Micropropagation of Orchids E-Book

Tim Wing Yam

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3359

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Divided into three volumes, Micropropagation of Orchids Third Edition retains the exhaustive list of micropropagation protocols for many genera and updates each section to include new and/or revised information about: * Culture media and vessels * Techniques and procedures for both orchids which were previously cultured and for those which were not * Plant hormones and growth regulators * Media components * Methods for tissue decontamination * Historical information * Procedures for the cultivation for plantlets which have been removed from flasks * Sources of light and illumination methods Written by two globally acknowledged experts in the field, the third edition of this definitive text on the micropropagation of orchids is a detailed and comprehensive collection of procedures and methods for multiplying orchids, including organ, tissue, and cell culture techniques in vitro and is intended for researchers in plant science and propagation, professional and amateur orchid growers, and plant breeding professionals. Much of the general information about techniques and procedures can be applied to plants other than orchids.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Volume I: Micropropagation of Orchids

Title Page

Preface

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

CHAPTER ONE: History

Terminology

Origins of Orchid Micropropagation

Culture of Tissues and Organs

First Micropropagation of Orchids

The Second Aseptic Culture of an Orchid Explant

Plant Diseases and Meristems

The Third Aseptic Culture of an Orchid Explant

The Fourth Aseptic Culture of an Orchid Explant

Who Pioneered Micropropagation?

Root Cultures

Leaf Cultures

Stems

Flower Buds, Flowers, Floral Segments, and Reproductive Organs

Inflorescences

A Patent

Doubtful Claims

Mutations

Theft in Vitro

Darkening of Culture Media

Anticontaminants

Cell and Protoplast Culture

Flowering In Vitro

Solidifying Agents

The Future

CHAPTER TWO: General Outline of Techniques and Procedures

Media Components

Stock Solutions

State of the Medium

Sterilization

Surface Decontamination

Preparation of the Medium

Culture Vessels

Culture Conditions

Placing Plant Material in Culture

Internal Contaminants

Mites and Thrips as Contaminants and Contamination Vectors

Virus infections and testing

Enzymes for Protoplast Isolation

Work Area

Washing Glassware

Statistics

CHAPTER THREE: Methods for Specific Genera

Acampe

Aeridachnis

Aerides

Aeridovanda

Anacamptis

Angraecum

Anoectochilus

Ansellia

Arachnis

Arachnostylis

Aranda

Aranthera

Arundina

Ascocenda

Ascocentrum

Ascofinetia

Barlia

Bletilla

Brassavola

Brassia

Brassocattleya

Brassolaeliocattleya

Bulbophyllum

Burkillara

Caladenia

Calanthe

Catasetum

Cattleya

Caularthron

Cleisostoma

Clowesia

Coelogyne

Cymbidium

Cypripedium

Cyrtopodium

Dactylorchis

Dactylorhiza

Darwinara

Volume II: Micropropagation of Orchids

Title Page

CHAPTER THREE: Methods for Specific Genera

Dendrobium

Disa

Diuris

Doriella

Doritaenopsis

Doritis

Encyclia

Epidendrum

Epiphronitis

Eria

Erycina

Eulophia

Gastrochilus

Geodorum

Goodyera

Grammatophyllum

Gymnadenia

Habenaria

Hadrolaelia

Hetaeria

Holttumara

Ipsea

Kagawara

Laelia

Laeliocattleya

Liparis

Ludisia (Haemaria)

Luisia

Lycaste

Malaxis

Maxillaria

Miltonia

Mokara

Mormodes

Neofinetia

Neostylis

Neottia

Nervilia

Nigritella

Oberonia

Odontioda

Odontoglossum

Odontonia

Oncidium

Ophrys

Orchis

Otochilus

Pachystoma

Paphiopedilum

Papilionanda

Papilionanthe

Phaius

Phalaenopsis

Volume III: Micropropagation of Orchids

Title Page

CHAPTER THREE: Methods for Specific Genera

Pholidota

Phragmipedium

Pleione

Pogonia

Ponerorchis

Potinara

Pterostylis

Renades

Renanetia

Renantanda

Renanthera

Restrepia

Rhynchostele

Rhynchostylis

Saccolabium

Sarcanthus

Satyrium

Schomburgkia

Serapias

Sophrolaeliocattleya

Spathoglottis

Spiranthes

Tainia

Thelymitra

Thunia

Trudelia

Vanda

Vandofinetia

Vanilla

Vascostylis

Vuylstekeara

Xenikophyton

Zygopetalum

CHAPTER FOUR: Summary

Culture Conditions

Media Components

Contamination by Endophytes

Applications of Orchid Tissue Culture

Flowering

Microclimate

Negative Aspects of Micropropagation

References

APPENDIX ONE: General Information on Supplies, Equipment, Terms, and Reagents

APPENDIX TWO: Sources of Supplies and Equipment

APPENDIX THREE: Some Sites of Interest on the World Wide Web

APPENDIX FOUR: Light

APPENDIX FIVE: Formulary

APPENDIX SIX: Atomic Weights, Concentrations, Exponents, Greek and Roman Letters, Ions, Measurements, Molecular Weights, Prefixes, Valences, Units, and Solutions

APPENDIX SEVEN: Additional Information

APPENDIX EIGHT: Plant Preservative Mixture

General Instructions

Selected Answers from Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for a Previous Version of PPM™

Use of PPM™ with Orchid Seeds

Use of PPM in Orchid Tissue Culture

Material Safety Data Sheet

Source of PPM™ and Technical Support

Disclaimer

APPENDIX NINE: Media: Additives, Components, Errors, Modifications, Omissions, Substitutions, Sterilization and More

Errors in Original Formulations

Sterilization

Omissions

Additions

Substitutions

Charcoal

Inconsistencies, Errors, and Change in Recipes as a Result of Use

Conclusion

APPENDIX TEN: Computer Letters and Symbol Codes

APPENDIX ELEVEN: Photographing Cultures in Flasks

Glossary

General Subject Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

TABLE 2‐1. Substitutions of salts in culture media

TABLE 2‐2. Use and substitution of chemicals whose molecules contain waters of hydration

TABLE 2‐3. Some hormones, antihormones, and hormone inhibitors used in orchid micropropagation media

TABLE 2‐4. Composition of banana pulp

TABLE 2‐5. Partial composition of coconut water, copra, and coconut oil (Raghavan, 1966, 1976; Woodroof, 1979; Arditti and Ernst, 1993; Ge et al., 2004, 2005, 2006; de Sousa et al., 2005; Anonymous, 2008

c

, 2008

d

, 2008

e

, 2008

f

)

TABLE 2‐6. Typical analysis of Difco peptones and hydrolysates

TABLE 2‐7. Sugars in orchid tissue culture media

TABLE 2‐8A. Stock solutions of anticontaminants

TABLE 2‐8B. Formulations of anticontaminants for use in culture media for orchid seedlings (Thurston et al., 1979)

TABLE 2‐9. Antibiotics, bactericides, and fungicides which can be useful in plant tissue culture media

TABLE 2‐10. Mass spectrographic analysis of charcoal (Weatherhead, 1979)

TABLE 2‐11. Typical analyses and some characteristics of reagent‐grade agars from three companies

TABLE 2‐12. Illumination in foot candles from two standard cool white fluorescent lamps on a white reflecting surface (Downs et al., 1966) and two Gro Lux tubes (Mpelkas, 1965) measured at several distances

TABLE 2‐13. Conversion of foot candles to W cm

−2

for several light sources (Klein, 1973)

TABLE 2‐14. Conversion factors from lux or foot candles to watts per square meter of photosynthetically active radiation (W m

−2

PAR), or to micromoles of photosynthetic illumination per square meter per second (µmol m

−2

s

−1

PAR) for several light sources (Hartman et al., 1988)

