substr...
FIGURE 6.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis. The synthesis ...
FIGURE 6.8 Homolactic fermentation. This process is a shortened version of t...
FIGURE 6.9 Sauerkraut, “sour cabbage,” is a side dish that is easy to make a...
FIGURE 6.10 Location of proton motive force and electron transport chain in ...
FIGURE 6.11 Membrane ATP or F
1
F
o
synthase. This multisubunit enzyme consists...
FIGURE 6.12 Electron transport and generation of a transmembrane ion gradien...
FIGURE 6.13 Shewanella oneidensis (the rod-shaped bacteria in the image) is ...
FIGURE 6.14 Respiration in chemoautotrophs. Chemoautotrophs can fix CO
2
to m...
FIGURE 6.15 ATP generation during photosynthesis. The light-sensitive pigmen...
FIGURE 6.16 Phototrophic fueling in photoautotrophs compared to chemoautotro...
FIGURE 6.17 Oxygenic photosynthesis. In cyanobacteria (as in algae and plant...
FIGURE 6.18 Anoxygenic photosynthesis. Anoxygenic phototrophs rely on cyclic...
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7.1 Steps in the synthesis of macromolecules. The synthesis of essent...
FIGURE 7.2 Making building blocks from precursor metabolites generated in th...
FIGURE 7.3 Solute transport across the Gram-negative outer membrane. Molecul...
FIGURE 7.4 Solute transport across the inner cell membrane. The various mode...
FIGURE 7.5 PTS transporters for three sugars in
E. coli.
EI (Enzyme I) and H...
FIGURE 7.6 Enterochelin iron transport system of
E. coli.
The enterochelin m...
FIGURE 7.7 Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) fixation cycle. In one round of the cycle, s...
FIGURE 7.8 Three common central fueling pathways: glycolysis, the pentose ph...
FIGURE 7.9 The Entner-Doudoroff auxiliary pathway. A metabolic pathway many ...
FIGURE 7.10 Glyoxylate shunt. This pathway equips organisms to use acetate a...
FIGURE 7.11 Alternate modes of function of central fueling pathways. A facul...
FIGURE 7.12 Paths from central metabolism to biosynthetic end products. The ...
FIGURE 7.13 Characteristics of microbial biosynthetic pathways. (A) Generali...
FIGURE 7.14 Biosynthetic assimilation of nitrogen. Although microbes acquire...
FIGURE 7.15 Biosynthetic assimilation of sulfur. Both inorganic and organic ...
Appendix Figure 1. Glycolysis
Appendix Figure 2. Pentose phosphate cycle
Appendix Figure 3. TCA cycle
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8.1 Structure of the microbial ribosomal subunits with and without ri...
FIGURE 8.2 Overview of DNA replication in
E. coli
. See the text for a descri...
FIGURE 8.3 Initiation of DNA replication in
E. coli
. DnaA‐ATP binds to DnaA ...
FIGURE 8.4 Assembly of a functional replisome. The DnaB helicase recruits th...
FIGURE 8.5 Ligation of nicked DNA. To make a continuous lagging‐strand molec...
FIGURE 8.6 Functions of gyrase. The gyrase enzyme removes positive DNA super...
FIGURE 8.7 Replication termination. The binding of Tus proteins to the
ter
s...
FIGURE 8.8 Mismatch repair. A mismatch is recognized by the protein MutS. Mu...
FIGURE 8.9 Chromosome segregation and the condensation “pull.” D...
FIGURE 8.10 Initiation of transcription. The binding of the σ factor to the ...
FIGURE 8.11 Structure of the consensus promoter recognized by σ
70
in ...
FIGURE 8.12 Transcription elongation and Rho‐dependent termination. Sh...
FIGURE 8.13 Typical bacterial terminator. Termination can occur when a hairp...
FIGURE 8.14 Processing of rRNA and tRNA transcripts. See text for descriptio...
FIGURE 8.15 Generalized structure of tRNA. The molecule contains four loops ...
FIGURE 8.16 Coupling of transcription and translation. Translation (protein ...
FIGURE 8.17 The genetic code. The possible triplet codons of mRNA are listed...
FIGURE 8.18 Amino acid activation and charging of the cognate tRNA by a dedi...
FIGURE 8.19 Initiation of bacterial protein synthesis. The 30S subunit, toge...
