Mineralized Tissues in Oral and Craniofacial Science E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1047

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Mineralized Tissues in Oral and Craniofacial Science is a major comprehensive update on knowledge in the field of mineralized tissues in the oral and craniofacial region. Drs. McCauley and Somerman assembled an international team of researchers and clinicians, offering a global perspective on the current knowledge in this field. Basic and clinical correlates reinforce the significance of research to clinical diagnoses and therapies, written in a manner that lends easily to their use for case study teaching venues.

Section 1 features the many aspects of bone in the craniofacial region, including embryology, cell biology, and stem cell biology. Section 2 focuses on teeth-tooth development, dentin, enamel, cementum, and tooth regeneration. Section 3 discusses the interaction between bones and teeth, including those associated with inflammatory processes, periodontal ligaments, biomechanics, and other impact factors-such as nutrition, metabolic bone diseases and therapeutic modalities.

The novel approach of linking the basic principles of the cell and molecular biology of hard tissues to clinical correlates will appeal to readers at all levels of their research careers, both students and faculty; faculty interested in a comprehensive text for reference; and  clinicians interested in the biologic aspects of bones and teeth.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Editors

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Foreword

SECTION 1: Bones of the oral-dental and craniofacial complex

1 Embryology of craniofacial bones

Head formation

Branchial arches and formation of the mouth

Formation of the face, primary palate, and odontogenic epithelium

Formation of the secondary palate

Development of the skull

Development of the mandible and maxilla

Molecular aspects of craniofacial development: concepts and recent developments

Conclusions, futures orientations, and clinical perspectives

2 Clinical correlate: cleft lip and palate

Case presentation

Summary

3 Cell and molecular biology of the osteoclast and bone resorption

Regulation of osteoclast number

Regulation of osteoclast activity

Other roles of osteoclasts

Conclusion

4 Clinical correlate: osteopetrosis

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

5 Clinical correlate: CLCN7-associated autosomal recessive osteopetrosis

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

6 Osteoblasts of craniofacial bone

Embryological origin of craniofacial osteoblasts from neural crest and specification of cellular fate

Transcriptional control of the osteoblast lineage

Properties of mature osteoblasts and osteocytes

Major regulatory functions of osteoblasts and osteocytes

Signaling pathways affecting osteoblast function

Use of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitors for cranial bone regeneration

Summary and future directions

Acknowledgments

7 Clinical correlate: cleidocranial dysplasia

Case reports

Discussion

8 Cell biology of craniofacial bone: osteocytes

Osteocytes as mechanosensory cells

The role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in osteocyte function

Osteocytes as orchestrators of bone remodeling

Osteocyte viability and cell death

Medical, dental, and health implications

Conclusions, future directions, and perspectives

Summary

Acknowledgments

9 Clinical correlate: Van Buchem disease

Genetic background

Sclerostin: characteristics and expression

Clinical features

Therapeutic possibilities

Summary

10 Stem cell biology in the craniofacial apparatus

Early development of CNCCs

Fate determination and differentiation of CNCC: the function of the TGFβ-signaling pathway

Stem cell properties of CNCCs and their potential for alveolar bone regeneration

Identification of mesenchymal stem cells in the craniofacial region

Immunomodulatory property of dental or orofacial mesenchymal stem cells

11 Clinical correlate: stem cell therapy for craniofacial bone regeneration

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

12 Extracellular matrix and mineralization of craniofacial bone

Structure of craniofacial bone

Transcriptional regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Early events in bone extracellular matrix deposition

Extracellular matrix assembly, composition, and maturation

Mineralization of bone

Cell–matrix and matrix–matrix interfaces in bone

Medical and dental health implications

Summary

Future directions and perspectives

13 Clinical correlate: osteogenesis imperfecta

Case presentation

Osteogenesis imperfect and dentinogenesis imperfecta: presentations and basic defects

