Millimeter Wave Communication Systems E-Book

Kao-Cheng Huang

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 410

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The aim of this book is to present the modern design and analysis principles of millimeter-wave communication system for wireless devices and to give postgraduates and system professionals the design insights and challenges when integrating millimeter wave personal communication system. Millimeter wave communication system are going to play key roles in modern gigabit wireless communication area as millimeter-wave industrial standards from IEEE, European Computer Manufacturing Association (ECMA) and Wireless High Definition (Wireless HD) Group, are on their way to the market. The book will review up-to-date research results and utilize numerous design and analysis for the whole system covering from Millimeter wave frontend to digital signal processing in order to address major topics in a high speed wireless system.

This book emphasizes the importance and the requirements of high-gain antennas, low power transceiver, adaptive equalizer/modulation, channeling coding and adaptive multi-user detection for gigabit wireless communications. In addition, the book will include the updated research literature and patents in the topics of transceivers, antennas, MIMO, channel capacity, coding, equalizer, Modem and multi-user detection. Finally the application of these antennas will be discussed in light of different forthcoming wireless standards at V-band and E-band.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Millimeter Wave Characteristics

1.1 Millimeter Wave Characteristics

1.2 Channel Performance at 60 GHz

1.3 Gigabit Wireless Communications

1.4 Development of Millimeter Wave Standards

1.5 Coexistence with Wireless Backhaul

References

Chapter 2: Review of Modulations for Millimeter Wave Communications

2.1 On/Off Keying (OOK)

2.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

2.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

2.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

2.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

References

Chapter 3: Millimeter Wave Transceivers

3.1 Millimeter Wave Link Budget

3.2 Transceiver Architecture

3.3 Transceiver Without Mixer

3.4 Receiver Without Local Oscillator

3.5 Millimeter Wave Calibration

3.6 Research Trend: Transceiver Siliconization

References

Chapter 4: Millimeter Wave Antennas

4.1 Path Loss and Antenna Directivity

4.2 Antenna Beamwidth

4.3 Maximum Possible Gain-to-Q

4.4 Polarization

4.5 Beam Steering Antenna

4.6 Millimeter Wave Design Consideration

4.7 Production and Manufacture

References

Chapter 5: Millimeter Wave Mimo

5.1 Spatial Diversity of Antenna Arrays

5.2 Multiple Antennas

5.3 Multiple Transceivers

5.4 Noise Coupling in a MIMO System

References

Chapter 6: Advanced Diversity Over Mimo Channels

6.1 Potential Benefits for Millimeter Wave Systems

6.2 Spatial and Temporal Diversity

6.3 Spatial and Frequency Diversity

6.4 Dynamic Spatial, Frequency, and Modulation Allocation

References

Chapter 7: Advanced Beam Steering and Beam Forming

7.1 The Need for Beam-Steering/Beam-Forming

7.2 Adaptive Frame Structure

7.3 Advanced Beam Steering Technology

7.4 Advanced Antenna ID Technology

7.5 Advanced Beam Forming Technology

References

Chapter 8: Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization

8.1 Advantages of SC-FDE over OFDM for Millimeter Wave Systems

8.2 Preamble Design

8.3 Adaptive Channel Estimation

8.4 Frequency Domain Equalization

8.5 Decision Feedback Equalization

References

Appendix: Simulation Tools

Index

EEE Press Series on Digital and Mobile Communication

IEEE Press

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Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief

R. AbariM. El-HawaryS. NahavandiJ. AndersonB. M. HammerliW. ReeveF. CanaveroM. LanzerottiT. SamadT. G. CrodaO. MalikG. Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Technical Reviewer

Dr. Tarief Elshafiey

Electrical Engineering Department

Yanbu Industrial College

Yanbu, KSA

Copyright © 2011 by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Huang, Kao-Cheng.

Millimeter wave communication systems / Kao-Cheng Huang, Zhaocheng Wang.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-470-40462-1 (hardback)

1. Milimeter waves. 2. Millimeter wave communication systems. 3. Gigabit communications–Equipment and supplies. 4. Radio–Receivers and reception. I. Wang, Zhaocheng, 1968- II. Title.

TK5103.4835.H83 2010

621.384–dc22

2010013929

Preface

This book presents millimeter wave communication system design and analysis at the level to produce an understanding of the interaction between a wireless system and its front end so that the overall performance can be predicted. Gigabit wireless communications require a considerable amount of bandwidth, which can be supported by millimeter waves. Millimeter wave technology has come of age, and at the time of writing the standards of IEEE 802.15.3c, WiGig, Wireless HDTM, and the European Computer Manufacturers Association have recently been finalized. The technology has attracted new commercial wireless applications and new markets such as high-speed download and wireless high definition TV. This book emphasizes both the front end and system for gigabit wireless communications, with an emphasis on wireless communications at the 60 GHz ISM band as well as the E band. We review the particular requirements for this application and address the design and feasibility of millimeter wave system, such as transceivers, antennas, equalizers, beam steering and beam forming. The applications of these systems are discussed in light of different forthcoming wireless standards. Examples of designs are presented and the analysis of their performance is detailed. In addition, the book includes a bibliography of current research literature and patents in this area.