FIGURE 8.20 Elongation cycle in bacterial protein synthesis. Once the initia...
FIGURE 8.21 Protein‐folding pathways. After proteins are synthesized, ...
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.1 Making a protocell with fatty acid micelles. Formation of fatty a...
FIGURE 9.2 Macromolecules needed to build a cell and their preferential targ...
FIGURE 9.3 Phospholipids of the bacterial and archaeal cell membrane. The ph...
FIGURE 9.4 Incorporation and translocation of phospholipids into the cell me...
FIGURE 9.5 Signal sequences for protein export. Examples of the structure of...
FIGURE 9.6 Exporting proteins across the cell membrane. (A) Direct insertion...
FIGURE 9.7 SecB, the peptide chaperone. The SecB protein serves as a chapero...
FIGURE 9.8 Exporting proteins to the outer membrane in Gram‐negative bacteri...
FIGURE 9.9 Contact‐dependent protein secretion. Type III and type VI s...
FIGURE 9.10 Synthesis and assembly of the bacterial peptidoglycan (murein) c...
FIGURE 9.11 Lipopolysaccharide synthesis and assembly. Lipopolysaccharide su...
FIGURE 9.12 How flagella are assembled (the Gram‐negative case). (A) T...
FIGURE 9.13 Capsule stain. A negative stain, such as nigrosin, is mixed with...
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10.1 Genetic and phenotypic variation.
FIGURE 10.2 Methods to screen for mutants. Mutants unable to grow on a minim...
FIGURE 10.3 Mechanisms of transposition. Transposons are flanked by various ...
FIGURE 10.4 PCR. See text for details.
FIGURE 10.5 Site‐directed mutagenesis for a microbial cell via recombi...
FIGURE 10.6 Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in microbes.
FIGURE 10.7 Griffith’s experiments that led initially to the discovery of th...
FIGURE 10.8 Typical features of transformation. (1) A fragment of double‐str...
FIGURE 10.9 Packaging DNA by phages that mediate generalized transduction. (...
FIGURE 10.10 Formation of a specialized transductant of phage λ. Temper...
FIGURE 10.11 Integration of a specialized transductant of phage λ. A de...
FIGURE 10.12 F‐plasmid‐mediated conjugation. (A) Electron microg...
FIGURE 10.13 Integration of F plasmid in host chromosomes (Hfr strain). (A) ...
FIGURE 10.14 CRISPR immunization and immunity. See text for details
FIGURE 10.15 Sequencing a genome. A genome sequencing project generates frag...
FIGURE 10.16 Genome annotation. Automated genome annotation identifies open ...
Chapter 11
FIGURE 11.1 Overview of metabolic regulatory devices. There are two major co...
FIGURE 11.2 Feedback inhibition. The final product of a series of enzymatic ...
FIGURE 11.3 Patterns of feedback inhibition found in bacterial biosynthetic ...
FIGURE 11.4 Central pathways of fueling reactions showing some of the allost...
FIGURE 11.5 Control of protein activity by regulatory sRNAs. Upon binding th...
FIGURE 11.6 Original operon model of Jacob and Monod, proposed in 1961 for t...
FIGURE 11.7 Some of the many regulatory processes that can control the synth...
FIGURE 11.8 Alternative secondary structures of the trp leader region of E. ...
FIGURE 11.9 Antisense mechanism of translational control by sRNAs. (A) Repre...
FIGURE 11.10 Patterns of operon organization into higher (global) regulatory...
FIGURE 11.11 Glucose catabolite repression in
E. coli
. The EII
Glc
transporte...
FIGURE 11.12 Stringent response. The series of events ensuing after amino ac...
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12.1 Scanning electron micrograph of mixed‐culture biofilm growing on...
FIGURE 12.2 Transmission electron microscopy of spores of bacterium Bacillus...
FIGURE 12.3 Generalized signal circuit in a microbial stress response. Micro...
FIGURE 12.4 Generalized scheme of a two‐component stress response. In ...
FIGURE 12.5 Eutrophication at a wastewater outlet in the Potomac River, Wash...
FIGURE 12.6 Operation of the
E. coli
phosphate response regulon. In
E. coli
,...
FIGURE 12.7 The
E. coli
heat shock response. On the left (blue background) i...
FIGURE 12.8 Morphological changes in E. coli cells during exponential phase ...
FIGURE 12.9 The regulatory cascade governing entry into stationary phase.
FIGURE 12.10 Regulation of synthesis of σ
S
via translational control ...
FIGURE 12.11 A stationary‐phase cell. The outcome of the differentiati...
FIGURE 12.12 Evolution in a 3.3‐year stationary‐phase E. coli batch culture....
FIGURE 12.13 Tube motility test. Both tubes were inoculated with a long need...
FIGURE 12.14 Swarming motility by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (A) Swarming is de...
FIGURE 12.15 Flagellar behavior and motility. (A) A cell with a single polar...
FIGURE 12.16 Microbial chemotaxis through biased random walks. (A) Typical r...
FIGURE 12.17 Organization of chemosensory arrays on the E. coli inner membra...
FIGURE 12.18 Sensing an attractant. When an attractant is present, there is ...
FIGURE 12.19 Cells tumble when no attractant nor repellent is present. The c...
FIGURE 12.20 Integration of chemosensory arrays and flagellum apparatus via ...
FIGURE 12.21 “Lux‐art” portrait of microbiologist Augustus Hinton, made usin...
FIGURE 12.22 The LuxI‐LuxR quorum‐sensing system in Vibrio fischeri....
FIGURE 12.23 Common steps in the formation of a biofilm.
FIGURE 12.24 Staphylococcus aureus biofilm contaminating an implanted medica...
Chapter 13
FIGURE 13.1 Examples of microbial differentiation. The microbial world has m...
FIGURE 13.2 Domestication of
B. subtilis
and loss of differentiation. The ha...
FIGURE 13.3 Bacterial endospores. (A) Micrograph of cells of
Clostridium bot
...
FIGURE 13.4 Phylogenetic tree of the domain Bacteria.
Firmicutes
is the sole...
FIGURE 13.5 Endospore formation in the model organism
B. subtilis
. (A) Stage...
FIGURE 13.6 The phosphorelay system that regulates sporulation and sporulati...
FIGURE 13.7 Differentiation in
Caulobacter crescentus.
(A) Steps of diffe...
FIGURE 13.8 Asymmetric distribution of cyclic di‐GMP in
Caulobacter c
...
FIGURE 13.9 Life cycle of Myxococcus xanthus. Swarming cells secrete product...
FIGURE 13.10 Fruiting bodies of myxobacteria. Fruiting bodies of myxobacteri...
FIGURE 13.11 Nostoc sp. KVJ20 at different life stages.
Nostoc
sp. KVJ20 is ...
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14.1 Taxonomic classification of prokaryotes.
FIGURE 14.2 Levels of taxonomic classification.
FIGURE 14.3 Major phyla in the
Bacteria
and
Archaea
domains. Unrooted phylog...
FIGURE 14.4 Phylogenetic tree showing representative
Bacteria
phyla. The fou...
FIGURE 14.5 Cyanobacteria. (A) Filamentous cyanobacteria from the genus
Nost
...
FIGURE 14.6 Crown gall on oak tree. The alphaproteobacterium
Agrobacterium t
...
FIGURE 14.7
Clostridium botulinum
rods and endospores. The firmicute
C. botu
...
FIGURE 14.8 The actinobacterial genus
Streptomyces
. (A) Pastel‐colored colon...
FIGURE 14.9 The major groupings of Archaea. Our understanding of the diversi...
FIGURE 14.10 Two examples of extremophile archaea. (A) Phase‐contrast light ...
FIGURE 14.11 Capturing methane in landfill. Methanogenic archaea in anaerobi...
FIGURE 14.12 Halophilic archaea. Aerial photograph of evaporation ponds in S...
FIGURE 14.13 Bacteriorhodopsin. The light‐driven proton pump of haloarchaea....
Chapter 15
FIGURE 15.1 Bracket fungus. One of the largest known mushrooms,
Bridgeoporus
...
FIGURE 15.2 Molds. An agar‐containing petri dish displays a variety of molds...
FIGURE 15.3 Mushrooms on a dead tree trunk. Mushrooms are the fruiting bodie...
FIGURE 15.4 Mycorrhizal fungal filaments attached to tree roots. Ectomycorrh...
FIGURE 15.5 Corn smut.
Ustilago maydis
threatens corn and other food crops a...
FIGURE 15.6 Budding yeast with bud scars. Scanning electron micrograph of ye...
FIGURE 15.7 How to make a mushroom. Spores of different mating types (shown ...
FIGURE 15.8 Yeast cells mating. Time‐lapse series of mating between an unlab...
FIGURE 15.9 Two ways that fungi produce sexual spores. (A) In the Ascomycete...
FIGURE 15.10 Switching of mating types in yeast. There are two mating types,...
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16.1 Aquatic protists. Micrograph of sample from the hypersaline Lake...
FIGURE 16.2 White Cliffs of Dover. Empty carbon shells of the photosynthetic...
FIGURE 16.3 Coccolithophore protists. The source of their beauty is the plat...
FIGURE 16.4 Multinucleated radiolarian. The many nuclei of
Collosphaera huxl
...
FIGURE 16.5 Predation among ciliates. Scanning electron micrographs of a cil...
FIGURE 16.6 A paramecium. This complex single‐celled organism has structures...
FIGURE 16.7 A dinoflagellate. Some of these protists possess an eye‐like str...
FIGURE 16.8 Emergence of eukaryotes. The unicellular eukaryotes arrived on E...
FIGURE 16.9 Fruiting bodies of Dictyostelium discoideum. When bacterial prey...
FIGURE 16.10 Paramecium loaded with endosymbiotic algae.
Paramecium bursaria
FIGURE 16.11 Reproduction in paramecia. Asexual reproduction (left) allows p...
FIGURE 16.12 Cortical inheritance in a ciliate. The two sexually compatible ...
FIGURE 16.13 Life cycle of the malaria parasite. Parasites (sporozoites) rel...
FIGURE 16.14 Blood smear with Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes binding and ...
FIGURE 16.15
Plasmodium falciparum
invading red blood cell. Scanning electro...
FIGURE 16.16 Red blood cell infected with
Plasmodium falciparum
. Knobs on th...
FIGURE 16.17 Four species of diatoms. Scanning electron micrographs of diffe...
FIGURE 16.18 Diatom life cycle. Upon asexual reproduction (1), the “top lid”...
FIGURE 16.19 Aquatic dinoflagellates. Six species viewed by scanning electro...
FIGURE 16.20 Red tide of dinoflagellates. A visible bloom, or “red tide,” of...
Chapter 17
FIGURE 17.1 Viral abundance. (A) Relative abundance of virus-like particles ...
FIGURE 17.2 Lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses. Viruses attach to the hos...
FIGURE 17.3 Examples of shapes of viruses. Note the wide range of shapes and...
FIGURE 17.4 Examples of archaeal viruses. (A) Negative-contrast electron mic...
FIGURE 17.5 Common viral forms and structures. (A) Icosahedral nucleocapsid ...
FIGURE 17.6 Mixed morphology of HIV. Courtesy of CDC-PHIL (ID#18163)/NIAID, ...
FIGURE 17.7 Viral budding through the plasma membrane for an enveloped icosa...
FIGURE 17.8 Structure of
E. coli
phage T4. (A) Structure of the T4 virion (d...
FIGURE 17.9 The detailed structure of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVI...
FIGURE 17.10 Main groups of human viruses. This is not a representation of v...
FIGURE 17.11 Illustration of a generic influenza virion structure. RNP, ribo...
FIGURE 17.12 Entry mechanisms of enveloped viruses. (A) Enveloped viruses, s...
FIGURE 17.13 Summary of viral strategies to replicate, transcribe, and trans...
FIGURE 17.14 Main viral replication strategies. The arrows indicate replicat...
FIGURE 17.15 Temporal transcription of phage T4 genes upon infection. Upon e...
FIGURE 17.16 A typical “one-step growth curve” of an animal virus....
FIGURE 17.17 Example of virion assembly and release from the host cell. The ...
FIGURE 17.18 SARS-CoV-2 virion budding and assembly at the membrane. (Top) C...
FIGURE 17.19 Ecological role of viruses. (A) Viruses keep other microbial ce...
FIGURE 17.20 There are several classes of antiviral drugs effective against ...
Chapter 18
FIGURE 18.1 Prophage content of four human bacterial pathogens. The prophage...
