Microstrip Filters for RF / Microwave Applications E-Book

Jia-Sheng Hong

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 806

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The first edition of “Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications” was published in 2001. Over the years the book has been well received and is used extensively in both academia and industry by microwave researchers and engineers.  From its inception as a manuscript the book is almost 8 years old.  While the fundamentals of filter circuits have not changed, further innovations in filter realizations and other applications have occurred with changes in the technology and use of new fabrication processes, such as the recent advances in RF MEMS and ferroelectric films for tunable filters; the use of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates for multilayer circuits, as well as the new filters for dual-band, multi-band and ultra wideband (UWB) applications.

Although the microstrip filter remains as the main transmission line medium for these new developments, there has been a new trend of using combined  planar transmission line structures such as co-planar waveguide (CPW) and slotted ground structures for novel physical implementations beyond the single layer in order to achieve filter miniaturization and better performance.

Also, over the years, practitioners have suggested topics that should be added for completeness, or deleted in some cases, as they were not very useful in practice. 

In view of the above, the authors are proposing a revised version of the “Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications” text and a slightly changed book title of “Planar Filters for RF/Microwave Applications” to reflect the aforementioned trends in the revised book.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Series

Title Page

Copyright

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Chapter One: Introduction

Chapter Two: Network Analysis

2.1 NETWORK VARIABLES

2.2 SCATTERING PARAMETERS

2.3 SHORT-CIRCUIT ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS

2.4 OPEN-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS

2.5 ABCD PARAMETERS

2.6 TRANSMISSION-LINE NETWORKS

2.7 NETWORK CONNECTIONS

2.8 NETWORK PARAMETER CONVERSIONS

2.9 SYMMETRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

2.10 MULTIPORT NETWORKS

2.11 EQUIVALENT AND DUAL NETWORK

2.12 MULTIMODE NETWORKS

Chapter Three: Basic Concepts and Theories of Filters

3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

3.2 LOWPASS PROTOTYPE FILTERS AND ELEMENTS

3.3 FREQUENCY AND ELEMENT TRANSFORMATIONS

3.4 IMMITTANCE INVERTERS

3.5 RICHARDS’ TRANSFORMATION AND KURODA IDENTITIES

3.6 DISSIPATION AND UNLOADED QUALITY FACTOR

Chapter Four: Transmission Lines and Components

4.1 MICROSTRIP LINES

4.2 COUPLED LINES

4.3 DISCONTINUITIES AND COMPONENTS

4.4 OTHER TYPES OF MICROSTRIP LINES

4.5 COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE (CPW)

4.6 SLOTLINES

Chapter Five: Lowpass and Bandpass Filters

5.1 LOWPASS FILTERS

5.2 BANDPASS FILTERS

Chapter Six: Highpass and Bandstop Filters

6.1 HIGHPASS FILTERS

6.2 BANDSTOP FILTERS

Chapter Seven: Coupled-Resonator Circuits

7.1 GENERAL COUPLING MATRIX FOR COUPLED-RESONATOR FILTERS

7.2 GENERAL THEORY OF COUPLINGS

7.3 GENERAL FORMULATION FOR EXTRACTING COUPLING COEFFICIENT k

7.4 FORMULATION FOR EXTRACTING EXTERNAL QUALITY FACTOR Qe

7.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

7.6 GENERAL COUPLING MATRIX INCLUDING SOURCE AND LOAD

Chapter Eight: CAD for Low-Cost and High-Volume Production

8.1 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) TOOLS

8.2 COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS (CAA)

8.3 FILTER SYNTHESIS BY OPTIMIZATION

8.4 CAD EXAMPLES

Chapter Nine: Advanced RF/Microwave Filters

9.1 SELECTIVE FILTERS WITH A SINGLE PAIR OF TRANSMISSION ZEROS

9.2 CASCADED QUADRUPLET (CQ) FILTERS

9.3 TRISECTION AND CASCADED TRISECTION (CT) FILTERS

9.4 ADVANCED FILTERS WITH TRANSMISSION-LINE INSERTED INVERTERS

9.5 LINEAR-PHASE FILTERS

9.6 EXTRACTED POLE FILTERS

9.7 CANONICAL FILTERS

9.8 MULTIBAND FILTERS

Chapter Ten: Compact Filters and Filter Miniaturization

10.1 MINIATURE OPEN-LOOP AND HAIRPIN RESONATOR FILTERS

10.2 SLOW-WAVE RESONATOR FILTERS

10.3 MINIATURE DUAL-MODE RESONATOR FILTERS

10.4 LUMPED-ELEMENT FILTERS

10.5 MINIATURE FILTERS USING HIGH DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT SUBSTRATES

10.6 MULTILAYER FILTERS