Collagens: the model of structural proteins

Proteins of the matrix and mutations and their consequences

Molecular mechanisms of genetic disorders

Bifid uvula: its clinical associations and underlying causes

Back to clinical relevance

Heritable connective tissue disorders in perspective: a wrapup

SECTION 2: Teeth

14 Tooth development

Developmental anatomy

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of tooth development

Conclusions, medical and dental implications, and future perspectives

Summary

15 Clinical correlate: tooth agenesis

Case presentation 1

Case presentation 2

Case presentation 3

Conclusion

Summary

Acknowledgments

16 Dentin

Dentin formation

Basic structure of dentin

Conclusions and future directions

Summary

17 Clinical correlate: dentinogenesis imperfecta, restorative procedures, and caries

Dentin and dentin defects

Diagnosis, progression, and prognosis of inherited dentin defects

Clinical course of a patient with dentinogenesis imperfecta type II

Discussion

Summary

Acknowledgments

18 Enamel fabrication: the story of amelogenesis

Development of teeth and gene expression

Enamel matrix proteins and proteinases

Ameloblast cell biology, integrins, and cell adhesion molecules

Hierarchical organization and material properties

Disruption to the enamel extracellular matrix due to gene mutation

Conclusions, future directions, and perspectives

Summary

19 Clinical correlate: amelogenesis imperfecta

Case presentation

Discussion

20 Cementum

Types of cementum

Composition of cementum

Cementogenesis revisited: a short primer

Would the real cementoblast please step forward? Controversies on induction and identity of cementum-forming cells

Cementogenesis gone awry: insights into the regulation of development and maintenance of cementum

Medical and health perspectives on periodontal regeneration

Summary

Acknowledgments

21 Clinical correlate: case study of identical twins with cementum and periodontal defects resulting from odontohypophosphatasia

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

Summary

Acknowledgments

22 Dental engineering: tooth regeneration

Importance of tooth regeneration

Tooth development

Tooth regeneration

Stem cells for tooth regeneration

Current problems and possible solutions for successful tooth regeneration

Conclusion

23 Clinical correlate: periodontal regeneration

Case presentation

Discussion

Summary

24 Clinical correlate: natural tooth regeneration

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

25 Clinical correlate: regenerative endodontics in an immature tooth with pulpal necrosis and periapical pathosis

Case report

Discussion

Summary

SECTION 3: Bones and teeth

26 Bone and tooth interface: periodontal ligament

Development of the periodontal ligament

General structure and composition of the periodontal ligament

Homeostasis of the periodontal ligament

Regulation and maintenance of the periodontal ligament space

Mechanical loading and the periodontal ligament

Conclusion

27 Clinical correlate: two cases of destructive periodontal disease

Periodontal ligament in health and disease

Case 1: chronic periodontitis

Case 2: aggressive periodontitis

Future considerations for regenerating tissues

Summary

Acknowledgments

28 Periodontal disease and inflammation-induced bone remodeling

Bacterial etiology of periodontial disease

Activation of the innate immune response and periodontal disease

Activation of the adaptive immune response and periodontal disease

Interactions between the innate and adaptive immune responses

Inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis

Coupled bone formation in periodontal disease

29 Clinical correlate: endodontic lesions

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

Summary

Acknowledgments

30 Biomechanics of teeth in bone: function, movement, and prosthetic rehabilitation

The tooth–bone interface is a mechanical linkage

Mechanical properties of periodontal constituents

Loading of teeth and jaws

Modeling and remodeling in response to mechanical strain

Alveolar bone mechanics without teeth

Implications for future translational research on PDL biomechanics

Summary

31 Clinical correlate: biomechanics of teeth in bone

Case presentation

Discussion

Summary

32 Impact of metabolic bone disease on craniofacial bones and teeth

Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Age-associated osteoporosis

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

Osteoporosis secondary to cancer: androgen ablation and aromatase inhibitors

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy

Paget’s disease

Summary

33 Clinical correlate: renal osteodystrophy

Case presentation

Discussion

Summary

34 Mineral metabolism and its impact on craniofacial bones and teeth

Calcium homeostasis and its impact on craniofacial bones and teeth

Rickets and the development of craniofacial bones and teeth

Phosphate homeostasis and its impact on craniofacial bone and teeth

Conclusion and future directions

Summary

35 Clinical correlate: mineral metabolism and disruption of dentoalveolar development in a case of craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD)

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

36 Sun, nutrition, and the mineralization of bones and teeth

Rickets and industrial foods: the pre-vitamin, pre–World War I era

The 1920s: rickets is not a typical nutritional deficiency syndrome?

Vitamins and the birth of nutritionism between World Wars I and II

The 1920s: start of the unbridled marketing of vitamins

Processed versus unprocessed foods: an early twentieth-century conflict

Late twentieth-century defeat of the unprocessed food hypothesis and the advent of osteoporosis

Randomized controlled trials of dietary supplements: is it too late to change beliefs?

Dental diseases: caused by darkness and malnutrition?