Millimeter Wave Communication Systems endeavours to offer a comprehensive treatment of the advanced communication system based on the electronic consumer applications, providing a link to applications of computer-aided design tools and advanced methods and technologies. The major features of this book include discussion of many novel millimeter wave communication system configurations with new design techniques and concepts.

Although it contains some introductory material, this book is intended to provide a collection of millimeter wave front-end design data for communication system designers and front-end designers. The book should also act as a reference for postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers in millimeter wave engineering. It can also be used for millimeter wave teaching. A summary of each chapter follows.

Chapter 1 gives an overview of millimeter wave background and recent developments in personal communication systems. Characteristics of millimeter wave are reviewed and analyzed in the context of IEE802.15.3c-related communication systems. System requirements and challenges are explicitly studied.

Chapter 2 summarizes modern digital communication modulation techniques, such as OOK, PSK, FSK, QAM, and OFDM. The objective is to make a smooth transition between millimeter wave techniques and signal processing.

Chapter 3 presents both classical and modern transceiver architectures. As millimeter wave needs a lot of DC power to build wireless links, this issue is vital for personal communication and there is a strong demand to develop low-power transceivers. The transceiver block is studied in this chapter to discover low DC power solutions.

Chapter 4 focuses on antenna issues of communication systems. As antennas need to satisfy the system requirement, parameters must find trade-offs between beamwidth, coverage, and the number of users. Several types of millimeter wave antennas are discussed and their pros and cons in terms of feasibility and flexibility are compared.

Chapter 5 explores multiple input and multiple output for millimeter wave applications. Multiple antenna issues such as mutual coupling and spatial diversity are tackled. Multiple transceivers issues such as channel knowledge, receiver diversity are also discussed. Signal-to-noise ratio of the whole system is analyzed.

Chapter 6 presents new aspects of advanced diversity for millimeter wave wireless systems, including spatial diversity, temporal diversity, frequency diversity, and the combination of them.

Chapter 7 gives an overview of the advanced concept of beam steering and beam forming for millimeter wave wireless systems. Various frame structures to support beam steering and beam forming with reduced hardware complexity are introduced. The idea of beam steering using regular antenna radiation patterns and the concept of beam steering using irregular antenna radiation patterns are summarized.

Chapter 8 provides an overview of a single-carrier frequency domain equalizer with and without decision feedback equalization. Various frame structures, adaptive channel estimation methods, and a plurality of equalizer structures are demonstrated.

The authors are obliged to many people. First of all, we wish to acknowledge the valuable review comments from Prof. Sheng Chen, IEEE Fellow, University of Southampton, U.K., and Prof. Tarief Elshafiey, head of the electrical and computer engineering department, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo, Egypt. Also, the authors acknowledge the copyright permission from IEEE (U.S.) and Su Khiong Yong (U.S.).

The authors also wish to thank Dr. Chao Zhang at Tsinghua University, China, for authority Chapter 2.

The authors are indebted to many researchers for their published works, which were rich sources of reference. Our sincere gratitude extends to Jeanne Audino and other IEEE editors for their support in writing the book. The help provided by Mary Mann and other members of the staff at John Wiley & Sons is most appreciated.

In addition, Kao-Cheng Huang would like to thank Prof. David J. Edwards, University of Oxford (U.K.), Prof. Mook-Seng Leong, National University of Singapore (Singapore), Prof. Predrag Rapajic, University of Greenwich (U.K.), Prof. Rüdiger Vahldieck, ETH (Switzerland), the late Prof. Ban-Leong Ooi, National University of Singapore (Singapore), Dr. David Haigh, IEEE Fellow, Imperial College (U.K.), Prof. Francis Lau, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (China), Prof. Hsueh-Man Shen, New York University (U.S.), Dr. Chris Stevens, University of Oxford, (U.K.), Dr. Jia-Sheng Hong, Heriot-Watt University (U.K.) and Dr. John Thornton, University of York (U.K.) for their many years of support.