TABLE 2‐15. Production of photosynthetically active radiation by several light sources (Langham, 1978)

TABLE 2‐16. Interconversion between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and foot candles

TABLE 2‐17. Light conversion factors

TABLE 2‐18. Light intensity estimations in foot candles using a camera or a light meter

TABLE 2‐19. Some facts about carbon dioxide

TABLE 2‐20. Dilutions of household bleaches containing different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite

TABLE 2‐21. Use of thin layer explants for regeneration, organogenesis, embryogenesis, and transformation in orchids (modified from Teixeira da Silva, 2013

a

)

Chapter 03

TABLE ACAMPE-1. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for protoplast culture of

Acampe praemorsa

(Seeni and Abraham, 1986)

TABLE ACAMPE-2. Heller’s medium (Heller, 1953) as modified for the culture of leaf tips from seedlings of

Acampe rigida

(Yam, 1989)

TABLE ACAMPE-3. Ichihashi–Yamashita medium (Ichihashi and Yamashita, 1977) as modified for the culture of leaf tips from seedlings of

Acampe rigida

(Yam, 1989)

TABLE ACAMPE-4. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Acampe praemorsa

leaf explants (Nayak et al., 1997

a

)

TABLE ACAMPE-5. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified to bring about elongation of

Acampe praemorsa

shoots produced by leaf explants (Nayak et al., 1997a)

TABLE ACAMPE-6. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for rooting

Acampe praemorsa

shoots produced by leaf explants (Nayak et al., 1997

a

)

TABLE ACAMPE-7. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for induction of protocorm-like bodies from leaf explants of

Acampe praemorsa

(Pyati and Murthy, 1999)

TABLE ACAMPE-8. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for induction of callus from leaf explants of

Acampe praemorsa

(Pyati and Murthy, 1999)

TABLE ACAMPE-9. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for induction of callus followed by protocorm-like bodies from leaf explants of

Acampe praemorsa

(Pyati and Murthy, 1999)

TABLE AER-1. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for induction of protocorm-like bodies from leaf explants of

Aerides maculosum

(Murthy and Pyati, 2001)

TABLE AER-2. Basal Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for shoot and root formation on protocorm-like bodies generated from leaf explants of

Aerides maculosum

(Murthy and Pyati, 2001)

TABLE AER-3. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of apical sections of

Aerides multiflorum

leaf explants (Vij and Pathak, 1990)

TABLE AER-4. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of basal explants of

Aerides multiflorum

leaves (Vij and Pathak, 1990)

TABLE AER-5. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of root explants of

Aerides multiflorum

leaf explants (Vij, 1993)

TABLE AER-6. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of protocorm-like body/protocorm explants of

Aerides crispum

(Sheelavathnath et al., 2005)

TABLE AER-7. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of leaf explants of

Aerides crispum

(Sheelavathnath et al., 2005)

TABLE AER-8. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies of

Aerides crispum

(Sheelavathnath et al., 2005)

TABLE AER-9. Basal Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of protocorm-like body/protocorm explants of

Aerides crispum

(Sheelavathnath et al., 2005)

TABLE AER-10. Basal Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of leaf explants of

Aerides crispum

(Sheelavathnath et al., 2005)

TABLE AER-11. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies of

Aerides crispum

(Sheelavathnath et al., 2005)

TABLE AER-12. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) for the culture of protocorm-like bodies of

Aerides multiflorum

prior to encapsulation and of synseeds (Semdi et al., 2006)

TABLE AER-13. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) for the culture of encapsulated protocorm-like bodies (synseeds) of

Aerides multiflorum

(Semdi et al., 2006)

TABLE AER-14. Sodium alginate containing Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) for the encapsulation of protocorm-like bodies of

Aerides multiflorum

(Semdi et al., 2006)

TABLE AER-15. Calcium chloride solution for the encapsulation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Aerides multiflorum

(Sembi et al., 2006)

TABLE ANAC-1. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium for the culture of

Anacamptis pyramidalis

meristem (Morel, 1970)

TABLE ANGCM-1. Enriched B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) for the culture of

Angraecum giryamae

protoplasts (Price and Earle, 1984)

TABLE ANGCM-2. Protoplast medium (Dudits et al., 1976

a

, 1976

b

) modified for the culture of

Angraecum giryamae

protoplasts (Price and Earle, 1984)

TABLE ANCT-1. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for the culture of lateral buds of

Anoectochilus formosanus

(

Anoectochilus roxburghii

) (Chow et al., 1982)

TABLE ANCT-2. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for rooting of

Anoectochilus formosanus

in vitro (Chow et al., 1982)

TABLE ANCT-3. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for in vitro layering of

Anoectochilus formosanus

(Chow et al., 1982)

TABLE ANCT-4. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for layering of

Anoectochilus formosanus

stems (Huang et al., 1991)

TABLE ANCT-5. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for leaf-bearing stem segments of

Anoectochilus formosanus

(Huang et al., 1991)

TABLE ANCT-6. Woody plants medium (Llyod and McCown, 1980; McCown and Sellmer, 1987) as used for the culture of

Anoectochilus regalis

shoot cuttings (Gangaprasad et al., 2000)

TABLE ANCT-7. Woody plants medium (Llyod and McCown, 1980; McCown and Sellmer, 1987) as used for the culture of

Anoectochilus regalis

shoots (Gangaprasad et al., 2000)

TABLE ANCT-8. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Anoectochilus formosanus

shoot tip and node explants (Wu et al., 2007)

TABLE ASLLA-1. PhytoTechnology P668 medium (www.phytotechlab.com) for seed germination and seedling culture of

Ansellia africana

(Vasudevan and Van Staden, 2011)

TABLE ASLLA-2. PhytoTechnology P668 medium (www.phytotechlab.com) for the culture of nodal segments from 16-week-old seedlings of

Ansellia africana

(Vasudevan and Van Staden, 2011)

TABLE ARACH-1. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for the culture of

Arachnis

buds (Vajrabhaya and Vajrabhaya, 1976

a

)

TABLE ARACH-2. A medium for the culture and proliferation of

Arachnis

buds (Vajrabhaya and Vajrabhaya, 1976

a

)

TABLE ARACH-3. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for initial culture of shoot tips from apical and axillary buds of

Arachnis

(Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE ARACH-4. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the proliferation and differentiation of

Arachnis

explants (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE ARACH-5. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the proliferation and differentiation of

Arachnis

explants (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE ARACH-6. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for plantlet formation from

Arachnis

explants (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE ARACH-7. Maceration medium for isolation of cells from tissues of

Arachnis

Maggie Oei (Hew and Yip, 1986)

TABLE ARACH-8. Washing medium for isolated cells of

Arachnis

Maggie Oei (Hew and Yip, 1986)

TABLE ARACH-9. Incubation medium for isolated cells of

Aachnis

Maggie Oei (Hew and Yip, 1986)

TABLE ARANDA-1. A medium consisting of the Vacin and Went macroelements (Vacin and Went, 1949), Heller’s microelements (Heller, 1953), chelated iron, and other additives for the culture of shoot-tip and auxillary-bud explants of

Aranda

(Khaw et al., 1978

a

, 1978

b

)

TABLE ARANDA-2. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as used for the culture of

Aranda

explants (Loh et al., 1978; Goh, 1981)

TABLE ARANDA-3. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) as used for the culture of

Aranda

explants (Goh, 1973)

TABLE ARANDA-4. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for the culture of

Aranda

leaf explants (Fu, 1978, 1979

a

, 1979

b

)

TABLE ARANDA-5. Liquid Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as used for the maintenance of protocorm-like bodies of

Aranda

(Fu, 1978, 1979

a

, 1979

b

)

TABLE ARANDA-6. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as used for plantlet regeneration from protocorm-like bodies derived from

