Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 649

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Nanotechnology, especially microfabrication, has been affecting every facet of traditional scientific disciplines. The first book on the application of microfluidic reactors in nanotechnology, Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology provides the fundamental aspects and potential applications of microfluidic devices, the physics of microfluids, specific methods of chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, and more. As the first book to discuss the unique properties and capabilities of these nanomaterials in the miniaturization of devices, this text serves as a one-stop resource for nanoscientists interested in microdevices.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Contributors

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Microfluidics Devices

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Physics and Modeling

1.3 Components of Microfluidics

1.4 Fabrication Techniques

1.5 Applications

1.6 Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: Spatiotemporally Controlled Nanoliter-Scale Reconfigurable Microfluidics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Spatiotemporally Controlled Chemistry

2.3 The Need for Reconfigurable Microfluidic Devices

Present-Day Reconfigurable Microfluidic Devices

2.5 Reconfigurable Microfluidics with Lithographically Patterned Containers

2.6 Summary and Future Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Microfluidic Devices for Studying Kinetics

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Platform

3.3 Rapid Mixing

3.4 Analyzers

3.5 Theory and Data Analysis

3.6 Selected Applications

3.7 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4: Computational Strategies for Micro- and Nanofluid Dynamics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Continuum and Molecular Models

4.3 Introduction to Multiscale Modeling

4.4 Geometrical Coupling

4.5 Embedded Coupling

4.6 Metamodeling

4.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective

References

Chapter 5: Nanofluidic Devices and Their Potential Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fabrication of Nanofluidic Devices

5.3 Electrokinetic Effects

5.4 Hydrodynamics Inside Nanoscale Devices

5.5 Separation

5.6 DNA Linear Analysis

5.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Particle Transport in Magnetophoretic Microsystems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fundamentals of Magnetism

6.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles

6.4 Magnetic Particle Transport

6.5 Bioapplications

6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 7: Particles in Microfluidic Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Microfluidic Platforms to Synthesize Nano- and Microparticles

7.3 Magnetic Particles in Microfluidic Processes

7.4 Thermal, Optical, and Electrokinetic Particle Manipulations in Microfluidic Platforms

7.5 Use of Particles within Microfluidic Devices for Biosensing and Kinetic Applications

7.6 Summary

7.7 Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 8: In Situ Nanoparticle Focusing Within Microfluidics

8.1 Background

8.2 Nanoparticle Manipulation/Focusing

8.3 DC Electrokinetic Preconcentration

8.4 AC Electrokinetic Preconcentration

8.5 Nanoparticle Collection in a Flow Cell

8.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Residence Time Distribution and Nanoparticle Formation in Microreactors

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nanoparticle Synthesis as Intrinsic Multistep Process1

9.3 RTD Characterization in Microreaction Technology

9.4 Examples of RTD Characterization Under Microfluidic Conditions

9.5 Conclusion

References

Index

Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Microfluidic devices in nanotechnology. Fundamental concepts / edited by Challa S. Kumar.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-47227-9 (cloth)

1. Microfluidic devices. 2. Nanofluids. 3. Nanotechnology. 4. Fluidic devices. I. Kumar, C. S. S. R. (Challa S. S. R.)

TJ853.4.M53M533 2010

620.1'06–dc22

2009051008

Preface

In the past two decades, the field of microfluidics has seen a phenomenal growth with increasing applications in several disciplines ranging from basic sciences such as chemistry, physics, and biology to most engineering disciplines. With the emergence of the field of nanotechnology, embracing literally every industry and application, it is not surprising that the field of microfluidics is also undergoing dramatic changes thanks to the influence of nanotechnology. The most obvious impact is the emergence of the field of nanofluidics, where the main difference with microfluidics is primarily a matter of scale, as defined by the volume of fluids handled in the system. However, the developments in microfluidics coupled with nanotechnology are paving the way for growing number of investigations to replace, in the future, conventional synthesis of nanomaterials and nanomaterials-based analytical methods by lab-on-a-chip systems combining microfluidic devices with nanotechnology. Surprisingly, there are no books published to date that capture these latest developments. It is indeed my pleasure to introduce you to the two-volume book series entitled Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology, covering fundamental concepts in the first volume and applications in the second volume. These books are the first ever to be published that focus on synergy between microfluidics and nanotechnology.