List of Abbreviations

AASantenna asymmetric systemADCanalog-to-digital converterAGCautomatic gain controllerAPaccess pointsAPSKamplitude and phase shift keyingASKamplitude shift keyingASSantenna symmetric systemAWGNadditive white Gaussian noiseAWVantenna-array weight vectorBERbit error rateBPSKbinary phase shift keyingCEchannel estimationCFRcrest factor reductionCFRchannel frequency responseCMOScomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductorCPcyclic prefixCPFSKcontinuous phase frequency shift keyingCP-SCcyclic prefix single carrierCRCcyclic redundancy checkCSFchannel sounding frameCSIchannel state informationCTPcandidate transmission pathDACdigital-to-analog converterDBPSKdifferential binary phase shift keyingDEV1device 1DEV2device 2DFdata frameDFEdecision feedback equalizationDFTdiscrete Fourier transformationDPDdigital predistortionDPSKdifferential binary phase shift keyingDQPSKdifferential quadrature phase shift keyingDSPdigital signal processingECMAEuropean Computer Manufacture AssociationEGCequal gain combiningEHFextremely high frequencyESNReffective SNRFBfeedbackFCCFederal Communications CommissionFD-DFEfrequency domain decision feedback equalizationFDEfrequency domain equalizationFDE-NPfrequency domain linear equalizer using time domain noise prediction filterFD-LEfrequency domain linear equalizerFDMfrequency division multiplexingFECforward error correctionFERframe error rateFFfeedforwardFFTfast Fourier transformFMfrequency modulationFOQPSKFeher offset quadrature phase shift keyingFPCFabry-Perot cavityFSKfrequency shift keyingGSMglobal system for mobile communicationsHDRhigh data rateHDTVhigh-definition televisionHPBWhalf-power beam widthIBDFEiterative block decision feedback equalizationICIinter-carrier interferenceIDFTinverse discrete Fourier transformIFintermediate frequencyIFFTinverse fast Fourier transform or inverse fast Fourier transformationISIinter-symbol interferenceISMindustrial, scientific and medicalLANlocal area networkLDFlong data frameLDRlow data rateLen_CDPlength of channel delay profileLNAlow noise amplifierLOlocal oscillatorLOSline-of-sightLSBleast significant bitLTCClow temperature cofired ceramics substratesLTElong-term evaluationLUTlook-up tableMACmedia access controlMAMM-ary amplitude modulationMCmultiple-carrierMFBmatched filter boundMIMOmultiple-input-multiple-outputMLSEmaximum likehihood sequence estimationMMICmonolithic microwave integrated circuitMMSEminimum mean squared errorMRCmaximum ratio combiningMSBmost significant bitMSEmean squared errorMTmobile terminalMTBFmean time between failureNLOSnon-LOSOBOoutput back-offOFDMorthogonal frequency division multiplexingOOKon/off keyingOQPSKoffset quadrature phase shift keyingPApower amplifierPAPRpeak-to-average power ratioPERpacket error ratePHYphysical layerPLLphase-locked loopPNpseudo noisePPMpulse position modulationPSportable stationPSDSphase spectrum demodulation schemesPSKphase shift keyingPSMSphase spectrum modulation schemesQAquantized amplitudeQAMquadrature amplitude modulationQoSQuality of serviceQPSquantized phase shiftQPSKquadrature phase shift keyingRFradio frequencyRMSroot mean squareRRCroot raised cosineRSSIreceived signal strength indicatorRxreceiverSCsingle-carrierSC-FDEsingle-carrier frequency domain equalizerSC-FDMAsingle-carrier frequency division multiple accessSDFshort data frameSDRsoftware defined radioSFDstart of frame delimiterSISOsingle-input-single-outputSNRsignal-to-noise ratioSOQPSKshaped offset quadrature phase shift keyingSPDTsingle-pole double-throwSPIsix-port interferometerSVDsingular value decompositionTDDtime division duplexTxtransmitterUEPunequal error protectionULAuniform linear arraysUWunique wordUWBultrawidebandUW-SCunique word single carrierVCOvoltage controlled oscillatorVSWRvoltage standing wave ratioWireless HDWireless high definitionWLANwireless local area networksWPANwireless personal area networkXORexclusive-OR

Chapter 1

Millimeter Wave Characteristics

Corresponding to the progress of multimedia technology and data storage technology, a high data rate of 10 Gbit/s is expected, driven by the increasing memory capacity in wireless/mobile devices. It seems clear that the demand for a high data rate and high-integrity services will continue to grow in the foreseeable future, especially at the V band (40–75 GHz) and W band (75–111 GHz). In this chapter we introduce the basic characteristics of millimeter wave communication and its areas of application.

In very broad terms, millimeter wave technology can be classified as occupying the electromagnetic spectrum that spans between 30 and 300 GHz, which corresponds to wavelengths from 10 to 1 mm. In this book, we will focus on the 60 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (unless otherwise specified, the terms 60 GHz and millimeter wave will be used interchangeably), which has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for multi-gigabit wireless indoor communication systems.

This chapter is organized as follows: Section 1.1 describes the characteristics of millimeter waves. Section 1.2 describes the channel performance of millimeter waves. Using these characteristics and performance, one can achieve the concept of gigabit wireless communications as shown in Section 1.3. Section 1.4 presents the development of millimeter wave standards in different countries. Section 1.5 describes interoperability, convergence, and co-existence of millimeter wave standards with other wireless local area network (LAN) standards.

1.1 Millimeter Wave Characteristics

Before beginning an in-depth discussion of millimeter wave communication systems, it is important to understand the characteristics of millimeter waves. Millimeter waves are usually considered to be the range of wavelengths from 10 to 1 mm. This means they are larger than infrared waves or x-rays, for example, but smaller than radio waves or microwaves. The millimeter-wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponds to the radio band frequency range of 30–300 GHz and is also called the extremely high frequency (EHF) range. The high frequencies of millimeter waves, as well as their propagation characteristics (i.e., the ways they change or interact with the atmosphere as they travel), make them useful for a variety of applications, including the transmission of large amounts of data, cellular communications, and radar. This section presents the benefits of 60 GHz technology and its characteristics. It can be used for high-speed Internet, data, and voice communications, offering the following key benefits: