139,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Calculation is the main function of a computer. The central unit is responsible for executing the programs. The microprocessor is its integrated form. This component, since the announcement of its marketing in 1971, has not stopped breaking records in terms of computing power, price reduction and integration of functions (calculation of basic functions, storage with integrated controllers). It is present today in most electronic devices. Knowing its internal mechanisms and programming is essential for the electronics engineer and computer scientist to understand and master the operation of a computer and advanced concepts of programming. This first volume focuses more particularly on the first generations of microprocessors, that is to say those that handle integers in 4 and 8-bit formats. The first chapter presents the calculation function and reminds the memory function. The following is devoted to notions of calculation model and architecture. The concept of bus is then presented. Chapters 4 and 5 can then address the internal organization and operation of the microprocessor first in hardware and then software. The mechanism of the function call, conventional and interrupted, is more particularly detailed in a separate chapter. The book ends with a presentation of architectures of the first microcomputers for a historical perspective. The knowledge is presented in the most exhaustive way possible with examples drawn from current and old technologies that illustrate and make accessible the theoretical concepts. Each chapter ends if necessary with corrected exercises and a bibliography. The list of acronyms used and an index are at the end of the book.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 234
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Quotation
Preface
Introduction
1 Basic Definitions
1.1. General points regarding communication
1.2. Main characteristics
1.3. Synchronism and asynchrony
1.4. Coding data
1.5. Communication protocol
1.6. Access arbitration
1.7. Conclusion
2 Transactions and Special Cycles
2.1. Transaction
2.2. Special cycles
2.3. Conclusion
3 Bus Interfaces
3.1. Functional modules
3.2. Associated signals
3.3. Interfacing logic
3.4. Insertion-withdrawal under tension
3.5. Test and debugging
3.6. Bus limits
3.7. Conclusion
4 Bus Classifications
4.1. Multibus architecture
4.2. Classification of digital system buses
4.3. Summary: bus classifications
Conclusion of Volume 2
Exercises
Acronyms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1.
Interpretation of code words in three- and four-state dual-rail codes
Chapter 4
Table 4.1.
Exchange types between the master and the slave
Table 4.2.
Binary outputs of the different versions of the HyperTransport bus
Table 4.3.
Main features of the PC family buses (1/2)
Table 4.4.
Main features of the PC family buses (2/2)
Table 4.5.
Main features of the representative backplane buses
Table 4.6.
Features of the different bus families
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Quotation
Preface
Introduction
Begin Reading
Conclusion of Volume 2
Exercises
Acronyms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Pages
v
iii
iv
ix
xi
xii
xiii
xv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
121
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
Series Editor Jean-Charles Pomerol
Microprocessor 2
Core Concepts ─Communication in a Digital System
Philippe Darche
First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2020
The rights of Philippe Darche to be identified as the authorof this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020941278
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-564-0
Quotation
Every advantage has its disadvantages and vice versa.
Shadokian philosophy1
1
The Shadoks are the main characters from an experimental cartoon produced by the Research Office of the Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (ORTF). The two-minute-long episodes of this daily cult series were broadcast on ORTF’s first channel (the only one at the time!) beginning in 1968. The birds were drawn simply and quickly using an experimental device called an
animograph
.
The Shadoks are ridiculous, stupid and mean. Their intellectual capacities are completely unusual. For example, they are known for bouncing up and down, but it is not clear why! Their vocabulary consists of four words: GA, BU, ZO and MEU, which are also the four digits in their number system (base 4) and the musical notes in their four-tone scale. Their philosophy is comprised of famous mottos such as the one cited in this book.
Preface
Computer systems (hardware and software) are becoming increasingly complex, embedded and transparent. It therefore is becoming difficult to delve into basic concepts in order to fully understand how they work. In order to accomplish this, one approach is to take an interest in the history of the domain. A second way is to soak up technology by reading datasheets for electronic components and patents. Last but not least is reading research articles. I have tried to follow all three paths throughout the writing of this series of books, with the aim of explaining the hardware and software operations of the microprocessor, the modern and integrated form of the central unit.