The first volume, Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology: Fundamental Concepts, in its combined form provides readers up-to-date knowledge about fluid and particle kinetics, spatiotemporal control, fluid dynamics, residence time distribution (RTD), and nanoparticle focusing within microfluidics. The fundamental concepts discussed here are invaluable for both nanotechnology and microfluidic practitioners. The first volume is a must for those who would like to take advantage of the combined power of microfluidics and nanotechnology. Before I go ahead giving you details of individual chapters in the first volume, I would like to take this opportunity to thank each and every author who made this exciting project a reality. I would also like to convey my thanks to each and every person (unfortunately due to lack of space I am unable to mention all the names) with whom I had the privilege of interacting and who have helped me directly or indirectly during the course of the publication of the two volumes. I would like to express my gratitude to my employer and colleagues at Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, family and friends, and Anita Lekhwani and Rebekah Amos at John Wiley & Sons, Inc., for their support and assistance. I do hope that this series will help enhance the knowledge of readers in this particular field. Finally, my special thanks to you, the readers, for ensuring that the knowledge base provided in this book series will be a building block for further understanding of synergism between microfluidics and nanoscience. I do realize that there is a lot of scope for improvement and I hope that I will be able to, with your comments and suggestions, take this series to a new level in the near future.

The book has a total of nine chapters. Chapter 1 by Professor Samuel K. Sia and coworkers provides a comprehensive discussion on physics, modeling, technological components, and fabrication of microfluidics. Chapter 2 by Michael D. Genualdi and David H. Gracias enlightens the readers on future directions and probable techniques and applications that will drive the cutting-edge research in microfluidics such as reconfigurable microfluidics with spatial and temporal control. Keeping in tune with recent advances in utilizing microfluidic devices as enabling technologies for kinetic studies in chemistry, the three most important components—microfluidic platform, rapid mixing apparatus, and integrated detection technologies—are reviewed by Professor Derek J. Wilson in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 by Professor Dimitris Drikakis et al. provides a description of recent advances in computational modeling for micro- and nanofluid dynamics. This chapter focuses on multiscale and metamodeling approaches that have recently experienced an explosion of work and are expected to become the dominant computational tools for processes at these scales in the future. Nanofluidic devices and their potential applications are reviewed by Dr. Patrick Abgrall et al. in Chapter 5. This chapter covers not only geometry-based fabrication techniques for nanofluidic networks but also the electrokinetic effects and hydrodynamics within the nanochannel.

The remaining part of the book stimulates conversations on microfluidic devices as enabling technologies for studying particle transport, electrokinetic effects, and magnetic control of particle transport. Chapter 6 by Professor E. P. Furlani provides an overview of the transport of magnetic particles in magnetophoretic microsystems. Chapter 7 by Professor Adrienne R. Minerick discusses relevant issues on the behavior of particles in microfluidic systems and presents fundamental aspects of synthesis and manipulation of particles in microfluidic systems. Chapter 8 by Professor Jie Wu covers various methods for particle manipulation such as electrofluidic and DC and AC electrokinetic methods, highlighting the importance of a preconcentration strategy. As residence time distribution is one of the most relevant aspects in the synthesis of nanomaterials within microfluidics, Chapter 9 by G. Alexander Groß and Professor J. Michael Köhler analyzes the RTD for the formation of different types of nanoparticles.

The second volume, Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology: Applications, is a unique source of information that judiciously combines elements of microfluidics and nanotechnology and shows a way forward for exciting applications in various fields such as chemistry, biology, molecular and cell biology, neuroscience, catalysis, and nanomaterials synthesis. It is hoped that both the volumes will prove useful for practitioners of microfluidics and nanotechnology, as well as interdisciplinary researchers seeking to take advantage of synergism between these two fields for potential problem solving in their own areas, be it energy, medicine, or environment.

Note: Additional color versions of selected figures are available on ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/microfluidic_devices_applications

Challa S. S. R. Kumar

Baton Rouge, LA, USA

November 15, 2009

Contributors

Patrick Abgrall, Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin, Ireland

Kweku A. Addae-Mensah, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Nikolaos Asproulis, Fluid Mechanics and Computational Science Group, Aerospace Sciences Department, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Aurélien Bancaud, LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France

Matyas Benke, Fluid Mechanics and Computational Science Group, Aerospace Sciences Department, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Sau Y. Chin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Dimitris Drikakis, Fluid Mechanics and Computational Science Group, Aerospace Sciences Department, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Edward P. Furlani, Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA

Michael D. Genualdi, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

David H. Gracias, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Gregor Alexander Groß, Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany

Pierre Joseph, LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France

Johann Michael Köhler, Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction Technology, Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany

Tassaneewan Laksanasopin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Adrienne R. Minerick, Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA

Hesam Parsa, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Evgeniy Shapiro, Fluid Mechanics and Computational Science Group, Aerospace Sciences Department, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Samuel K. Sia, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Zuankai Wang, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Derek J. Wilson, Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jie Wu, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Microfluidics Devices

Kweku A. Addae-Mensah, Zuankaiwang, Hesam Parsa, Sau Y. Chin, Tassaneewan Laksanasopin, and Samuel K. Sia

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

1.1 Introduction

Microfluidics is a term that describes the research discipline dealing with transport phenomena at microscopic length scales (typically 1–500 μm) and components and techniques used to control and actuate the fluids.