FIGURE 18.2 The time course of shingles (top, yellow boxes) and temporal pat...
FIGURE 18.3 Viral infections can have different outcomes. The outcome is det...
FIGURE 18.4 Epstein-Barr virus infection in lymphocytes from a mononucleosis...
FIGURE 18.5 Transmission electron microscopic image revealing the presence o...
FIGURE 18.6 Transmission electron micrograph of hepatitis virions (unknown s...
FIGURE 18.7 Two lifestyles of a temperate phage: lysogenic and lytic. Phage ...
FIGURE 18.8 Lambda phage.
FIGURE 18.9 Mechanism of integration of a temperate-phage genome into the ho...
FIGURE 18.10 Diphtheria, a toxin-mediated disease.
Corynebacterium diphtheri
...
Chapter 19
FIGURE 19.1 Metabolic conversions performed by microbes encountered at vario...
FIGURE 19.2 How to make an enrichment culture from the environment.
FIGURE 19.3 A lab gradient culture of sulfide-oxidizing Beggiatoa alba.
Begg
...
FIGURE 19.4 One example of an interdependent nutritional consortium. The con...
FIGURE 19.5 Cryo-electron tomography of intact, frozen-hydrated Pelagibacter...
FIGURE 19.6 Community fingerprinting based on targeted amplicons. A widespre...
FIGURE 19.7 The 16S rRNA of E. coli and its nine hypervariable regions (V1 t...
FIGURE 19.8 Pictorial representation of microbial dark matter. Data used to ...
FIGURE 19.9 FISH-EM (electron microscopy) analysis of ANME-2C/bacterial cons...
FIGURE 19.10 Combined FISH and NanoSIMS to link taxonomy to metabolic activi...
FIGURE 19.11 Methods that assess what microbes are doing in the environment.
FIGURE 19.12 Sequence-based “meta-omics” (metagenomics and metatranscriptomi...
FIGURE 19.13 Questions that can currently be addressed using metaproteomics ...
FIGURE 19.14 Metabolomics. Metabolites extracted from microbes in a sample c...
FIGURE 19.15 Combined cultivation-dependent and -independent methods identif...
FIGURE 19.16 Acid mine drainage results from mining sulfide ores. The acid p...
Chapter 20
FIGURE 20.1 The carbon cycle. The microbial contributions to the cycling of ...
FIGURE 20.2 The monthly mean concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, measure...
FIGURE 20.3 Cooperative oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide. (Left) FISH ...
FIGURE 20.4 The nitrogen cycle. The microbial contributions to the cycling o...
FIGURE 20.5 Cells of Crocosphaera, a unicellular free-living, nitrogen-fixin...
FIGURE 20.6 Nitrification and comammox. See text for details.
FIGURE 20.7 Oxygen concentration at 300-meter depth in the ocean. Major area...
FIGURE 20.8 Transmission electron micrographs and electron tomography model ...
FIGURE 20.9 The sulfur cycle. All major steps diagrammed are mediated by mic...
FIGURE 20.10 Mudflats in Brewster, Massachusetts (Cape Cod), extending hundr...
FIGURE 20.11 The Beggiatoa and Desulfobulbaceae approaches to coupling the o...
FIGURE 20.12 (A) Deep-sea hydrothermal vent field in the Guaymas Basin of Gu...
FIGURE 20.13 Deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila in the Guaymas Basin of Gul...
FIGURE 20.14 The phosphorus cycle. See text for details.
FIGURE 20.15 Guano-covered rocks due to abundance of birds. This is the Isla...
FIGURE 20.16 Geobacter bacteria use pili as nanowires to transfer respirator...
FIGURE 20.17 Transmission electron microscopy image of Prochlorococcus marin...
FIGURE 20.18 A thin section of a sheathed bacterium (Leptothrix discophora) ...
FIGURE 20.19
Thiomargarita namibiensis
cells. The white bodies are sulfur gr...
FIGURE 20.20 Global land-ocean temperature index has been consistently risin...
Chapter 21
FIGURE 21.1 Spectrum of symbiotic relationships.
FIGURE 21.2 The marine sponge Aplysina fulva is packed with bacterial symbio...
FIGURE 21.3 Large brown symbiont-containing Bathymodiolus mussels at a seafl...