Conclusions: evolutionary health promotion?

Acknowledgments

37 Clinical correlate: vitamin D deficiency

Case presentation

Discussion

Conclusion

38 Impact of therapeutic modalities on craniofacial bones and teeth

Effects of medical intervention: radiation therapy

Bone-sparing drugs: bisphosphonates and RANKL inhibitors

Hormones: estrogen

Hormones: parathyroid hormone

Fluorides

Tetracyclines

Summary

39 Clinical correlate: osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORN)

Case

Discussion

Conclusion

Summary

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mineralized tissues in oral and craniofacial science : biological principles and clinical correlates / editors, Laurie K. McCauley, Martha J. Somerman.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-95833-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)

 I. McCauley, Laurie K. II. Somerman, Martha J.

 [DNLM: 1. Bone Development. 2. Skull–cytology. 3. Bone Diseases, Developmental. 4. Bone Regeneration. 5. Connective Tissue Cells. 6. Tooth–cytology. WE 705]

 617.6´34–dc23

2011048259

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Contributors

Editors

Laurie K. McCauley, DDS, PhDWilliam K. and Mary Anne Najjar Professor and Chair, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine Professor, Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Martha J. Somerman, DDS, PhDFormer Dean and Professor, University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington, USA Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Chief, Laboratory for Oral Connective Tissue Biology National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Contributors

Tara Aghaloo, DDS, MD, PhDAssociate Professor Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry Los Angeles, California, USA

Kentaro Akiyama, DDS, PhDResearch Associate Ostrow School of Dentistry Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan

Roland Baron, DDS, PhDProfessor and Chair Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine Professor Harvard Medical School Endocrine Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA

P. Mark Bartold, BDS, BScDent(Hons), PhD, DDSc, FRACDS(Perio)Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre School of Dentistry University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Jill Bashutski, DDS, MSClinical Assistant Professor Discipline Coordinator for Undergraduate Periodontics Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Joel Berg, DDS, MSProfessor Lloyd and Kay Chapman Chair for Oral Health Director, Department of Dentistry Seattle Children’s Hospital Associate Dean for Hospital Affairs Chair, Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington, USA

Martin Biosse-Duplan, DDS, PhDInstructor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Periodontics Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Université Paris Descartes Paris, France

Lynda F. Bonewald, PhDVice Chancellor for Research Interim Curator’s Professor Lee M and William Lefkowitz Professor Director, Bone Biology Research Program Director, UMKC Center of Excellence in Mineralized Tissues University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology Kansas City, Missouri, USA

Tatiana M. Botero, DDS, MSClinical Associate Professor Cariology, Restorative Science and Endodontics School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

A.L.J.J. Bronckers, PhDAssociate Professor Department of Oral Cell Biology ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Peter H. Byers, MDProfessor, Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Medical Genetics) Adjunct Professor, Departments of Oral Biology and Genome Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Yang Chai, DDS, PhDGeorge and Mary Lou Boone Professor Director, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology Associate Dean of Research Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, USA

Yong-Hee Patricia Chun, DDS, MS, PhDAssistant Professor/Research Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA

Matthew DiAndreth, DMD, MSPrivate Practice Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Rena N. D’Souza, DDS, PhDProfessor and Chair Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas, Texas, USA

Paul C. Edwards, MSc, DDS, FRCD(C)Associate Professor (Clinical), Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine Division of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Jian Q. Feng, MD, PhDProfessor Biomedical Sciences Baylor College of Dentistry Texas A&M Health Science Center Dallas, Texas, USA

Joseph P. Fiorellini, DMD, DMScProfessor and Chair of Periodontics University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine Department of Periodontics Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Brian L. Foster, PhDResearch Fellow Laboratory for Oral Connective Tissue Biology National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Renny T. Franceschi, PhDProfessor of Dentistry, Biological Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Jia-Hui Fu, BDS, MSAssistant Professor Department of Periodontics National University of Singapore Singapore

Emily R. Gallagher, MD, MPHAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics Medical Director, Craniofacial Disorders Program Oregon Health and Sciences University Portland, Oregon, USA

Chunxi Ge, MD, PhDResearch Investigator Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Ana Paula Georgetti, DDS, MSPhD Student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics Division of Periodontics School of Dentistry at Piracicaba State University of Campinas Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