The science of miniaturization was initially fueled by the microelectronics industry during the development of miniature silicon-based electronic devices. Techniques for silicon microfabrication and miniaturization were then extended to the fabrication of mechanical devices that became known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).1 A later trend in MEMS technology was the development of devices for applications in medical and life science areas. The term biological microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) was coined to describe such devices and systems, although subsequently they did not all necessarily have the components normally found in traditional MEMS devices. Hence, a broad definition of BioMEMS would include some devices and applications made using the modern implementation of microfluidics, which was developed by Manz and coworkers 2,3 in the early 1990s.

With the emergence of the field of nanotechnology (roughly defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of 1–100 nm), the field of nanofluidics has recently emerged. The main difference between microfluidics and nanofluidics is primarily a matter of scale, as defined by the volume of fluids handled in the system.

1.1.1 State-of-the-Art Commercial and Scientific Aspects

The fields of MEMS and microfluidics have extended beyond the traditional area of development of inkjet head and pressure sensors to areas such as drug delivery, chemical synthesis, protein crystallization,4 cell culture,5 point-of-care diagnositics,6 genetic sequencing, drug discovery, genomics, and proteomics. Microfluidics has the potential to dramatically change the way in which the pharmaceutical industry screens for drugs and targets with a significant increase in performance due to the ability to do fast, high-throughput, parallel experiments with very little reagents on a single chip. This capability is not possible with current benchtop techniques.

Microfluidics has also found much use in the scientific community. It is now a common tool for chemists, physicists, biologists, and most engineering disciplines and has thus become a multidisciplinary platform advancing many frontiers in science and engineering. It has helped to advance understanding the theory and modeling of fluid dynamics, including the transition from continuum-based theory to discretized models. Life scientists are using microfluidics to explore phenomena at the single-cell level and in confined well-defined environments. Chemists and biophysicists are able to grow and analyze protein crystals and sequence DNA in a reagent and time efficient manner. The overall influence of microfluidics in the scientific community is evidenced by a large and sustained growth in the number of publications in journals and conferences from the mid-1990s to today.

1.1.2 Organization of the Chapter

The remaining chapter is divided into five sections, each of which is outlined as follows:

Section 1.2 discusses aspects of the physics and modeling of microfluidics. We examine continuum and molecular-level models, and also introduce some of the dimensionless numbers relevant in the physics of microfluidics; since our discussion is not an exhaustive treatment, we direct readers to other publications with more in-depth analysis.7Section 1.3 deals with technological components used in microfluidics. The section is divided into subsections that deal with fluid switching, fluid flow and actuation, and fluid mixing. This section also includes a section on droplet microfluidics.Section 1.4 discusses aspects of fabrication of microfluidic devices. This section is divided into four subsections that examine techniques (based primarily on the nature of the material) for fabricating a microfluidic system.Section 1.5 discusses applications of microfluidics.Section 1.6 discusses future directions and probable techniques and applications that will drive the cutting edge of research in microfluidics.

1.2 Physics and Modeling

Attempts toward understanding the physics behind fluid flow at the microscale have been made to account for a different dominant type of force at microscale dimensions. At larger dimensions, inertial forces play a dominant role, whereas as the dimensions decrease surface forces become increasingly important. The Reynolds dimensionless number is used to compare the body forces and surface viscous forces. Moreover, surface area relative to volume increases as the characteristic dimension decreases.8

As the size scale decreases, the assumption of continuity is increasingly challenged. In general, approaches for modeling fluids can be divided into the two major categories of continuum models and molecular-level models.9 In continuum models (the most common of which are formulated using Navier–Stokes equations), the discontinuity that exists among discrete molecules is discarded. This assumption is valid when the dimensions of the system are much larger than molecular dimensions, but the assumption breaks down when the dimensions of the system become comparable to molecular dimensions. For simulating systems with small dimensions, molecular-based models can be deterministic (e.g., some forms of molecular dynamics simulations), statistical (e.g. Monte Carlo), or a hybrid. A dimensionless number, the Knudsen number, can be used to evaluate whether the continuum flow or discrete molecular model is more appropriate.