Chapter Eleven: Superconducting Filters

11.1 HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING (HTS) MATERIALS

11.2 HTS FILTERS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

11.3 HTS FILTERS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

11.4 HTS FILTERS FOR RADIO ASTRONOMY AND RADAR

11.5 HIGH-POWER HTS FILTERS

11.6 CRYOGENIC PACKAGE

Chapter Twelve: Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Filters

12.1 UWB FILTERS WITH SHORT-CIRCUITED STUBS

12.2 UWB-COUPLED RESONATOR FILTERS

12.3 QUASILUMPED ELEMENT UWB FILTERS

12.4 UWB FILTERS USING CASCADED MINIATURE HIGH- AND LOWPASS FILTERS

12.5 UWB FILTERS WITH NOTCH BAND(S)

Chapter Thirteen: Tunable and Reconfigurable Filters

13.1 TUNABLE COMBLINE FILTERS

13.2 TUNABLE OPEN-LOOP FILTERS WITHOUT VIA-HOLE GROUNDING

13.3 RECONFIGURABLE DUAL-MODE BANDPASS FILTERS

13.4 WIDEBAND FILTERS WITH RECONFIGURABLE BANDWIDTH

13.5 RECONFIGURABLE UWB FILTERS

13.6 RF MEMS RECONFIGURABLE FILTERS

13.7 PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER TUNABLE FILTERS

13.8 FERROELECTRIC TUNABLE FILTERS

Appendix: Useful Constants and Data

Index

WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING

KAI CHANG, EditorTexas A&M University

FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Fourth Edition • Govind P. Agrawal

ASYMMETRIC PASSIVE COMPONENTS IN MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS • Hee-Ran Ahn

COHERENT OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS • Silvello Betti, Giancarlo De Marchis, and Eugenio Iannone

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS: FLOQUET ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, BFNs, AND ACTIVE ARRAY SYSTEMS • Arun K. Bhattacharyya

HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES: RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS • Asoke K. Bhattacharyya

RADIO PROPAGATION AND ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINKS: TERRESTRIAL, ATMOSPHERIC, AND IONOSPHERIC • Nathan Blaunstein and Christos G. Christodoulou

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MICROWAVES • Richard C. Booton, Jr.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING • Salvatore Celozzi, Rodolfo Araneo, and Giampiero Lovat

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND ANTENNAS • Kai Chang

MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS • Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS • Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT AND COMPONENT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS • Kai Chang, Inder Bahl, and Vijay Nair

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND RELATED STRUCTURES, Second Edition • Kai Chang and Lung-Hwa Hsieh

MULTIRESOLUTION TIME DOMAIN SCHEME FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING • Yinchao Chen, Qunsheng Cao, and Raj Mittra

DIODE LASERS AND PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS • Larry Coldren and Scott Corzine

EM DETECTION OF CONCEALED TARGETS • David J. Daniels

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT DESIGN • W. Alan Davis and Krishna Agarwal

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT DESIGN, Second Edition • W. Alan Davis

MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION-LINE STRUCTURES: MODAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES • J. A. Brandão Faria

PHASED ARRAY-BASED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS • Nick Fourikis

SOLAR CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Second Edition • Lewis M. Fraas and Larry D. Partain

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES • Jon C. Freeman

OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES • Mitsuo Fukuda

MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS • Fred Gardiol

HIGH-SPEED VLSI INTERCONNECTIONS, Second Edition • Ashok K. Goel

FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVELETS: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS, Second Edition • Jaideva C. Goswami and Andrew K. Chan

HIGH-FREQUENCY ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN • Ravender Goyal (ed.)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ANTENNA MODULES • K. C. Gupta and Peter S. Hall

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS, Second Edition • R. C. Hansen

STRIPLINE CIRCULATORS • Joseph Helszajn

THE STRIPLINE CIRCULATOR: THEORY AND PRACTICE • Joseph Helszajn

LOCALIZED WAVES • Hugo E. Hernández-Figueroa, Michel Zamboni-Rached, and Erasmo Recami (eds.)