Aranda

leaves (Fu, 1978, 1979

a

, 1979

b

)

TABLE ARANDA-7. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946)

TABLE ARANDA-8. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946)

TABLE ARANDA-9. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the differentiation of

Aranda

explants (Fu, 1978, 1979

a

, 1979

b

)

TABLE ARANDA-10. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for root induction on plantlets of Aranda (Fu, 1978, 1979

a

, 1979

b

)

TABLE ARANDA-11. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for initial culture of

Aranda

leaves (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE ARANDA-12. Vacin and Went macroelements (Vacin and Went, 1949) supplemented for the culture of mesophyll protoplasts of

Aranda

Noorah Alsagoff (Loh and Rao, 1985)

TABLE ARANDA-13. Vacin and Went macroelements (Vacin and Went, 1949) supplemented for the culture of mesophyll protoplasts of

Aranda

Noorah Alsagoff (Loh and Rao, 1985)

TABLE ARANDA-14. Kao–Wetter 8p medium (Kao and Wetter, 1977) modified for the culture of

Aranda

protoplasts (Koh et al., 1988)

TABLE ARANDA-15. Relation between carbon–nitrogen ratio, formation of protocorm-like-bodies, and chlorophyll content in callus of

Aranda

Tay Swee Eng (Chia et al., 1988)

TABLE ARANDA-16. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) as modified for the culture of

Aranda

Deborah inflorescence tips (Goh and Wong, 1990)

TABLE ARANDA-17. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of protocorm-like bodies derived from inflorescence-shoot-tip explants of

Aranda

Deborah (Goh and Wong, 1990)

TABLE ARANDA-18. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of protocorm-like bodies derived from inflorescence-shoot-tip explants of

Aranda

Deborah (Goh and Wong, 1990)

TABLE ARANDA-19. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of thin sections of

Aranda

Debora shoot tips and protocorm-like body proliferation (Laksmanan et al., 1995)

TABLE ARANDA-20. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for differentiation and growth of plantlets produced by protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) derived from thin sections of

Aranda

Deborah shoot tips (Lakshmanan et al., 1995)

TABLE ARNTH-1. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of

Aranthera

James Storie buds (Irawati et al., 1977)

TABLE ARNTH-2. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of buds of

Aranthera

James Storie (Irawati et al., 1977)

TABLE ARNTH-3. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the initial culture of apical and axillary buds of

Aranthera

James Storie (Irawati et al., 1977)

TABLE ARNTH-4. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the rapid multiplication of protocorm-like bodies produced by apical and axillary buds of

Aranthera

James Storie (Cheah and Sagawa, 1978)

TABLE ARNTH-5. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for shoot production from protocorm- like bodies of

Aranthera

James Storie (Cheah and Sagawa, 1978)

TABLE ARNTH-6. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for root induction on shoots of

Aranthera

James Storie (Cheah and Sagawa, 1978)

TABLE ARNTH-7. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of apical meristems of

Aranthera

James Storie (Ong and Chua, 1980)

TABLE ARNTH-8. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the proliferation of protocorm-like bodies and plantlet production of

Aranthera

James Storie (Ong and Chua, 1980)

TABLE ARNTH-9. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for initial culture of

Aranthera

leaves (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE ARND-1. Effects of media used in the culture of shoot-tip and stem sections of

Arundina bambusifolia

(Mitra, 1971)

TABLE ARND-2. Raghavan and Torrey (1964) medium as used for the culture of

Arundina bambusifolia

6–8-mm-long shoot tips and stem disks (Mitra, 1971)

TABLE ARND-3. A medium (Raghavan and Torrey, 1964) modified for the culture of 1–2-mm-long stem tips of

Arundina bambusifolia

(Mitra, 1971)

TABLE ARND-4. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Arundina bambusifolia

shoot tips (Banik et al., 1986)

TABLE ARND-5. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for seed germination, and the culture of thin stem sections and encapsulated protocorms of

Arundina graminifolia

(Kanjilal et al., 2000 and unpublished)

TABLE ARND-6. Half strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Arundina graminifolia

stem segments (Martin, 2007)

TABLE ARND-7. Half strength Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium (Murachige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Arundina graminifolia

stem segments (Martin, 2007)

TABLE ARND-8. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Arundina graminifolia

growing buds and protocorm-like bodies (PLB) proliferation (Martin, 2007)

TABLE ARND-9. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Arundina graminifolia

shoots (Martin, 2007)

TABLE ARND-10. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the rooting of

Arundina graminifolia

shoots (Martin, 2007)

TABLE ARND-11. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the maintenance of

Arundina graminifolia

seedlings (Bhadra and Bhowmik, 2005

b

)

TABLE ARND-12. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of seedling rhizome explants of

Arundina graminifolia

(Bhadra and Bhowmik, 2005

b

)

TABLE ARND-13. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the elongation of shoots produced by seedling rhizome explants of

Arundina graminifolia

(Bhadra and Bhowmik, 2005

b

)

TABLE ARND-14. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of seedlings and plantlets of

Arundina graminifolia

(Bhadra and Bhowmik, 2005

b

)

TABLE ASCDA-1. Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) as modified for the culture of leaf explants of

Ascocenda

Fiftieth State Beauty (Vij and Kaur, 1999)

TABLE ASCTM-1. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) with the microelements of the Murashige–Skoog (MS) solution (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of

Ascocentrum ampullaceum

protocorm-like bodies, and referred to as the WS medium (Wannakrairoj and Tanyasonti, 1996).

TABLE ASCF-1. Effects of four culture media on inflorescence explants and tissues of

Ascofinetia

,

Neostylis

, and

Vascostylis

(Intuwong and Sagawa, 1973)

TABLE ASCF-2. Modified Vacin and Went medium for the culture of

Ascofinetia

inflorescences (Intuwong and Sagawa, 1973)

TABLE BLE-1. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of root tips of

Bletilla striata

(Yam, 1989)

TABLE BLE-2. Knudson C medium for the germination of orchid seeds (Knudson, 1946) as modified for the culture of root-tip-derived plantlets of

Bletilla striata

(Yam, 1989)

TABLE BLE-3. Knop’s medium (Knop, 1884) modified for the culture of

Dendrobium

stem nodes and used to culture stem nodes of

Bletilla striata

(Yam, 1989)

TABLE BLE-4. Modified Ichihashi (MI) medium (Ichihashi, 1989) as used for the culture of

Bletilla striata

sections of young pseudobulbs (Vij and Dhiman, 1997)

TABLE BLE-5. Modified Ichihashi (MI) medium (Ichihashi, 1989) as used for the culture of

Bletilla striata

plantlets obtained from sections of young pseudobulbs (Vij and Dhiman, 1997)

TABLE BC-1. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of

Brassocattleya

buds (Kako, 1973)

TABLE BC-2. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for callus induction from buds of

Brassocattleya

(Kako, 1973)

TABLE BC-3. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of axillary buds of

Brassocattleya

Pastoral “Innocense” (Kishi and Takagi, 1997)

TABLE BC-4. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies of

Brassocattleya

Pastoral ‘Innocense’ (Kishi and Takagi, 1997)

TABLE BULB-1. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the culture of

Bulbophyllum

(Vij et al., 2000

a

)

TABLE CAL-1. B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for the induction of protocorm-like bodies from apical meristems of

Calanthe discolor

buds (Ichihashi, 1994)

TABLE CAL-2. B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for callus induction from apical meristems of

Calanthe discolor

buds (Ichihashi, 1994)

TABLE CAL-3. B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for the induction of multiple shoots and roots on tissues or protocorm-like bodies derived from meristems of

Calanthe discolor

buds (Ichihashi, 1994)