William V. Giannobile, DDS, DMScNajjar Endowed Professor of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Director, Michigan Center for Oral Health Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Carolyn W. Gibson, PhDProfessor Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Dana T. Graves, DDS, DMScProfessor and Associate Dean for Translational Research Department of Periodontics University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Geoffrey Greenlee, DDS, MSD, MPHClinical Assistant Professor Department of Orthodontics University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Nobuhiko Haga, MD, PhDProfessor Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan

Susan W. Herring, PhDDepartment of Orthodontics University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Gary E. Heyamoto, DDSPrivate Practice Bothell, Washington, USA

William C. Horne, PhDLecturer Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Jan CC. Hu, BDS, PhDProfessor Biologic and Materials Sciences School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Philippe P. Hujoel, PhD, MSD, DDS, MSProfessor, Oral Health Sciences Adjunct Professor, Epidemiology Department of Dental Public Health Sciences School of Dentistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Emma Juuri, MSc, DDSPhD Student Developmental Biology Program Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland

Mari T. Kaartinen, PhDAssociate Professor Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Medicine McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada

Darnell Kaigler, DDS, MS, PhDDepartment of Periodontics and Oral Medicine Michigan Center for Oral Health Research Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Piranit Nik Kantaputra, DDS, MSDivision of Pediatric Dentistry Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Craniofacial Genetics Laboratory Faculty of Dentistry Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Thailand

Gregory King, DMD, DMScProfessor Department of Orthodontics University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington, USA

J. Klein-Nulend, PhDProfessor Department of Oral Cell biology ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Purnima S. Kumar, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Periodontology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA

Paola Leone, DDS, MSDAffiliate Associate Professor Department of Orthodontics University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington, USA

Rochelle G. Lindemeyer, DMDAssociate Professor Division of Pediatric Dentistry University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Nicholas M. Makhoul, DMD, MDFellow, Maxillofacial Oncology and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Section Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Angelo Mariotti, DDS, PhDProfessor and Chair Division of Periodontology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA

Luciane Martins, BS, MS, PhDPost-Doctoral, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics School of Dentistry at Piracicaba State University of Campinas Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Marc D. McKee, PhDJames McGill Professor Division of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada

Pierre Moffatt, PhDAssistant Professor Shriners Hospital for Children Department of Human Genetics McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada

Keiji Moriyama, DDS, PhDProfessor and Chairman Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics Toyko Medical Hospital and Dental University Graduate School Tokyo, Japan

Gabriele I. Mues, MD, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Biomedical Sciences TAMHSC Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas, Texas, USA

Monzur Murshed, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada

Antonio Nanci, PhDProfessor Department of Stomatology Faculty of Dentistry Université de Montréal Montréal, Québec, Canada

João S. Pereira Neto, DDS, MS, PhDAssistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry Division of Orthodontics School of Dentistry at Piracicaba State University of Campinas Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

Francisco H. Nociti Jr.Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics School of Dentistry at Piracicaba State University of Campinas Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil Senior Scientist, Visiting Program National Institute of Health/National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH/NIAMS) Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Rahime Meral Nohutcu, DDS, PhDProfessor Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Hacettepe University Ankara, Turkey

Hongjiao Ouyang, DMD, PhDAssistant Professor Department of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics The Center for Bone Biology at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center The Center for Multiple Myeloma at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center School of Medicine Department of Comprehensive Care, Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics School of Dental Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Giorgio Pagni, DDS, MSDepartment of Periodontics and Oral Medicine Michigan Center for Oral Health Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Private Practice Florence, Italy

Martha I. Paniagua, DDSAssistant Professor Department Endodontics School of Dentistry University CES Medellín, Colombia

Carolina Parada, DDS, PhDResearch Associate Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, USA

Flavia Pirih, DDS, PhDAdjunct Assistant Professor Department of Periodontics University of California, Los Angeles, School of Dentistry Los Angeles, California, USA

H.-J. Prins, PhDPostdoctoral Research Fellow Department of Oral Cell Biology ACTA-University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chunlin Qin, DDS, PhDAssociate Professor Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry Texas A&M Health Science Center Dallas, Texas, USA

Thaisângela L. Rodrigues, DDS, MS, PhDFellow, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics Division of Periodontics School of Dentistry at Piracicaba State University of Campinas Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

Elliot D. Rosenstein, MDAssociate Clinical Professor, Division of Clinical Immunology Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, New York, USA Director, Institute of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Overlook Medical Center Summit, NJ, USA

Carlos Rossa Jr., DDS, PhDAssociate Professor Department of Diagnosis and Surgery School of Dentistry at Araraquara-State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil

Nasser Said-Al-Naief, DDS, MSAssociate Professor of Pathology and Medicine Director, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Laboratory Director, Clinical Oral Pathology/Oral Medicine University of the Pacific San Francisco, California, USA

Christine M. Sedgley, MDS, MDSc, FRACDS, MRACDS(ENDO), PhDAssociate Professor and Chair Department of Endodontology School of Dentistry Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon, USA

Ana Lucia Seminario, DDS, PhDActing Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Songtao Shi, DDS, PhDAssociate Professor Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, USA

Malcolm L. Snead, DDS, PhDProfessor Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology Los Angeles, California, USA

L. Susan Taichman, RDH, MPH, PhDAssistant Professor/Research Scientist Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Gabriella Tehrany, DDS, MDAssociate Surgeon, Maxillofacial Surgery Kaiser Permanente Lecturer, University of California, Los Angeles, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Los Angeles, California, USA

Shu Takeda, MD, PhDJunior Research Associate Professor Center of Excellence Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone Department of Orthopedic Surgery Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan

Irma Thesleff, DDS, PhDProfessor, Research Director Developmental Biology Program Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland

Diego M. Tobón, DDSProfessor Director of Endodontics School of Dentistry University CES Medellín, Colombia

Gregory Vaughn, DDSAffiliate Associate Professor Department of Orthodontics University of Washington School of Dentistry Seattle, Washington, USA

Elizabeth Velan, DMD MSDSeattle Children’s Hospital Seattle, Washington, USA

Hom-Lay Wang, DDS, MS, PhDProfessor, School of Dentistry Collegiate Professor of Periodontology Director, Graduate Periodontics University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Brent B. Ward, DDS, MD, FACSAssistant Professor and Fellowship Program Director Maxillofacial Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Christopher G. Wilson, PhDResearch Fellow Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Pamela C. Yelick, PhDProfessor and Director, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Tufts University Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Hai Zhang, DMD, PhDAssociate Professor Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington, USA

Weibo Zhang, MDS, PhDResearch Associate, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Preface

The idea for this book was conceptualized in 2009, at an annual American Academy of Periodontology meeting in Boston, which we were invited to present a continuing education symposium on mineralized tissues. Specifically, we were asked to gear our presentations to relevance for practitioners. The session was well attended and the audience was clearly interested in grasping the underlying biology of mineralized tissues of the dental-oral-craniofacial apparatus, yet with application to clinical scenarios. After the symposium and a long discussion while walking the streets of Boston, along with numerous phone calls and e-mails, the goals and objectives of this work took shape, and the colleagues who agreed to join and provide their valuable knowledge and experience made the project feasible.

The broad objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive update on knowledge in the field of mineralized tissues, focusing on the dental-oral-craniofacial region and including clinical correlates that reinforce the significance of the scientific knowledge to clinical diagnoses and therapies. Basic science chapters are followed with at least one correlate chapter of clinical relevance (i.e., case studies). To ensure a link between these, the basic and clinical correlates follow a general schematic that was largely utilized by all authors. All figures are digitized and downloadable for presentation purposes. Clinical case studies are described in a manner that lends easily to their use in teaching venues.

This original approach, linking the basic principles of hard-tissue cell and molecular biology to clinical correlates, aims to attract a diverse audience, both students and faculty, including those at early stages of their research career, as well as more senior faculty interested in a comprehensive text for reference. Moreover, by providing clinical correlates, this text will appeal to nondental faculty and students by providing additional insights to the translational aspects of their research and also as an important reference source for students in a wide variety of healthcare programs. Finally, we anticipate interest in the textbook on the part of all health care providers who seek to understand the underlying biology of mineralized tissues they treat daily in their practice. With the exponential growth of scientific information, there is a greater need than ever before to make sure that the research communities are updated on the most current findings in all areas of science. At present, there is no comprehensive review of the topics presented here (i.e., one focusing specifically on hard tissues of the oral cavity). Equally important is the link of basic principles to clinical situations. More than ever before, as we are confronted with discoveries resulting in increasingly complex issues in science, there is a need for collaborative efforts across all disciplines in order to reach our ultimate goal of improving the quality of life for all in our community.

We enjoyed the development and orchestration of this volume tremendously. Our author colleagues were wonderfully responsive and ardently involved in their chapter contributions. The joining together of colleagues from all over the world and in all facets of this subject was highly rewarding, and we truly hope the readers will appreciate the depth and breadth this work provides.