MICROSTRIP FILTERS FOR RF/MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS, Second Edition • Jia-Sheng Hong

MICROWAVE APPROACH TO HIGHLY IRREGULAR FIBER OPTICS • Huang Hung-Chia

NONLINEAR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS • Eugenio Iannone, Francesco Matera, Antonio Mecozzi, and Marina Settembre

FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING • Tatsuo Itoh, Giuseppe Pelosi, and Peter P. Silvester (eds.)

INFRARED TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROOPTICS, PHOTONIC DEVICES, AND SENSORS • A. R. Jha

SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO MICROWAVE, ELECTRO-OPTICS, ELECTRICAL MACHINES, AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS • A. R. Jha

TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN SOLUTIONS OF EM PROBLEMS USING INTEGTRAL EQUATIONS AND A HYBRID METHODOLOGY • B. H. Jung, T. K. Sarkar, S. W. Ting, Y. Zhang, Z. Mei, Z. Ji, M. Yuan, A. De, M. Salazar-Palma, and S. M. Rao

OPTICAL COMPUTING: AN INTRODUCTION • M. A. Karim and A. S. S. Awwal

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING • Paul R. Karmel, Gabriel D. Colef, and Raymond L. Camisa

MILLIMETER WAVE OPTICAL DIELECTRIC INTEGRATED GUIDES AND CIRCUITS • Shiban K. Koul

ADVANCED INTEGRATED COMMUNICATION MICROSYSTEMS • Joy Laskar, Sudipto Chakraborty, Manos Tentzeris, Franklin Bien, and Anh-Vu Pham

MICROWAVE DEVICES, CIRCUITS AND THEIR INTERACTION • Charles A. Lee and G. Conrad Dalman

ADVANCES IN MICROSTRIP AND PRINTED ANTENNAS • Kai-Fong Lee and Wei Chen (eds.)

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY • Le-Wei Li, Xiao-Kang Kang, and Mook-Seng Leong

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS • Mi Lu

OPTICAL FILTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: A SIGNAL PROCESSING APPROACH • Christi K. Madsen and Jian H. Zhao

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INFRARED TECHNOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING • Xavier P. V. Maldague

METAMATERIALS WITH NEGATIVE PARAMETERS: THEORY, DESIGN, AND MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS • Ricardo Marqués, Ferran Martín, and Mario Sorolla

OPTOELECTRONIC PACKAGING • A. R. Mickelson, N. R. Basavanhally, and Y. C. Lee (eds.)

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION • Shunji Mori, Hirobumi Nishida, and Hiromitsu Yamada

ANTENNAS FOR RADAR AND COMMUNICATIONS: A POLARIMETRIC APPROACH • Harold Mott

INTEGRATED ACTIVE ANTENNAS AND SPATIAL POWER COMBINING • Julio A. Navarro and Kai Chang

ANALYSIS METHODS FOR RF, MICROWAVE, AND MILLIMETER-WAVE PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES • Cam Nguyen

LASER DIODES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING • Takahiro Numai

FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS • Motoichi Ohtsu (ed.)

WAVELETS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DEVICE MODELING • George W. Pan

OPTICAL SWITCHING • Georgios Papadimitriou, Chrisoula Papazoglou, and Andreas S. Pomportsis

MICROWAVE IMAGING • Matteo Pastorino

ANALYSIS OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES • Clayton R. Paul

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, Second Edition • Clayton R. Paul

ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR VISION SCIENCE: PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES, DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS • Jason Porter, Hope Queener, Julianna Lin, Karen Thorn, and Abdul Awwal (eds.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC OPTIMIZATION BY GENETIC ALGORITHMS • Yahya Rahmat-Samii and Eric Michielssen (eds.)

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS • Leonard M. Riaziat

NEW FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY • Arye Rosen and Harel Rosen (eds.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN MULTI-MODE RANDOM MEDIA • Harrison E. Rowe

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM MEDIA • Harrison E. Rowe

HISTORY OF WIRELESS • Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J. Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta

PHYSICS OF MULTIANTENNA SYSTEMS AND BROADBAND PROCESSING • Tapan K. Sarkar, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Eric L. Mokole

SMART ANTENNAS • Tapan K. Sarkar, Michael C. Wicks, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Robert J. Bonneau

NONLINEAR OPTICS • E. G. Sauter

APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY • Dipak L. Sengupta and Valdis V. Liepa

COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE CIRCUITS, COMPONENTS, AND SYSTEMS • Rainee N. Simons

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES • Onkar N. Singh and Akhlesh Lakhtakia (eds.)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS MICROWAVE CIRCUITS • Almudena Suárez

ELECTRON BEAMS AND MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS • Shulim E. Tsimring

FUNDAMENTALS OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVERS: A SOFTWARE APPROACH, Second Edition • James Bao-yen Tsui

RF/MICROWAVE INTERACTION WITH BIOLOGICAL TISSUES • André Vander Vorst, Arye Rosen, and Youji Kotsuka

InP-BASED MATERIALS AND DEVICES: PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY • Osamu Wada and Hideki Hasegawa (eds.)