TABLE CAL-4. Isolation medium for

Calanthe

protoplasts (Yasugi et al., 1986)

TABLE CAL-5. Modified B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for the culture of

Calanthe aristulifera

shoot meristetms and containing benzyl adenine (Yamamoto et al., 2012)

TABLE CAL-6. Modified B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for the culture of

Calanthe striata

shoot meristems and containing benzyl adenine (Yamamoto et al., 2012)

TABLE CAL-7. Modified B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for the possible subculture of

Calanthe aristulifera

protocorm-like bodies and free of benzyladenine (Yamamoto et al., 2012)

TABLE CAL-8. Modified B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for the possible subculture of

Calanthe striata

protocorm-like bodies and free of benzyladenine (Yamamoto et al., 2012)

TABLE CTSM-1. Effect of culture media on

Catasetum

root tips (Kerbauy, 1984

a

)

TABLE CTSM-2. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) as modified for the culture of

Catasetum

root tips (Kerbauy, 1984

a

)

TABLE CTSM-3. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) as modified for the production of callus and protocorm-like bodies from

Catasetum

root (Kerbauy, 1984)

TABLE CTSM-4.  Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) as modified for the protocorm and plantlet production from root tips of

Catasetum

root tips (Kerbauy, 1984

a

)

TABLE CTSM-5. Linsmaier–Skoog (LS) medium (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965) modified for the culture of

Catasetum fimbriatum

root tips (Colli and Kerbauy, 1993)

TABLE CTSM-6. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of

Catasetum pileatum

root tips (Kraus and Monteiro, 1989; Kraus and Kerbauy, 1992)

TABLE C-1. Starting medium for the culture of

Cattleya

explants (Lindemann et al., 1970)

TABLE C-2. Standard maintenance medium for proliferating callus cultures of

Cattleya

(Lindemann et al., 1970)

TABLE C-3. Modified Knudson C (Knudson, 1946) medium for plantlet formation and root induction in

Cattleya

TABLE C-4. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of

Cattleya

buds

TABLE C-5. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cattleya

buds

TABLE C-6. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of

Cattleya

shoot meristems (Morel, 1965

a

, 1965

b

, 1970)

TABLE C-7. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of

Cattleya

buds

TABLE C-8. Reinert–Mohr medium (Reinert and Mohr, 1967) for the initial culture of

Cattleya

bud meristems

TABLE C-9. Solid medium for subculture of

Cattleya

bud meristems (Reinert and Mohr, 1967)

TABLE C-10. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of explants from vegetative shoots of

Cattleya

(Scully, 1967)

TABLE C-11. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of dormant buds of

Cattleya

(Vajrabhaya, 1978)

TABLE C-12. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for use as the starting solution in the culture of

Cattleya

explants (Huang, 1984)

TABLE C-13.  Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of

Cattleya

shoots (Huang, 1984)

TABLE C-14. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the rooting of

Cattleya

shoots (Huang, 1984)

TABLE C-15. Culture medium for

Cattleya

leaf bases (Champagnat et al., 1970)

TABLE C-16. Modified Heller’s medium (Heller, 1953) for the culture of tips from young leaves of mature

Cattleya

plants (Churchill et al., 1971

a

)

TABLE C-17. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for the maintenance of callus cultures derived from

Cattleya

leaf tips (Churchill et al., 1971)

TABLE C-18. Linsmaier–Skoog medium (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965) as used for the maintenance of callus cultures derived from

Cattleya

leaf tips (Churchill et al., 1971

a

)

TABLE C-19. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the differentiation of plantlets from

Cattleya

leaf callus (Churchill et al., 1971

a

)

TABLE C-20.  Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) as modified for the culture of root tips of

Cattleya

Almakee (Vij, 1993)

TABLE C-21.  Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of proliferated

Cattleya mossiae

explants (Huang, 1984; Torres and Mogollón, 1998, 2000)

TABLE C-22. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of proliferated

Cattleya mossiae

explants (Huang, 1984; Torres and Mogollón, 1998, 2000)

TABLE C-23. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of root-tip explants from

Cattleya nobilior

×

Cattleya loddigesii

seedlings (Kerbauy, 1991)

TABLE C-24. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the germination of

Cattleya nobilior

×

Cattleya loddigesii

seeds (Kerbauy, 1991)

TABLE C-25. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of shoot-tip explants of

Cattleya leopoldii

(Saiprasad et al., 2002

a

)

TABLE C-26. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for plantlet production of shoot-tip explants derived from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Cattleya leopoldii

(Saiprasad et al., 2002

a

)

TABLE C-27. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for induction of shoot formation by

Cattleya

explants (Cybularz-Urban and Hanus-Fajerska, 2006)

TABLE C-28. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for propagation of shoots produced by

Cattleya

explants (Cybularz-Urban and Hanus-Fajerska, 2006)

TABLE C-29. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for induction of shoot formation by

Cattleya

explants (Cybularz-Urban and Hanus-Fajerska, 2006)

TABLE C-30. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for propagation of shoots produced by

Cattleya

explants (Cybularz-Urban and Hanus-Fajerska, 2006)

TABLE C-31. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for propagation of shoots produced by

Cattleya

explants (Cybularz-Urban and Hanus-Fajerska, 2006)

TABLE C-32. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for shoot regeneration in

Narcissus

(Kozak, 1991) as used for the culture of a hybrid described as

Cattleya waltersiana

×

Cattleya marone

(Cybularz-Urban and Bach, 2007) which does not exist and may be

Cattleya

Eros (

Cattleya walkeriana

×

Cattleya mossiae

).

TABLE CLOWESIA-1. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of root-tip explants from

Clowesia warscewiczii

seedlings (Kerbauy, 1996)

TABLE COEL-1. Basal Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the germination of

Coelogyne stricta

seeds (Basker and Bai, 2006)

TABLE COEL-2. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Coelogyne stricta

pseudobulb explants from 1-year-old seedlings (Basker and Bai, 2006)

TABLE COEL-3. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the rooting of

Coelogyne stricta

shoots derived from pseudobulb explants (Basker and Bai, 2006)

TABLE COEL-4. Hyponex medium for the germination of

Coelogyne cristata

seeds (Naing et al., 2010)

TABLE COEL-5. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Coelogyne cristata

seedlings (Naing et al., 2010)

TABLE COEL-6.  Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (hMS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of shoot axis explants from

Coelogyne cristata

seedlings (Naing et al., 2010)

TABLE COEL-7. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for shoot induction on intact seedlings of

Coelogyne cristata

seedlings (Naing et al., 2010)

TABLE COEL-8. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (hMS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of pseudobulb explants from

Coelogyne cristata

seedlings (Naing et al., 2010)

TABLE CYM-1. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for plantlet formation from

Cymbidium

shoot-tip meristems (Morel, 1965

a

, 1965

b

, 1970)

TABLE CYM-2. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for plantlet production from

Cymbidium

shoot-tip meristems (Morel, 1965

a

, 1965

b

, 1970)

TABLE CYM-3. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the differentiation of plantlets from leaf-tip callus (Arditti et al., 1971, 1972; Ball et al., 1971; Churchill et al., 1971

a

, 1971

b

, 1971

c

, 1972

b

, 1973) which is suitable for

Cymbidium

shoot-tip explants

TABLE CYM-4. Culture medium for

Cymbidium

shoot tips (Wimber, 1963)

TABLE CYM-5. Modified Vacin and Went medium for the culture of

Cymbidium

shoot-tip explants (Sagawa et al., 1966)

TABLE CYM-6. Medium for the in vitro propagation of

Cymbidium

(Fonnesbech, 1972

a

, 1972

b

)

TABLE CYM-7. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

shoot tips (Wang et al., 1981)

TABLE CYM-8. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

shoot tips (Wang et al., 1981)

TABLE CYM-9. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

shoot tips (Wang et al., 1981)

TABLE CYM-10. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

(Wang et al., 1981; Wang, 1984, 1988

a

, 1988

b

, no date

a

, no date

b

)

TABLE CYM-11. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of protocorm-like bodies derived from

Cymbidium ensifolium

TABLE CYM-12. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for flower induction in

Cymbidium ensifolium

in vitro (Wang, no date

a

)

TABLE CYM-13. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium goeringii

in vitro (Wang, no date

a

)

TABLE CYM-14. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium goeringii

in vitro (Wang, no date

a

)

TABLE CYM-15. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium goeringii

in vitro (Wang, no date

a

)

TABLE CYM-16. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium goeringii

in vitro (Wang, no date

a

)

TABLE CYM-17. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium goeringii

in vitro (Wang, no date

a

)

TABLE CYM-18. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for root induction in

Cymbidium goeringii

TABLE CYM-19. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of dormant buds of

Cymbidium

(Tran Thanh Van, 1974)

TABLE CYM-20. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for plantlet productionfrom protocorm-like bodies derived from dormant buds of

Cymbidium

(Tran Thanh Van, 1974)

TABLE CYM-21. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for the culture of meristematic tissues from

Cymbidium

buds (Dalla Rosa and Laneri, 1977)

TABLE CYM-22. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for

Cymbidium

shoot tip cultures (Gu et al., 1987

b

)

TABLE CYM-23. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for plantlet production from

Cymbidium

protocorm-like bodies (Gu et al., 1987

b

)

TABLE CYM-24. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for tissue culture of

Cymbidium

(van Rensburg and Vcelar, 1984)

TABLE CYM-25. Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for

Cymbidium

culture in vitro (Kusumoto and Furukawa, 1977; Kusumoto, 1978, 1980

a

, 1980

b

, 1981

a

)

TABLE CYM-26. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) for the culture of

Cymbidium

shoot tips (Steward and Mapes, 1971

a

)

TABLE CYM-27. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) for the production of free cells from callus cultures derived from

Cymbidium

shoot tips (Steward and Mapes, 1971

a

)

TABLE CYM-28. White’s medium (Singh and Krikorian, 1981) for the production of free cells from callus cultures derived from

Cymbidium

shoot tips (Steward and Mapes, 1971

a

)

TABLE CYM-29. Modified Kyoto medium as used for initial culture of rhizome tips of

Cymbidium faberi

(Hasegawa et al., 1985)

TABLE CYM-30. Modified Kyoto medium as used for the growth of shoots derived from rhizome tips of

Cymbidium faberi

(Hasegawa et al., 1985)

TABLE CYM-31. Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) as used for the culture of

Cymbidium aloifolium

shoot tips (Devi et al., 1997)

TABLE CYM-32. Basal Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) as used for hardening plantlets produced through the culture of

Cymbidium aloifolium

shoot tips (Devi et al., 1997)

TABLE CYM-33. Half-strength basal Nitsch and Nitsch (½NN) medium (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) as used for hardening plantlets produced through the culture of

Cymbidium aloifolium

shoot tips (Devi et al., 1997)

TABLE CYM-34. Quarter-strength basal Nitsch and Nitsch (¼NN) medium (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) as used for hardening plantlets produced through the culture of

Cymbidium aloifolium

shoot tips (Devi et al., 1997)

TABLE CYM-35. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for the culture of

Cymbidium mastersii

root-tip explants (Vij, 1993, 1994)

TABLE CYM-36. Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) as modified for the culture of root tips of

Cymbidium pendulum

(Vij, 1993)

TABLE CYM-37. Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for the culture of shoot tips of

Cymbidium pendulum

(Vij et al., 1994

a

)

TABLE CYM-38. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium giganteum

shoot tips (Corrie and Tandon, 1993)

TABLE CYM-39. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of encapsulated protocorm-like bodies of

Cymbidium giganteum

(Corrie and Tandon, 1993)

TABLE CYM-40. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the encapsulation of protocorm-like bodies of

Cymbidium giganteum

(Corrie and Tandon, 1993)

TABLE CYM-41. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for theencapsulation of protocorm-like bodies of

Cymbidium giganteum

(Corrie and Tandon, 1993)

TABLE CYM-42. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified forthe culture of

Cymbidium goeringii

flower bud explants (Shimasaki and Uemoto, 1991)

TABLE CYM-43. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for plantlet production from

Cymbidium goeringii

rhizomes derived from flower bud explants (Shimasaki and Uemoto, 1991)

TABLE CYM-44. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of shoot explants of

Cymbidium aloifolium

(Nayak et al., 1997

b

)

TABLE CYM-45. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of new shoots from shoot explants of

Cymbidium aloifolium

(Nayak et al., 1997

b

)

TABLE CYM-46. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the rooting of

Cymbidium aloifolium

shoots obtained from shoot tips in vitro (Nayak et al., 1997

b

)

TABLE CYM-47. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of shoots of

Cymbidium aloifolium

(Nayak et al., 2002)

TABLE CYM-48. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of thin cross-section explants of

Cymbidium aloifolium

(Nayak et al., 2002)

TABLE CYM-49. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the rooting of shoots produced by thin cross-section explants of

Cymbidium aloifolium

(Nayak et al., 2002)

TABLE CYM-50. Liquid-modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for proliferation of protocorm-like bodies derived from shoot tips (Begum et al., 1994

a

)

TABLE CYM-51. Liquid-modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of epidermal cell peels (outer tissue) of

Cymbidium

(Begum et al., 1994

a

)

TABLE CYM-52. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of and plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies produced by epidermal (outer) layers of

Cymbidium

(Begum et al., 1994

a

)

TABLE CYM-53. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

explants (Chang and Chang, 1998)

TABLE CYM-54. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the maintenance of

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

callus (Chang and Chang, 1998)

TABLE CYM-55. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the induction of globular granule masses from callus of

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

(Chang and Chang, 1998)

TABLE CYM-56. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for rhizome induction from globular granules of

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

(Chang and Chang, 1998)

TABLE CYM-57. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for plantlet production of

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

explants (Chang and Chang, 1998)

TABLE CYM-58. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

rhizome explants (Chang and Chang, 2000

a

)

TABLE CYM-59. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for plantlet production from

Cymbidium ensifolium

var.

misericors

rhizome explants (Chang and Chang, 2000

a

)

TABLE CYM-60. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for proliferation of explants from

Cymbidium sinense

seed-derived rhizomes (Chang and Chang, 2000

b

)

TABLE CYM-61. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for vegetative (shoot) bud induction on

Cymbidium sinense

rhizome explants (Chang and Chang, 2000

b

)

TABLE CYM-62. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for plantlet production from buds on

Cymbidium sinense

rhizome explants (Chang and Chang, 2000b)

TABLE CYM-63. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for plantlet production from seedling-derived rhizomes (Nayak et al., 1998)

TABLE CYM-64. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the proliferation of

Cymbidium niveo-marginatum

rhizomes (Kostenyuk et al., 1999).

TABLE CYM-65. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the proliferation of

Cymbidium niveo-marginatum

rhizomes (Kostenyuk et al., 1999).