FIGURE 21.4 Transmission electron micrograph of midgut cells from Leptocoris...
FIGURE 21.5 Light micrograph of a mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae cell wi...
FIGURE 21.6 The pea aphid and
Buchnera
symbiont. (A) Pea aphid (
Acyrthosipho
...
FIGURE 21.7 Coevolution of aphids and
Buchnera
. The phylogeny of
Buchnera
, d...
FIGURE 21.8 Transmission electron micrograph of Wolbachia inside an insect c...
FIGURE 21.9 Root nodules from legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing endosy...
FIGURE 21.10 Morphological changes leading to a nitrogen-fixing nodule.
FIGURE 21.11 A cow’s digestive system. (A) Cows have a large rumen in ...
FIGURE 21.12 Lucinid clams rely on their endosymbiotic bacteria for growth a...
FIGURE 21.13 Syntrophic interactions that drive the anaerobic degradation of...
FIGURE 21.14 Interspecies H2 transfer in “Methanobacillus omelianskii.”...
FIGURE 21.15 Extracellular electron transfer alone or with a syntrophic part...
FIGURE 21.16 Formation of dental plaque biofilms.
FIGURE 21.17 The life cycle of
Toxoplasma
. Humans and rats become infected w...
FIGURE 21.18 Dead, zombified ant infected with
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
. ...
FIGURE 21.19 A pseudoflower. This is caused by the growth of a fungus on a w...
FIGURE 21.20 Most of the organic carbon in aquatic ecosystems is cycling thr...
FIGURE 21.21 The life cycle of
Bdellovibrio
. Attachment to the host cell (1)...
FIGURE 21.22 Antibiotic disk inhibition assay. The diffusion of antibiotics ...
Chapter 22
FIGURE 22.1 Microbiomes across body sites. High-throughput metagenomic seque...
FIGURE 22.2 Microbial density and distribution along the intestinal tract. T...
FIGURE 22.3 Functions of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota metabolize n...
FIGURE 22.4 Impact of diet on gut microbiota and energy harvest. Diet strong...
FIGURE 22.5 Gut microbiota influences immune function. Germ-free mice have c...
FIGURE 22.6 Gut reactions: there's something to them! Emerging research ...
FIGURE 22.7 The gut microbiota influences drug metabolism. Many members of t...
Chapter 23
FIGURE 23.1 Entry points of human pathogens. Many infectious agents gain ent...
FIGURE 23.2 Factors that dictate health versus disease. Whether the outcome ...
FIGURE 23.3 Inborn barriers to infection. Tissue surfaces that are exposed t...
FIGURE 23.4 Complement activation pathways and their components. The complem...
FIGURE 23.5 Membrane attack complex. (A) Electron micrograph of doughnut-sha...
FIGURE 23.6 Recruitment of white blood cells to a site where microbes are pr...
FIGURE 23.7 Opsonization enhances phagocytosis. Microbes and other particles...
FIGURE 23.8 Steps in phagocytosis. A microbe attaches to a phagocyte. The ph...
FIGURE 23.9 Toll-like receptors. When Toll-like receptors recognize microbe-...
FIGURE 23.10 NOD-like receptors. When some NOD-like receptors (NLRs) recogni...
FIGURE 23.11 The two branches of adaptive immunity. (A) In the presence of a...
Chapter 24
FIGURE 24.1 Gram-stained S. aureus. Gram staining reveals classic purple gra...
FIGURE 24.2 Assembly of pores by PVL toxin. Multistep mechanism of two-compo...
FIGURE 24.3 Evolution of MRSA clone USA300. An
S. aureus
progenitor strain a...
FIGURE 24.4 Host iron sequestration mechanisms. At the mucosal surface, Fe
3+
FIGURE 24.5 S. aureus iron-scavenging mechanisms. (A)
S. aureus
hemolysins l...
FIGURE 24.6 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. With this video (1.3 min), Dr....
FIGURE 24.7 speG equips S. aureus to tolerate spermidine. Wild-type and
speG
FIGURE 24.8 Impact of CD4
+
T cells on opportunistic infections. The risk of...
Chapter 25
FIGURE 25.1
L. monocytogenes
, an intracellular pathogen. (A) The life cycle ...
FIGURE 25.2 Pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O. Monomers of listeriolysin O ...
FIGURE 25.3 Tuberculosis incidence in the United States. The number of cases...
FIGURE 25.4 Prevalence of HIV infection and tuberculosis. Worldmapper resize...
FIGURE 25.5
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
colonies. Production of long-chain my...
FIGURE 25.6 Mycobacterial cell wall structure. Covalently linked peptidoglyc...
FIGURE 25.7
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
replication vacuoles. Unlike benign m...
FIGURE 25.8
M. tuberculosis
pathogenesis. After inhalation of the pathogen i...
FIGURE 25.9 Tuberculosis lung pathology. (A) Chest X-rays of a patient with ...
Chapter 26
FIGURE 26.1 Toxin-coregulated pilus. TCP of
V. cholerae
attached to intestin...
FIGURE 26.2 G+C content, a phylogenetic fingerprint. A hallmark of horizonta...
FIGURE 26.3 CTX phage. Supernatants prepared from a culture of
V. cholerae
c...
FIGURE 26.4 Cholera toxin triggers efflux of water into the intestinal lumen...
FIGURE 26.5 Cholera toxin’s mechanism of action. The five B subunits b...
FIGURE 26.6 Evolution of the seventh pandemic of cholera. Three important lo...
FIGURE 26.7 Horizontal gene transfer leads to pandemic cholera. Model for ho...
FIGURE 26.8
V. cholerae
phage. A stool sample from a cholera patient residin...
FIGURE 26.9 Phages impact
V. cholerae
population dynamics. Model for how lyt...
Chapter 27
FIGURE 27.1 Zoonotic infections. Humans can acquire infections from animals ...
FIGURE 27.2
Y. pestis
inhibits phagocytosis. Yop proteins delivered into hos...
FIGURE 27.3 Pathogenesis of
Y. pseudotuberculosis
and
Y. pestis
. These close...
FIGURE 27.4
Y. pestis
forms biofilms in fleas. (A)
Y. pestis
forms biofilms ...
FIGURE 27.5 Emergence of
Y. pestis
from
Y. pseudotuberculosis
. Over the past...
FIGURE 27.6
Y. pestis
routes of transmission. In natural environments, the s...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Begin Reading
Coda
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
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THIRD EDITION
Microbe
MICHELE S. SWANSON
Department of Microbiology & Immunology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
ELIZABETH A. JOYCE
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
University of California at San Francisco
San Francisco, California
RACHEL E. A. HORAK
Education Department
American Society for Microbiology
Washington, DC
Copyright © 2022 American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Copublication by the American Society for Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Swanson, Michele author. | Joyce, Elizabeth A., author. | Horak, Rachel E. A., author.
Title: Microbe / Michele S. Swanson, Elizabeth A. Joyce, Rachel E. A. Horak.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-ASM Press, [2022] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022010310 (print) | LCCN 2022010311 (ebook) | ISBN 9781683673705 (paperback) | ISBN 9781683673712 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781683673729 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Microbiology.
Classification: LCC QR41.2 .S93 2022 (print) | LCC QR41.2 (ebook) | DDC 579–dc23/eng/20220330
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022010310
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022010311
Cover images (clockwise from top left): Red tide at Hermanus by Alfred Rowan (Shutterstock ID: 1067747924), 3D graphical representation of a generic influenza virion’s ultrastructure with a portion of the outer protein coat cut away to reveal the virus’ contents (credit: Dan Hinton, courtesy of the CDC-PHIL /Doug Jordan, M.A. [ID#11875]), nitrogen-fixing root nodules formed in S. meliloti–M. truncatula symbiosis (reprinted from Maróti G, Kondorosi E. 2014. Front Microbiol 5:326, under license CC BY. © 2014 Maróti and Kondorosi), gloved hand holding bacteria growing in a petri dish by Leigh Prather (Shutterstock ID: 413528623).
Cover design by: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc
To Fred Neidhardt and Elio Schaechter, treasured colleagues, role models, and friends—MSS
To curious and inquisitive learners everywhere—EAJ
For my teachers in science, swimming, and yoga alike—REAH
Preface
Welcome to the third edition of Microbe! We’ve made every effort to write this book in an engaging and easy-to-understand style to communicate the fundamentals of microbial life, microbial diversity, microbial ecology, and pathogenesis with an eye toward increasing your comprehension and building your scientific confidence.