COMPACT AND BROADBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS • Kin-Lu Wong

DESIGN OF NONPLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES • Kin-Lu Wong

PLANAR ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS • Kin-Lu Wong

FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE AND GRID ARRAY • T. K. Wu (ed.)

ACTIVE AND QUASI-OPTICAL ARRAYS FOR SOLID-STATE POWER COMBINING • Robert A. York and Zoya B. Popović (eds.)

OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTING AND NEURAL NETWORKS • Francis T. S. Yu and Suganda Jutamulia

ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION TECHNIQUES BASED ON THE FDTD METHOD • Wenhua Yu, Xiaoling Yang, Yongjun Liu, and Raj Mittra

SiGe, GaAs, AND InP HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS • Jiann Yuan

PARALLEL SOLUTION OF INTEGRAL EQUATION-BASED EM PROBLEMS • Yu Zhang and Tapan K. Sarkar

ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS AND MICROWAVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY • Shu-Ang Zhou

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Hong, Jia-Sheng. Microstrip filters for RF/microwave applications / Jia-Sheng Hong. – 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering ; 216) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-40877-3 (hardback) 1. Microwave circuits. 2. Strip transmission lines. 3. Electric filters. I. Title. TK7876.H66 2011 621.381′32–dc22 2010031085

Preface to the Second Edition

The first edition of “Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications” was published in 2001. Over the years, this book has been well received and is used extensively in both academy and industry by microwave researchers and engineers. From its~inception to publication, the book is almost 10 years old. While the fundamentals of filter circuit have not changed, further innovations in filter realizations and other applications have occurred, including changes in technology and use of new fabrication processes. There have been recent advances in RF MEMS and ferroelectric films for tunable filters; the use of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates for multilayer circuits, as well as the new filters for multiband and ultra-wideband (UWB) applications.

Although the microstrip remains as a main transmission line medium for these new developments, there has been a new trend of the combined use of other planar transmission line structures, such as co-planar waveguide (CPW), slotline and defected or slotted ground structures, for novel physical implementations beyond single layer in order to achieve filter miniaturization and better performance. Over the years, practitioners have also suggested topics that should be added for completeness, or deleted in some cases, as they were not very useful in practice.

It is in response to these concerns that the 2nd edition of Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications has been written. The extensively revised book will offer a thoroughly up-to-date professional reference focusing on microstrip and planar filters, which find wide applications in today’s wireless, microwave, communications, and radar systems. It offers a unique comprehensive treatment of filters based on the microstrip and planar structures and includes full design methodologies that are applicable to waveguide and other transmission-line filters. The new edition includes a wealth of new materials including

CPW and slotlinesGeneral coupling matrix, including source and loadMultiband filtersNondegenerate dual-mode filtersFilters with defected ground structuresSubstrate-integrated waveguide filtersLiquid crystal polymer (LCP) and LTCC multilayer filtersHTS filters for mobile/satellite communications and radio astronomyUltra-wideband (UWB) filtersTunable and reconfigurable filters

Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications utilize numerous design examples to demonstrate and emphasize computer-aided design with commercially available software. This intensively revised book, with cutting-edge information, remains not only a valuable design resource for partitions, but also a handy reference for students and researchers in RF and microwave engineering.