TABLE CYM-66. Half-strength Murahige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

shoot-tip and axillary bud explants (Wang, 1990)

TABLE CYM-67. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for proliferation of plantlets and shoot production from

Cymbidium ensifolium

protocorm-like bodies obtained from shoot-tip and axillary bud explants (Wang, 1990)

TABLE CYM-68. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as used for the culture of

Cymbidium ensifolium

plantlets which flower in vitro (Wang, 1990)

TABLE CYM-69. Effects of the state of the medium on the growth of protocorm-like bodies and plantlets

TABLE CYM-70. Number of virus-free plants as a function of the number of subcultures and time in ribavirin-containing medium

TABLE CYM-71. Ribavirin-containing Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) for the eradication of virus from protocorm-like bodies of

Cymbidium

(Toussaint et al., 1993)

TABLE CYM-72. Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies of

Cymbidium

that have been freed from

Odontoglossum

ringspot virus (Toussaint et al., 1993)

TABLE CYM-73. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for virus eradication from

Cymbidium

(Paek et al., 1997)

TABLE CYM-74. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium kanran

rhizome explants (Shimasaki, 1995)

TABLE CYM-75. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium kanran

shoots and possible root induction (Shimasaki, 1995)

TABLE CYM-76. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of rhizome tips of

Cymbidium kanran

(Shimasaki, 1995)

TABLE CYM-77. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of rhizome tips of

Cymbidium ensifolium

and

Cymbidium kanran

(Ogura and Okubo, 2003)

TABLE CYM-78. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for flower induction in

Cymbdium ensifolium

var.

misericors

in vitro (Chang and Chang, 2003).

TABLE CYM-79. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium aloifolium

seedling node explant and plantlet elongation (Barua and Bhadra, 1999)

TABLE CYM-80. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the rooting of

Cymbidium aloifolium

plants derived from seedling node explants (Barua and Bhadra, 1999)

TABLE CYM-81. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium elegans

explants, protocorm-like bodies and shoots (Malabadi and Nataraja, 2007)

TABLE CYM-82. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for the rooting of

Cymbidium elegans

shoots (Malabadi and Nataraja, 2007)

TABLE CYM-83. The vitamins of the Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976)

TABLE CYM-84. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for shoot formation from protocorm-like bodies of

Cymbidium

Maureen Carter (Ogura-Tsujita and Okubo, 2006

a

)

TABLE CYM-85. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of rhizome explants of

Cymbidium kanran

(Ogura-Tsujita and Okubo, 2006

b

) (

Source

: Sasayama and Nagano, 1961.)

TABLE CYM-86. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for shoot formation from rhizome explants of

Cymbidium kanran

(Ogura-Tsujita and Okubo, 2006

b

) (

Source

: Sasayama and Nagano, 1961.)

TABLE CYM-87. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ (Huan et al., 2004)

TABLE CYM-88. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of protocorm-like body (PLB) explants and callus of

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ (Huan et al., 2004)

TABLE CYM-89. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for protocorm-like body (PLB) production from callus of

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ and rooted plant generation from PLBs (Huan et al., 2004)

TABLE CYM-90. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the maintenance of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and the culture of explants from bisected PLBs (Teixeira da Silva and Tanaka, 2006)

TABLE CYM-91. Modified Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of secondary protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), callus induction from bisected PLBs, and callus culture (Teixeira da Silva and Tanaka, 2006)

TABLE CYM-92. Modified Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for callus culture (Teixeira da Silva and Tanaka, 2006)

TABLE CYM-93. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for irrigation of

Cymbidium

plantlets in rockwool (Teixeira da Silva and Tanaka, 2006)

TABLE CYM-94. Hyponex medium for irrigation of

Cymbidium

plantlets in rockwool (Teixeira da Silva and Tanaka, 2006)

TABLE CYM-95. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the germination of

Cymbidium iridioides

seeds (Pant et al., 2009)

TABLE CYM-96. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for shoot induction on explants from in vitro seedlings of

Cymbidium iridioides

(Pant et al., 2009)

TABLE CYM-97. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for shoot induction on explants from in vitro seedlings of

Cymbidium iridioides

(Pant et al., 2009)

TABLE CYM-98. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for rooting of shoots produced by explants from in vitro seedlings of

Cymbidium iridioides

(Pant et al., 2009)

TABLE CYM-99. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for the germination of

Cymbidium giganteum

(Hossain et al., 2010)

TABLE CYM-100. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for the rooting of

Cymbidium giganteum

seedlings and shoots (Hossain et al., 2010)

TABLE CYM-101. Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for the culture of thin cross-sections of

Cymbidium

Sleeping Nymph protocorm-like bodies (Vyas et al., 2010)

TABLE CYM-102. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury (MPR) medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for the culture of

Cymbidium bicolor

thin-layer explants (Malabadi et al., 2008

a

)

TABLE CYM-103. Mitra, Prasad and Roychowdhury (MPR) medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for root induction on shoots of

Cymbidium bicolor

thin-layer explants (Malabadi et al., 2008

a

)

TABLE 1. The growth and developmental response of hybrid

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ half-PLBs to phloroglucinol after 60 days in culture (Teixeira da Silva et al., 2013)

TABLE 2. Root growth and development of hybrid

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ in response to phloroglucinol after 60 days in culture (Teixeira da Silva, 2013

b

)

TABLE 1. The growth and developmental response of hybrid

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ half-PLBs to antioxidants (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) and activated charcoal after 60 d in culture on agar-based TC medium (Teixeira da Silva, 2013

c

)

TABLE 2. The growth and developmental response of hybrid

Cymbidium

Twilight Moon ‘Day Light’ half-PLBs cultured on paper bridges to optimized levels (see Table 1) of antioxidants and activated charcoal after 60 d in culture (Teixeira da Silva, 2013

c

)

TABLE 1. Effect of activated charcoal concentrations on rhizome proliferation and growth of

C. sinense

after 50 days of continuous immersion bioreactor culture

TABLE 2. Effect of inoculation densities on rhizome proliferation and growth of

C. sinense

after 50 days of continuous immersion bioreactor culture

TABLE 3. Effect of air volume on rhizome proliferation and growth of

C. sinense

after 50 days of continuous immersion bioreactor culture

TABLE 4. Effect of BA and NAA on shoot formation from rhizome of

C. sinense

after 40 days of temporary immersion bioreactor culture

TABLE 6. Effect of NAA concentrations on plantlet regeneration of

C. sinense

after 50 days of temporary immersion bioreactor culture

TABLE 1. Effect of HA9, chitosan H and BA on organogenesis in PLB culture of

Cymbidium

Waltz ‘Idol’ (Kaewjampa et al., 2012)

TABLE CYP-1. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for culture of root tips of

Cypripedium calceolus

(Tomita and Ramsay, 1998)

TABLE CYP-2. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for culture of root-tip-derived callus, shoots, and plantlets of

Cypripedium calceolus

(Tomita and Ramsay, 1998)

TABLE CYP-3. Tsutsui and Tomita (T) medium (Tsutsui and Tomita, 1990) for immature seed germination and callus induction in

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

taiwanianum

(Tomita and Tomita, 1997)

TABLE CYP-4. Tsutsui and Tomita (T) medium (Tsutsui and Tomita, 1990) for plantlet production from seed-derived callus of

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

taiwanianum

(Tomita and Tomita, 1997)

TABLE CYP-5. Basal Tsutsui and Tomita (T) medium (Tsutsui and Tomita, 1990) for irrigating plantlets of

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

taiwanianum

cultured in sand (Tomita and Tomita, 1997)

TABLE CYP-6. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture Wof

Cypripedium montanum

nodes (Hoshi et al., 1994)

TABLE CYP-7. JA medium (Jo et al., 2001) for culture of seedlings and plantlets of

Cypripedium yatabeanum

(Jo et al., 2001)

TABLE CYP-8. B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) modified for callus induction from root-tip explants of

Cypripedium yatabeanum

(Jo et al., 2001)

TABLE CYP-9. Kao and Michayluck (KM81) medium (Kao and Michayluk, 1981) modified for proliferation of callus derived from root-tip explants of

Cypripedium yatabeanum

(Jo et al., 2001)

TABLE CYP-10. B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) for the culture of of proliferated callus derived from shoot tips of

Cypripedium yatabeanum

(Jo et al., 2001)

TABLE CYP-11. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the germination of immature seeds of

Cypripedium formosanum

from green (unripe) 3-month-old fruits (Lee and Lee, 2003)

TABLE CYP-12. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for callus production from protocorms produced by immature seeds of

Cypripedium formosanum

(Lee and Lee, 2003)

TABLE CYP-13. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for protocorm-like body (PLB) production from callus produced by immature seeds of

Cypripedium formosanum

(Lee and Lee, 2003)

TABLE CYP-14. Modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies derived from callus generated from immature seeds of

Cypripedium formosanum

(Lee and Lee, 2003)

TABLE CYP-15. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for the culture of rhizomes of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-16. Charcoal-containing modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for root induction on shoots of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-17. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for callus formation on bases of shoots of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-18. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for the culture of rhizomes of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-19. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for the culture of rhizomes of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-20. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for the culture of rhizomes of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-21. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for the culture of rhizomes of

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-22. Modified Van Waes and Debergh medium (VWD) for the culture of the

Cypripedium

Gisela (Koch, 1999)

TABLE CYP-23. Hyponex medium for seed germination of

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

rebunense

(Shimura and Koda, 2004)

TABLE CYP-24. Hyponex medium for seed germination of

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

rebunense

(Shimura and Koda, 2004)

TABLE CYP-25. Hyponex medium for callus induction from protocorms of

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

rebunense

(Shimura and Koda, 2004)

TABLE CYP-26. Hyponex medium for plantlet formation from PLBs of

Cypripedium macranthos

var.

rebunense

(Shimura and Koda, 2004)

TABLE CYP-27. Quarter-strength Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Cypripedium formosanum

explants (Lee, 2010)

TABLE CYP-28. Quarter-strength Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for root induction on

Cypripedium formosanum

shoots (Lee, 2010)

TABLE CYRT-1. Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of

Cyrtopodium

root tips, formation of protocorm-like bodies, and plantlet regeneration (Sanchez, 1988)

TABLE CYRT-2. Effects of auxin, cytokinin, and coconut water on

Cyrtopodium

root tips in vitro (Sanchez, 1988)

TABLE DAR-1. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of axillary buds of

Darwinara

(Kishi and Takagi, 1997)

TABLE DAR-2. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies of

Darwinara

(Kishi and Takagi, 1997)

TABLE DEN-1. Characteristics and success of cultured

Dendrobium

buds (Kim et al., 1970)

TABLE DEN-2. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Dendrobium

shoot tips (Sagawa et al., 1966)

TABLE DEN-3. Media requirements of

Dendrobium

species and hybrids (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE DEN-4. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for

Dendrobium

bud cultures (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE DEN-5. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Dendrobium

buds (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE DEN-6. Modified Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of

Dendrobium

buds (Lim-Ho, 1981)

TABLE DEN-7. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for shoot production by

Dendrobium

seedling-tip explants (Gandawijaja, 1980)

TABLE DEN-8. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for root induction on shoots produced by

Dendrobium

seedling-tip explants (Gandawijaja, 1980)

TABLE DEN-9. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Dendrobium

shoot tips (Fernando, 1979)

TABLE DEN-10. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Dendrobium

buds (H. Singh, 1976)

TABLE DEN-11. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the proliferation of protocorm-like bodies from

Dendrobium

buds (H. Singh, 1976)

TABLE DEN-12. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for plantlet formation from protocorm-like bodies of

Dendrobium

(H. Singh, 1976)

TABLE DEN-13. Modified Reinert–Mohr medium (Reinert and Mohr, 1967) for shoot induction from explants of

Dendrobium antennatum

(Kukułczanka and Wojciechowska, 1983)

TABLE DEN-14. Modified Reinert–Mohr medium (Reinert and Mohr, 1967) for shoot induction from explants of

Dendrobium phalaenopsis

(Kukułczanka and Wojciechowska, 1983)

TABLE DEN-15. Modified Reinert–Mohr medium (Reinert and Mohr, 1967) for root induction on shoots of

Dendrobium antennatum

and

Dendrobium phalaenopsis

(Kukułczanka and Wojciechowska, 1983)

TABLE DEN-16. Modified Reinert–Mohr medium (Reinert and Mohr, 1967) for callus induction from explants of

Dendrobium phalaenopsis

(Kukułczanka and Wojciechowska, 1983)

TABLE DEN-17. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for initial culture of shoot tips of

Dendrobium

Jaquelyn Thomas ‘White’ (Soediono, 1983

b

)

TABLE DEN-18. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for initial culture of shoot tips of

Dendrobium

Jaquelyn Thomas ‘White’ (Soediono, 1983

b

)

TABLE DEN-19. Modified Knop’s medium for the culture of

Dendrobium

node sections (Mosich et al., 1973, 1974

a

, 1974

b

)

TABLE DEN-20. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium for root induction on

Dendrobium

shoots obtained from node sections (Mosich et al., 1974

a

)

TABLE DEN-21. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Dendrobium

and

Phalaenopisis

flower-stalk cuttings (Intuwong et al., 1972

a

, 1972

b

)

TABLE DEN-22. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of seedling leaves of

Dendrobium crumenatum

(Manorama et al., 1986)

TABLE DEN-23. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of leaves from mature plants of

Dendrobium crumenatum

(Manorama et al., 1986)

TABLE DEN-24. Modified Vacin and Went medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) for the culture of

Dendrobium

leaf bases (Fu, 1978, 1979

b

)

TABLE DEN-25. Knop’s medium (Knop, 1884) modified for the culture of

Dendrobium

stem nodes (Yam, 1989)

TABLE DEN-26. Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of pseudobulb segments of

Dendrobium chrysanthum

(Vij and Pathak, 1989)

TABLE DEN-27. Modified Murashige–Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for callus and bud induction on pseudobulb segments of

Dendrobium chrysanthum

(Vij and Pathak, 1989)

TABLE DEN-28. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the production of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) from

Dendrobium

shoot-tip explants (Sharon and Vasundhara, 1990)

TABLE DEN-29. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the production of plantlets from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) derived from

Dendrobium

shoot-tip explants (Sharon and Vasundhara, 1990)

TABLE DEN-30. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the production of plantlets from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) derived from

Dendrobium

shoot-tip explants (Sharon and Vasundhara, 1990)

TABLE DEN-31. Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) as modified for protocorm-like body (PLB) production from stem disk sections of

Dendrobium moschatum

(Kanjilal et al., 1999)

TABLE DEN-32. Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) as modified for protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and plantlet development of

Dendrobium moschatum

(Kanjilal et al., 1999)

TABLE DEN-33. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of shoot explants of

Dendrobium moschatum

and

Dendrobium aphyllum

(Nayak et al., 1997

b

)

TABLE DEN-34. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of thin cross-section explants of

Dendrobium nobile

(Nayak et al., 2002)

TABLE DEN-35. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the culture of shoot-tip explants of

Dendrobium

Queen Sonia (Aswath, 2001)

TABLE DEN-36. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the proliferation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Queen Sonia (Aswath, 2001)

TABLE DEN-37. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for plantlet production from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Queen Sonia (Aswath, 2001)

TABLE DEN-38. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of shoot-tip explants of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Prasad et al., 2001)

TABLE DEN-39. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the culture of

Dendrobium

Sonia shoots (Prasad et al., 2001)

TABLE DEN-40. Effects of sucrose and CO

2

levels on the growth of

Dendrobium

plantlets in vitro (Mitra et al., 1998)

TABLE DEN-41. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the culture of

Dendrobium

shoots (Mitra et al., 1998)

TABLE DEN-42. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as used for the culture of

Dendrobium

tissues in vitro (Hew and Mah, 1989)

TABLE DEN-43. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) as modified for the differentiation

Dendrobium

tissues (Hew and Mah, 1989)

TABLE DEN-44. Media formulations as presented by Oyamada and Takano (1990) in their Table 1

TABLE DEN-45. Oyamada and Takano (OT) medium (Oyamada and Takano, 1990) for the culture of basal buds of

Dendrobium

Formidible (Oyamada and Takano, 1990)

TABLE DEN-46. Oyamada and Takano (OT) medium (Oyamada and Takano, 1990) for the proliferation of PLBs of

Dendrobium

Formidible (Oyamada and Takano, 1990)

TABLE DEN-47. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the proliferation of

Dendrobium candidum

protocorms (G.Y. Wang et al., 1993)

TABLE DEN-48. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the preculture of

Dendrobium candidum

protocorms for in vitro flowering (G.Y. Wang et al., 1993)

TABLE DEN-49. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for flower induction in vitro in

Dendrobium candidum

(G.Y. Wang et al., 1993)

TABLE DEN-50. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Dendrobium

protoplasts (Kuehnle and Nan, 1990)

TABLE DEN-51. Inorganic salts of the Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and the organic constituents of the Kao and Michayluk (KM) medium (Kao and Michayluk, 1975) for the culture of

Dendrobium

protoplasts (Yasugi, 1990)

TABLE DEN-52. Diluted inorganic salts of the Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and the organic constituents of the Kao and Michayluk (KM) medium (Kao and Michayluk, 1975) for the culture of

Dendrobium

protoplasts (Yasugi, 1990)

TABLE DEN-53. Liquid Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for proliferation of

Cymbidium

mosaic virus (CyMV)-infected protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Jaquelyn Thomas ‘Uniwai Mist’ (Porter and Kuehnle, 1997)

TABLE DEN-54. Liquid ribavirin-containing Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for eradication of

Cymbidium

mosaic virus (CyMV) from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Jaquelyn Thomas ‘Uniwai Mist’ (Porter and Kuehnle, 1997)

TABLE DEN-55. Solid ribavirin-containing Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for eradication of

Cymbidium

mosaic virus (CyMV) from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and plantlets of

Dendrobium

Jaquelyn Thomas ‘Uniwai Mist’ (Porter and Kuehnle, 1997)

TABLE DEN-56. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of

Dendrobium wardianum

shoot tips (Sharma et al., 1992)

TABLE DEN-57. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for culture and proliferation of synthetic seeds of

Dendrobium wardianum

(Sharma et al., 1992)

TABLE DEN-58. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for plantlet production from synthetic seeds of

Dendrobium wardianum

(Sharma et al., 1992)

TABLE DEN-59. Sodium alginate-containing Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for production of synthetic seeds of

Dendrobium wardianum

(Sharma et al., 1992)

TABLE DEN-60. Calcium chloride-containing Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for preparation of synthetic seeds of

Dendrobium wardianum

(Sharma et al., 1992)

TABLE DEN-61. Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury (MPR) medium (Mitra et al., 1976) modified for proliferation of

Dendrobium densiflorum

protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) derived from node cultures (Vij et al., 2001)

TABLE DEN-62. Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury (MPR) medium (Mitra et al., 1976) for maintenance of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium densiflorum

(Vij et al., 2001)

TABLE DEN-63. Sodium alginate-containing Mitra, Prasad, and Roychowdhury (MPR) medium (Mitra et al., 1976) for encapsulation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium densiflorum

(Vij et al., 2001)

TABLE DEN-64. Calcium chloride solution for the encapsulation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium densiflorum

(Vij et al., 2001)

TABLE DEN-65. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for flower induction in

Dendrobium moniliforme

seedlings (Duan and Yazawa, 1994

b

)

TABLE DEN-66. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of shoot tips of

Dendrobium wardianum

(Sharma and Tandon, 1991)

TABLE DEN-67. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of plantlets produced from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) derived from shoot tips of

Dendrobium wardianum

(Sharma and Tandon, 1991)

TABLE DEN-68. B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968) as modified for the strengthening of

Dendrobium moniliforme

plantlets (Liu and Zhang, 1989)

TABLE DEN-69. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) as modified for the strengthening of

Dendrobium moniliforme

plantlets (Liu and Zhang, 1989)

TABLE DEN-70. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of shoot-tip and bud explants of

Dendrobium

Earsakul (Kim et al., 2003)

TABLE DEN-71. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of shoot-tip and bud explants of

Dendrobium

Omya ‘Pink’ (Kim et al., 2003)

TABLE DEN-72. Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949) modified for the culture of shoot-tip and bud explants of

Dendrobium

Omya ‘Pink’ (Kim et al., 2003)

TABLE DEN-73. Basal Vacin and Went (VW) medium (Vacin and Went, 1949)

TABLE DEN-74. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of shoot tips of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Saiprasad and Polisetty, 2003)

TABLE DEN-75. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the culture of sections of shoot-tip-derived protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Saiprasad and Polisetty, 2003)

TABLE DEN-76. Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) modified for the germination of encapsulated shoot-tip-derived protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Saiprasad and Polisetty, 2003)

TABLE DEN-77. Sodium alginate-containing Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for encapsulation of shoot-tip-derived protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Saiprasad and Polisetty, 2003)

TABLE DEN-78. Calcium chloride solution for encapsulation of shoot-tip-derived protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Saiprasad and Polisetty, 2003)

TABLE DEN-79. Putrescine-containing Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for proliferation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Saiprasad et al., 2004)

TABLE DEN-80. Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for the culture of

Dendrobium fimbriatum

var.

oculatum

shoot-tip explants (Roy and Banerjee, 2003)

TABLE DEN-81. Knudson C (KC) medium (Knudson, 1946) modified for proliferation of shoot-tip-derived callus of

Dendrobium fimbriatum

var.

oculatum

, production of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), and plantlet regeneration (Roy and Banerjee, 2003)

TABLE DEN-82. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (½MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the germination of

Dendrobium candidum

seeds (Shiau et al., 2005)

TABLE DEN-83. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (½MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of

Dendrobium candidum

seedlings (Shiau et al., 2005)

TABLE DEN-84. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (½MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of node explants from seedlings of

Dendrobium candidum

(Shiau et al., 2005)

TABLE DEN-85. Half-strength Murashige–Skoog (½MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the rooting of

Dendrobium candidum

shoots (Shiau et al., 2005)

TABLE DEN-86. Modified Knudson C (mKC) medium (Knudson, 1946) for the germination of

Dendrobium chrysotoxum

seeds (Roy et al., 2007)

TABLE DEN-87. Modified Knudson C (mKC) medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of explants from

Dendrobium chrysotoxum

seedlings (Roy et al., 2007)

TABLE DEN-88. Modified Knudson C (mKC) medium (Knudson, 1946) for the induction of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) on explants of

Dendrobium chrysotoxum

seedlings (Roy et al., 2007)

TABLE DEN-89. Hormone-containing modified Knudson C (mKCdfo) medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of

Dendrobium fimbriatum

var.

oculatum

(Roy and Banerjee, 2003)

TABLE DEN-90. Hormone-free modified Knudson C (mKCdfo) medium (Knudson, 1946) for the culture of

Dendrobium fimbriatum

var.

oculatum

(Roy and Banerjee, 2003)

TABLE DEN-91. Kinetin-containing half-strength Murashige–Skoog (hMS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of

Dendrobium

Sonia flower-stalk nodes (Martin et al., 2006)

TABLE DEN-92. Coconut water-containing half-strength Murashige–Skoog (hMS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for the culture of

Dendrobium

Sonia flower-stalk nodes (Martin et al., 2006)

TABLE DEN-93. Activated charcoal (AC)-containing half-strength Murashige–Skoog (hMS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) for root induction on shoots of

Dendrobium

Sonia (Martin et al., 2006)