Throughout the text, we have adopted a One Health framework to highlight the interconnection between people, animals, plants, environment, and the diverse microbial world on Planet Earth. Each chapter is written to stimulate scientific thinking and encourage you to actively reflect on and apply the knowledge and skills that you are learning. As in previous editions, we begin every chapter with a set of key concepts and fundamental statements from the ASM Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Microbiology. Case studies provide real-world applications about the way microbes are put together, what they must do to grow and survive, and how they interact with living things and the world around them. We further divide every chapter into sections, each with a set of learning outcomes to help guide your study and emphasize conceptual mastery over memorizing details.
Regarding nomenclature, after this text had gone to press, the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes voted to rank phylum names under the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Organisms within this text retain their previous names, for the sake of clarity and consistency as the scientific community begins to process and implement this new nomenclature. For more information, instructors can refer to the online materials that accompany this text and Oren and Garrity, Intl J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:005056.
This edition of the book contains updated and visually compelling illustrations created by a skilled and educated artist to illuminate microbial processes in a clear and effective way. The field of microbiology contains a diversity of topics with an equally diverse scientific community driving the research. To celebrate this diversity, we have included new elements that feature microbiologists doing innovative and cutting-edge research and others that showcase the remarkable array of microbes and their fascinating capabilities. Each chapter concludes with updated references for further reading and a set of review and comprehension questions.
We have developed new robust instructor materials, including slides with figures and tables from the text and access to more than 250 peer-reviewed questions for undergraduate microbiology education. The accompanying instructors’ manual features answers for end-of-chapter questions as well as supplemental active learning exercises and resources to challenge students to dig deeper into their understanding of the material. We hope this new Microbe edition stimulates your curiosity and excitement about the microbial world around you!
Acknowledgments
We are indebted to ASM Press for their generous support during the development and production of each edition of this book. Their staff and the freelancers who worked on this book provided the skills, expertise, and patience needed to turn our manuscripts and figures into a book. Christine Charlip (Director) led a terrific team consisting of our insightful and organized editor Megan Angelini and graphic artist Patrick Lane. Thank you all for your many insights and dedication to the project.
Special appreciation is extended to authors of the previous edition, Gemma Reguera, Moselio Schaechter, and Fred Neidhardt, whose insightful contributions to the second edition provided the foundation for this new edition. We also remain grateful for the many individuals who provided material for the Supplemental Activities first developed for the second edition of this text: Dr. Rachel Horak provided leadership to the authors and to graduate students Mike Manzella and Becky Steidl at Michigan State University and a team of postdocs at the University of Michigan comprised of Drs. Zack Abbott, Melissa Smaldino, Philip Smaldino, Laura Mike, Melody Zeng, Kalyani Pyaram, and Marc Sze. We are also grateful to Dr. Jamie Henzy for her virology expertise.
Likewise, we appreciate the many colleagues who answered our queries, provided images, and generously devoted their time to review critically current or previous versions of these chapters: Miriam Markum, Charles Brinton Jr, Darren Brown, Yves Brun, Andrew Camilli, Kyle Card, Janice Carr, Emily Davenport, Rodney Donlan, Neal Chamberlain, Webb Chappell, Daniel Gage, Aimee Garlit, Karine Gibbs, Jennifer Glass, Brent Gilpin, Tyrone Grandison, Gary Grimes, Timothy Hackmann, Ian Hewson, Taylor Heyl, Keegan Houser, Daniel Jasso-Selles, Michael D.L. Johnson, Mandy Joye, Steven L’Hernault, Manuel Llinás, Mark Martin, Kat Milligan-Myhre, Elizabeth Padilla-Crespo, Jennifer Quinn, Gemma Reguera, Kai Schumman, Tim Shank, Victor Torres, Manuela Tripepi, and Conrad Woldringh. Rachel Horak would like to thank the Turkey Land Cove Foundation (Martha’s Vineyard, MA), which provided her with a generous grant for a working residency in January 2021. This writing retreat greatly advanced the progress of the project. In addition, she is exceedingly thankful to caregivers, especially Tim Petrie, who provided childcare during the writing process, without which writing this book during the COVID-19 pandemic would not have been possible. To all of you, many thanks.
About the Authors
MICHELE S. SWANSON