About the book
This five-volume series deals with the general operating principles of the microprocessor. It focuses in particular on the first two generations of this programmable component, that is, those that handle integers in 4- and 8-bit formats. In adopting a historical angle of study, this deliberate decision allows us to return to its basic operation without the conceptual overload of current models. The more advanced concepts, such as the mechanisms of virtual memories and cache memory or the different forms of parallelism, will be detailed in a future book with the presentation of subsequent generations, that is, 16-, 32- and 64-bit systems.
The first volume addresses the field’s introductory concepts. As in music theory, we cannot understand the advent of the microprocessor without talking about the history of computers and technologies, which is presented in the first chapter. The second chapter deals with storage, the second function of the computer present in the microprocessor. The concepts of computational models and computer architecture will be the subject of the final chapter.
The second volume is devoted to aspects of communication in digital systems from the point of view of buses. Their main characteristics are presented, as well as their communication, access arbitration, and transaction protocols, their interfaces and their electrical characteristics. A classification is proposed and the main buses are described.
The third volume deals with the hardware aspects of the microprocessor. It first details the component’s external interface and then its internal organization. It then presents the various commercial generations and certain specific families such as the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and the microcontroller. The volume ends with a presentation of the datasheet.
The fourth volume deals with the software aspects of this component. The main characteristics of the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of a generic component are detailed. We then study the two ways to alter the execution flow with both classic and interrupt function call mechanisms.
The final volume presents the hardware and software aspects of the development chain for a digital system as well as the architectures of the first microcomputers in the historical perspective.
Multi-level organization
This book gradually transitions from conceptual to physical implementation. Pedagogy was my main concern, without neglecting formal aspects. Reading can take place on several levels. Each reader will be presented with introductory information before being asked to understand more difficult topics. Knowledge, with a few exceptions, has been presented linearly and as comprehensively as possible. Concrete examples drawn from former and current technologies illustrate the theoretical concepts.
When necessary, exercises complete the learning process by examining certain mechanisms in more depth. Each volume ends with bibliographic references including research articles, works and patents at the origin of the concepts and more recent ones reflecting the state of the art. These references allow the reader to find additional and more theoretical information. There is also a list of acronyms used and an index covering the entire work.
This series of books on computer architecture is the fruit of over 30 years of travels in the electronic, microelectronic and computer worlds. I hope that it will provide you with sufficient knowledge, both practical and theoretical, to then specialize in one of these fields. I wish you a pleasant stroll through these different worlds.
IMPORTANT NOTES. ─ As this book presents an introduction to the field of microprocessors, references to components from all periods are cited, as well as references to computers from generations before this component appeared.
Original company names have been used, although some have merged. This will allow readers to find specification sheets and original documentation for the mentioned integrated circuits on the Internet and to study them in relation to this work.
The concepts presented are based on the concepts studied in selected earlier works (Darche 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2012), which I recommend reading beforehand.
Philippe DARCHE
July 2020
Introduction
This volume consists of four chapters and looks at the microprocessor and its communication system, linking its different components, or functional subunits, both internally and externally. Communication revolves around the notion of the “bus”. The bus is the backbone of all communication, and forms a “digital information highway”. It has been, and remains, the preferred form of interconnection in computer systems. However, just like on a highway, this shared communication medium is also one of (von Neumann) bottlenecks, which arise when all of the connected entities want to use it at the same time. Astute design and sizing are therefore vital for maximizing computer performance. Here, we present their main characteristics, the protocols for communication, access arbitration and transaction, their interfacing, and the electric aspects. Some of these points have already been covered, notably with regard to the memory channel (Darche 2012), but here, they are completed and generalized. A system of classification is then suggested. The topic is closed with On-Chip Communication (OCC) and multiprocessor aspects.