Laurie K. McCauley

Martha J. Somerman

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our appreciation to the dedicated author contributors of this book for their enthusiasm toward the approach taken to link the basic biology with clinical practice and for their shared expertise and meticulous and timely efforts to bring this to fruition. Special thanks go to Norman Schiff for coordinating the authors, making sure manuscripts were received in a timely fashion, and for his patience along the way; to Jessy Grizzle for being a publishing role model and ever patient spouse; to Dr. Erika Benarides for the CT cover image; and to Kathy Ribbens for her assistance in editing and preparing the complete initial draft. Finally, we would like to thank the publishers for engaging in our vision to develop a book that will serve the community of scientists, scholars, teachers, clinicians, and students who seek expert information regarding craniofacial skeletal health and disease.

L.K.M.

M.J.S.

Foreword

When solid research blends with clinical application: a book for a diverse audience emerges

The craniofacial skeleton provides critical protection for the neural system and houses our precious sensory organs of sight, sound, smell, and taste. Teeth comprised of three unique mineralized tissues are supported by bone, a fourth distinct tissue. Each of these tissues has a very unique molecular and biologic profile. Bones of the oral cavity are impacted by a wide variety of infectious agents, are subject to unique biomechanical forces, and are highly responsive to environmental stresses. Virtually all of these topics are covered in this new book, edited by two preeminent clinician scientists. The subject matter is presented with a focus and depth consistent with a rigorous scientific periodical. Importantly, information is not presented in isolation, but instead flows seamlessly with excellent integration and connection to systemic interactions and clinical implications.

This new body of work orchestrated by Drs. McCauley and Somerman brings together 85 outstanding contributors from 13 countries in 39 chapters that cover all the relevant aspects of mineralized tissues pertinent to oral and craniofacial biology in health and disease. A review of the developmental, molecular, and cellular aspects of bones and teeth sets the framework for this volume. The expert basic science reviews are enhanced further by including relevant clinical examples that speak to the strong translational focus of this book. This book will provide readers with basic tenets, recent advances, and meaningful links that impact patient care. A wide audience will benefit, including those already established in the field, new investigators, students, dental clinicians, and health care professionals in complementary areas such as endocrinology, rheumatology, orthopedics, and pediatrics, among others. We fully anticipate that this book will represent a landmark contribution to the field and set a new standard for many years to come.

Philip Stashenko, DMD, PhD

Chief Executive Officer

The Forsyth Institute

Thomas Van Dyke, DDS, MS, PhD

Vice President of Clinical and Translational Research

The Forsyth Institute

SECTION 1: Bones of the oral-dental and craniofacial complex

1

Embryology of craniofacial bones

Antonio Nanci and Pierre Moffatt

In this chapter, we provide a general overview of embryological events pertinent to the development of the bony structures of the craniofacial complex, which has been largely adapted from Ten Cate’s Oral Histology Textbook (Nanci 2007). We also briefly review well-established molecular concepts at play in craniofacial patterning and some of the more recent developments in this field. In this context, processes have been abridged and only detailed when necessary for logical flow. For a more comprehensive treatise, readers are referred to this chapter’s references.

The cranial region of early jawless vertebrates comprised (1) cartilaginous elements to protect the notochord and the nasal, optic, and otic sense organs (neurocranium); and (2) cartilaginous rods supporting the branchial (pharyngeal) arches in the oropharyngeal region (viscerocranium). Together, the neurocranium and the viscerocranium formed the chondocranium. As vertebrates evolved, they came to develop jaws through modification of the first arch cartilage, with the upper portion becoming the maxilla and the lower portion the mandible. In addition, they acquired larger sensory elements resulting in a significant expansion of the head region. Bony skeletal elements (the dermal bones), evolved for protection, formed the vault of the skull and the facial skeleton that included bony jaws and teeth. The cephalic expansion required a new source of connective tissue that was achieved by the epitheliomesenchymal transformation of cells from the neuroectoderm. Indeed, the neural origin of craniofacial bones distinguishes them from other skeletal bones, and may, in part, explain why in certain cases bones at these two sites are differentially affected (e.g., osteoporosis). Comparison between the cranial components of the primitive vertebrate skull and the cranial skeleton of a human fetus is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 The major components of the primitive vertebrate cranial skeleton and the distribution of these same components in a human fetal head.

(Adapted from Carlson 2004, with permission from Elsevier Ltd.)

Head Formation