I wish to acknowledge the financial supports of the UK EPSRC, Scottish Enterprise, BAE Systems (UK), and SELEX Galileo (UK). I would like to thanks all of my former and current research associates, PhD students, and visiting scholars, including Eamon McErlean, Dr. Young-Hoon Chun, Dr. Zhang-Cheng Hao, Dr. Neil Thomson, Dr. Hussein Shaman, Dr. Sultan Alotaibi, Shuzhou Li, Wenxing Tang, and Alexander Miller, for their works, some of which are presented in the book. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to several national and international collaborators, including Prof. Michael Lancaster and Dr. Tim Jackson (both at University of Birmingham, UK), Dr. Paul Kirby (University of Cranfield, UK), Dr. Zheng Cui (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK), Prof. Yusheng He (CAS, China), Alan Burdis and Colin Bird (both at SELEX Galileo, UK), and Dr. Keren Li (NiCT, Japan). The support provided by Dr. James Rautio and other members of staff at Sonnet Software Inc., USA, is acknowledged. I also wish to thank the colleagues who I have worked with at Heriot-Watt University, including Prof. Marc Desmulliez, Prof. Alan Sangster, Dr. George Goussetis, Prof. Duncan Hand, Dr. Changhai Wang, and Dr. Paul Record.

Needless to say, I am indebted to many researchers for their published work, which have been rich sources of reference. My sincere gratitude extends to the Editor of Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering, Prof. Kai Chang; and the Executive Editor of Wiley-Interscience, George Telecki, for their encouragement in writing this new edition book. I am also indebted to my wife, Kai, and my son, Haide, without their support, writing this book would not have been possible.

JIA-SHENG HONG

2010

Preface to the First Edition

Filters play important roles in many RF/microwave applications. Emerging applications such as wireless communications continue to challenge RF/microwave filters with ever more stringent requirements — higher performance, smaller size, lighter weight, and lower cost. The recent advance of novel materials and fabrication technologies, including high-temperature superconductors (HTS), low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC), monolithic microwave-integrated circuit (MMIC), microelectromechanic system (MEMS), and micro-machining technology, have stimulated the rapid development of new microstrip and other filters for RF/microwave applications. In the meantime, advances in computer-aided design (CAD) tools, such as full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulators, have revolutionized the filter design. Many novel microstrip filters with advanced filtering characteristics have been demonstrated. However, up until now there has not been a single book dedicated to this subject.

Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications offers a unique and comprehensive treatment of RF/microwave filters based on the microstrip structure, providing a link to applications of computer-aided design tools and advanced materials and technologies. Many novel and sophisticated filters using computer-aided design are discussed, from basic concepts to practical realizations. The book is self-contained — it is not only a valuable design resource, but also a handy reference for students, researchers, and engineers in microwave engineering. It can also be used for RF/ microwave education.

The outstanding features of this book include discussion of many novel microstrip filter configurations with advanced filtering characteristics, new design techniques, and methods for filter miniaturization. The book emphasizes computer analysis and synthesis and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation through a large number of design examples. Applications of commercially available software are demonstrated. Commercial applications are included as are design theories and methodologies, which are not only for microstrip filters, but also directly applicable to other types of filters, such as waveguide and other transmission-line filters. Therefore, this book is more than just a text on microstrip filters.

Much of work described herein has resulted from the authors’ research. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial supports of the UK EPSRC and the European Commission through the Advanced Communications Technologies and Services (ACTS) program. They would also like to acknowledge their national and international collaborators, including Professor Heinz Chaloupka at Wuppertal University (Germany), Robert Greed at Marconi Research Center (U.K.), Dr. Jean-Claude Mage at Thomson-CSF/CNRS (France), and Dieter Jedamzik formerly with GEC-Marconi Materials Technology (U.K.).

The authors are indebted to many researchers for their published work, which were rich sources of reference. Their sincere gratitude extends to the Editor of Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering, Professor Kai Chang; the Executive Editor of Wiley-Interscience, George Telecki; and the reviewers for their support in writing the book. The help provided by Cassie Craig and other members of the staff at Wiley is most appreciated. The authors also wish to thank their colleagues at the University of Birmingham, including Professor Peter Hall, Dr. Fred Huang, Dr. Adrian Porch, and Dr. Peter Gardener.

In addition, Jia-Sheng Hong would like to thank Professor John Allen at the University of Oxford (U.K.), Professor Werner Wiesbeck at Kalsruhe Universiy (Germany), and Dr. Nicholas Edwards at the British Telecom (U.K.) for their many years’ support and friendship. Professor Joseph Helszajn at Heriot-Watt University (U.K.), who sent his own book on filters to Jia-Sheng Hong, is also acknowledged.

Finally, Jia-Sheng Hong would like to express his deep appreciation to his wife, Kai, and his son, Haide, for their tolerance and support, which allowed him to write the book at home over many evenings, weekends, and holidays. In particular, without the help of Kai, completing this book on time would not have been possible.

