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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book presents the electrical models for the different elements of a photonic microwave link like lasers, external modulators, optical fibers, photodiodes and phototransistors. The future trends of these components are also introduced: lasers to VCSEL, external modulators to electro-absorption modulators, glass optical fibers to plastic optical fibers, photodiodes to UTC photodiodes or phototransistors. It also describes an original methodology to evaluate the performance of a microwave photonic link, based on the developed elcetrical models, that can be easily incorporated in commercial electrical circuits simulation software to simulate this complete link.
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Seitenzahl: 413
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013
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Table of Contents
Preface
Abbreviation Glossary
Chapter 1: General Points
1.1. Microwave photonic links
1.2. Link description
1.3. Signal to transmit
1.4. Limitations of microwave photonic links
1.5. The components and characteristics of microwave photonic links
Chapter 2: Generation and Modulation of Light
2.1. Laser
2.2. Electro-optic modulator: EOM
2.3. Electro-absorption modulator: EAM
Chapter 3: Optical Fibers and Amplifiers
3.1. Optical fibers
3.2. Optical amplifiers
3.3. Appendix: modal analysis of propagation in a fiber
Chapter 4: Photodetectors
4.1. Photodetector definition
4.2. Photodiodes
4.3. Phototransistors
4.4. Appendix
Chapter 5: Performance of Microwave Photonic Links
5.1. Microwave photonic links: diagrams and definitions
5.2. Optomicrowave S-parameters and gains of each photonic link component
5.3. Microwave photonic links optomicrowave S-parameters and gains
5.4. Comparison of different link gains
5.5. Direct modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figures
5.6. External modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure
5.7. Comparisons of different link noise figures
5.8. Microwave photonic link nonlinearity: distortion phenomena
5.9. Microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range
5.10. Appendix
Chapter 6: Complement to Microwave Photonic Link Performances
6.1. Microwave signal attenuation during double sideband modulation
6.2. Modulator structures for optical carrier or high and low sideband removal
6.3. Degradation of a microwave signal spectral purity by an optical link
Chapter 7: Electronic Amplifiers in Microwave Photonic Links
7.1. Electronic amplifiers in optical links
7.2. Amplifiers in the optical link emitter
7.3. Receiver: amplifiers at the photodetector output
7.4. Appendix: analog and microwave amplifiers
Chapter 8: Simulation and Measurement of Microwave Photonic Links
8.1. State of the art and context
8.2. Microwave optical link models
8.3. Nonlinearity effects in the link
8.4. Link noise modelling
8.5. Other types of modulation of signals transmitted on an optical fiber
8.6. Conclusion
8.7. Appendix
Bibliography
Index
First published 2011 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adapted and updated from Composants et circuits pour liaisons photoniques en micro-ondes published 2010 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier © LAVOISIER 2010
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.iste.co.ukwww.wiley.com© ISTE Ltd 2011
The rights of Christian Rumelhard, Catherine Algani, Anne-Laure Billabert to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rumelhard, Christian.
Microwave photonic links: components and circuits / Christian Rumelhard, Catherine Algani, AnneLaure Billabert.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84821-226-8
1. Optical communications--Equipment and supplies. 2. Microwave communication systems--Equipment and supplies. 3. Telecommunication--Switching systems. I. Algani, Catherine. II. Billabert, Anne-Laure. III. Title.
TK5103.59.R86 2011
621.381'3--dc22
2010046517
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-226-8
Preface
Two important areas of applications of microwave photonic links are electromagnetic sensors and radio-over-fiber (RoF) applications.
Electromagnetic sensor microwave systems of the future will principally use active phased-array antennas. The development will be determined by reliability requirements, resistance to interference, and total emission flexibility of the beamforming networks. This type of antenna would therefore be used in a diverse range of applications, e.g. radar, communication, and countermeasures. To satisfy this multifunctional approach, it will be necessary to distribute these antennas all over the surface area of strategic platforms (planes, drones, boats, etc), While, on the ground, the multistatic mode of operation will force multiple antennas to be deported from their processing unit.
This will require links with very low loss and noise, enabling remote-control antennas and the distribution and processing of very wide bandwidth microwave signals (typically 1-20 GHz; 40 GHz will be seen in the future).
Currently the maturity and performance, notably in terms of spectral purity and opto-electronic component linearity, are such that it is possible to consider both optical distribution and processing of these electrical signals. Thus, the optical transmission of microwaves offers as well as propagation of broad frequency bands, advantages regarding weight, volume, and flexibility characterized by a decrease in the weight of the wiring by 90% in comparison to coaxial cables; and thus insensitivity to electromagnetic perturbation. All of which will enable the introduction of new concepts in microwave systems based on optical architecture.
Several sensor radar systems have been designed and produced in France, the United States, the UK, and Italy, and photonic technology for the distribution of microwave signals is already being used for ground, airborne and aerospace applications.
Fiber-optic distribution network technology is an emergence of this technology platform, in reference to the design of opto-electronic links for the transmission of microwave and digital signals. This optical wiring aims to replace coaxial wiring for onboard electronics interconnections. Here the term transmission is taken in the sense that microwave transmissions on optical carriers are in-phase.
These functions require the design of emitting and receiving optoelectronic modules, the integration of both high thermal stability multiplexing/ demultiplexing functions and single-mode connectors, either point to point or multipoints.
Another area of reference is the optical control of the phase and/or delay of microwave signals, and their applications to electromagnetic sensor systems. This occurs by the design of ultrafast opto-electronic multi-chip modules incorporating the optically-controlled switching, the control synthesis of time delay systems, and the multiwave laser sources.
Amongst the most promising technologies is the synthesis of mono- and bidimensional time-delays for the single and multiple beamforming in receiver and emitter, the ultraprecise (picoseconds) time synchronization of distributed electromagnetic sensors, the time-delay control (precision in the order of picoseconds) of very wide bandwidth microwave signals to measure the arrival direction and the waveshape generation.
Another important area involving all RoF applications is the extensive development of wireless networks using microwaves or ultra-wideband signals. This is achieved by providing optical tunnels capable of reaching all areas of a company, university, etc., or all the rooms of a house, whilst benefiting from the very low loss associated with fiber optics.
In their work titled “Microwave Photonic Links”, C. Rumelhard, C. Algani, and A.-L Billabert studied and developed models of the components and photonic functions in microwave applications, thus laying the foundation for research into microwave photonic links in order to allow the integration of these components in electromagnetic sensors systems. The components and functions addressed range from optical sources (modulated semiconductor lasers or externally modulated continuous lasers) to photodetectors, optical fibers, and optical amplifiers.
This work focuses upon optical components, their transfer functionality and their modeling in terms of microwave components, in order to create an electrical model of microwave photonic links. In order to achieve this level of complexity, a number of modeling approaches have been created by the authors to elucidate the influences of the constituent components of microwave photonic links.
Because the advancement of opto-electronics, photonics, and microwaves is possible by the unification of modeling approaches, there is no doubt that such works will be referenced by students, but also by design engineers and architects of electromagnetic sensor systems who will incorporate this new technology into their designs.
This is, to the author’s knowledge, the first work addressing the description and modeling of microwave photonic link technology, with an educational approach to physical phenomena and new approaches to modeling microwave photonic components.
Jean Chazelas
Scientific DirectorThalesAeronautics Division