JIA-SHENG HONG M. J. LANCASTER

2001

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

The term microwaves may be used to describe electromagnetic (EM) waves with frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, which correspond to wavelengths (in free space) from 1 m to 1 mm. The EM waves with frequencies above 30 and up to 300 GHz are also called millimeter waves, because their wavelengths are in the millimeter range (1−10 mm). Above the millimeter wave spectrum is the infrared, which comprises electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 1 μm (10−6 m) and 1 mm. Beyond the infrared spectrum is the visible optical spectrum, the ultraviolet spectrum, and x rays. Below the microwave frequency spectrum is the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum. The frequency boundary between RF and microwaves is somewhat arbitrary, depending on the particular technologies developed for the exploitation of that specific frequency range. Therefore, by extension, the RF/microwave applications can be referred to as communications, radar, navigation, radio astronomy, sensing, medical instrumentation, and others that explore the usage of frequency spectrums in the range, for example, 300 kHz up to 300 GHz (Fig. 1.1). For convenience, some of these frequency spectrums are further divided into many frequency bands, as indicated in Fig. 1.1.

FIGURE 1.1 RF/microwave spectrums.

Filters play important roles in many RF/microwave applications. They are used to separate or combine different frequencies. The electromagnetic spectrum is limited and has to be shared; filters are used to select or confine the RF/microwave signals within assigned spectral limits. Emerging applications, such as wireless communications, continue to challenge RF/microwave filters with ever more stringent requirements — higher performance, more functionalities such as tunable or reconfigurable, smaller size, lighter weight, and lower cost. Depending on the requirements and specifications, RF/microwave filters may be designed as lumped element or distributed element circuits, they may be realized in various transmission-line structures, such as waveguide, coaxial line, coplanar waveguide (CPW), slotline, and microstrip.

The recent advance of novel materials and fabrication technologies, including monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC), microelectromechanic system (MEMS) or micromachining, ferroelectrics, high-temperature superconductor (HTS), low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), and liquid crystal polymers (LCP), has stimulated the rapid development of new microstrip and other filters. In the meantime, advances in computer-aided design (CAD) tools, such as full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulators, have revolutionized the filter design. Many novel microstrip filters with advanced filtering characteristics have been demonstrated.

The main objective of this book is to offer a unique and comprehensive treatment of RF/microwave filters, based on the microstrip structure, providing a link to applications of CAD tools, advanced materials, and technologies (see Fig. 1.2). However, it is not the intention of this book to include everything that has been published on microstrip filters; such a work would be out of scale in terms of space and knowledge involved. Moreover, design theories and methods described in the book are not only for microstrip filters, but directly applicable to other types of filters, such as waveguide filters.

FIGURE 1.2 Microstrip filter linkage.

Although the physical realization of filters at RF/microwave frequencies may vary, the circuit network topology is common to all. Therefore, the technique content of the book begins with Chapter 2, which describes various network concepts and equations; these are useful for the analysis of filter networks. Chapter 3 then introduces basic concepts and theories for designing general RF/microwave filters (including microstrip filters). The topics cover filter transfer functions (such as Butterworth, Chebyshev, elliptic function, all-pass, and Gaussian response), lowpass prototype filters and elements, frequency and element transformations, immittance (impedance/admittance) inverters, Richards’ transformation, and Kuroda identities for distributed elements. Effects of dissipation and unloaded quality factor of filter elements on the filter performance are also discussed.

Chapter 4 summarizes basic concepts and design equations for microstrip lines, coupled microstrip lines, discontinuities, lumped and distributed components, as well as coplanar waveguide (CPW), and slotlines, which are useful for design of filters. In Chapter 5, conventional microstrip lowpass and bandpass filters, such as stepped-impedance filters, open-stub filters, semilumped element filters, end- and parallel-coupled half-wavelength resonator filters, hairpin-line filters, interdigital and combline filters, pseudocombline filters and stubline filters, are discussed with instructive design examples.

Chapter 6 discusses some typical microstrip highpass and bandstop filters. These include quasilumped element and optimum distributed highpass filters, narrow-band and wide-band bandstop filters, as well as filters for RF chokes. Design equations, tables, and examples are presented for easy reference.

The remaining chapters of the book deal with more advanced topics. Chapter 7, presents a comprehensive treatment of subjects regarding coupled resonator circuits. These are of importance for design of RF/microwave filters, in particular, the narrow-band bandpass filters that play a significant role in many applications. There is a general technique for designing coupled resonator filters, which can be applied to any type of resonator despite its physical structure. For examples, it can be applied for the design of waveguide filters, dielectric resonator filters, ceramic combline filters, microstrip filters, superconducting filters, and micromachined filters. This design method is based on coupling coefficients of intercoupled resonators and the external quality factors of the input and output resonators. Since this design technique is so useful and flexible, it would be desirable to have a deep understanding of not only its approach, but also its theory. For this purpose, the subjects cover (1) the formulation of general coupling matrix, which is of importance for representing a wide range of coupled-resonator filter topologies, and (2) the general theory of couplings for establishing the relationship between the coupling coefficient, and the physical structure of coupled resonators. This leads to a very useful formulation for extracting coupling coefficients from EM simulations or measurements. Formulations for extracting the external quality factors from frequency responses of the externally loaded input/output resonators are derived next. Numerical examples are followed to demonstrate how to use these formulations to extract coupling coefficients and external quality factors of microwave coupling structures for filter designs. In addition, a more advanced topic on general coupling matrix involving source and load is addressed.

Chapter 8 is concerned with computer-aided design (CAD). Generally speaking, any design involves using computers may be called CAD. There have been extraordinary recent advances in CAD of RF/microwave circuits, particularly in full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations. They have been implemented both in commercial and specific in-house software and are being applied to microwave filters simulation, modeling, design, and validation. The developments in this area are certainly stimulated by increasing computer power. Another driving force for the developments is the requirement of CAD for low-cost and high-volume production. In general, the investment for tooling, materials, and labor mainly affect the cost of filter production. Labor costs include those for design, fabrication, testing, and tuning. Here the costs for the design and tuning can be reduced greatly by using CAD, which can provide more accurate design with less design iterations, leading to first-pass or tuneless filters. This chapter discusses computer simulation and/or computer optimization. It summarizes some basic concepts and methods regarding filter design by CAD. Typical examples of the applications, including filter synthesis by optimization, are described. Many more CAD examples, particularly those based on full-wave EM simulation, can be found throughout this book.

In Chapter 9, we discuss the designs of some advanced filters, including selective filters with a single pair of transmission zeros, cascaded quadruplet (CQ) filters, trisection and cascaded trisection (CT) filters, cross-coupled filters using transmission-line inserted inverters, linear phase filters for group-delay equalization, extracted-pole filters, canonical filters, and multiband filters. These types of filters, which are different from conventional Chebyshev filters, must meet stringent requirements from RF/microwave systems, particularly from wireless communications systems.

Chapter 10 is intended to describe novel concepts, methodologies, and designs for compact filters and filter miniaturization. The new types of filters discussed include compact open-loop and hairpin resonator filters, slow-wave resonator filters, miniaturized dual-mode filters using degenerate or nondegenerate modes, lumped-element filters, filters using high dielectric constant substrates, and multilayer filters. The last topic covers aperture-coupled resonator filters, filters with defected or slotted-ground structures, substrate integrated waveguide filters, as well as low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) and liquid crystal polymer (LCP) filters.

Chapter 11 introduces high-temperature superconductors (HTS) for RF/microwave filter applications. It covers some important properties of superconductors and substrates for growing HTS films, which are essential for the design of HTS microstrip filters. Typical superconducting filters with super performance for mobile and satellite communications, as well as radio astronomy and radar applications, are described in this chapter.

Chapter 12 focuses on ultra-wideband (UWB) filters, which are a key component for many promising modern applications of UWB technology. In this chapter, typical types of UWB filters are described. This includes UWB filters comprised of short-circuit stubs, UWB filters using coupled single-mode or multimode resonators, quasilumped element UWB filters, UWB filters based on cascaded highpass and lowpass filters, and UWB filters with single- or multiple-notched bands.

The final chapter of the book (Chapter 13) is concerned with electronically tunable and reconfigurable filters. In general, to develop an electronically reconfigurable filter, active switching or tuning elements, such as semiconductor p-i-n and varactor diodes, RF MEMS or other functional material-based components, including ferroelectric varactors and piezoelectric transducers need to be integrated within a passive filtering structure. Typical filters of these types are described in this chapter, which include tunable combline filters, tunable open-loop filters without using any via-hole connections, reconfigurable dual-mode filters, wideband filters with reconfigurable bandwidth, reconfigurable UWB filters, RF MEMS reconfigurable filters, piezoelectric transducer tunable filters, and ferroelectric tunable filters.