Mobile and Wireless Communications for IMT-Advanced and Beyond E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 669

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A timely addition to the understanding of IMT-Advanced, this book places particular emphasis on the new areas which IMT-Advanced technologies rely on compared with their predecessors. These latest areas include Radio Resource Management, Carrier Aggregation, improved MIMO support and Relaying. Each technique is thoroughly described and illustrated before being surveyed in context of the LTE-Advanced standards. The book also presents state-of-the-art information on the different aspects of the work of standardization bodies (such as 3GPP and IEEE), making global links between them. * Explores the latest research innovations to assess the future of the LTE standard * Covers the latest research techniques for beyond IMT-Advanced such as Coordinated multi-point systems (CoMP), Network Coding, Device-to-Device and Spectrum Sharing * Contains key information for researchers from academia and industry, engineers, regulators and decision makers working on LTE-Advanced and beyond

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

About the Editors

Afif Osseiran

Jose F. Monserrat

Werner Mohr

Preface

Goal and Objective of the Book

Structure of the Book

Background

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Market and Technology Trends

1.2 Technology Evolution

1.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond

References

Chapter 2: Radio Resource Management

2.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management

2.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies

2.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation

2.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks

2.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission

2.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques

References

Chapter 3: Carrier Aggregation

3.1 Basic Concepts

3.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards

3.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies

3.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation

3.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture

3.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations

References

Chapter 4: Spectrum Sharing

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature Overview

4.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory

4.4 Spectrum Trading

4.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage

4.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research

References

Chapter 5: Multiuser MIMO Systems

5.1 MIMO Fundamentals

5.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m

5.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT

5.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO

5.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques

References

Chapter 6: CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) Systems

6.1 Overview of CoMP

6.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies

6.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP

6.4 Joint Processing Techniques

6.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques

6.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment

6.7 Future Directions

References

Chapter 7: Relaying for IMT-Advanced

7.1 An Overview of Relaying

7.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies

7.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP

7.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells

7.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced

7.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced

References

Chapter 8: Network Coding in Wireless Communications

8.1 An Overview of Network Coding

8.2 Uplink Network Coding

8.3 Nonbinary Network Coding

8.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast

8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 9: Device-to-Device Communication

9.1 Introduction

9.2 State of the Art

9.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks

9.4 Future Directions

References

Chapter 10: The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced

10.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements

10.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features

10.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced

10.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration

10.5 Simulator Calibration

10.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process

References

Chapter 11: Future Directions

11.1 Radio Resource Allocation

11.2 Heterogeneous Networks

11.3 MIMO and CoMP

11.4 Relaying and Network Coding

11.5 Device-to-Device Communications

11.6 Green and Energy Efficiency

References

Appendices

Appendix A: Resource Allocation

A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation

A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation

A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO

A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission

Appendix B: Spectrum Awareness

B.1 Spectrum Sensing

B.2 Geo-Location Databases

B.3 Beacon Signaling

Appendix C: CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP)

C.1 Joint Processing Methods

C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling

C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation

Appendix D: Network Coding

D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation

D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario

Appendix E: LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency

E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+

E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation

References

Index

This edition first published 2011

© 2011 Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat, Werner Mohr

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mobile and wireless communications for IMT-advanced and beyond / editors, Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat, Werner Mohr.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-99321-6 (cloth)

1. Wireless communication systems. I. Osseiran, Afif. II. Monserrat, Jose F. III. Mohr, Werner, 1955-TK5103.2.M5694 2011

6210.382–dc22

2011012256

Print ISBN: 9781119993216

ePDF ISBN: 9781119976424

oBook ISBN: 9781119976431

ePub ISBN: 9781119977490

eMobi ISBN: 9781119977506

To those who Believe and Strive for a Just and Ethical World.

In memory of Mohamad Bouazizi

A. Osseiran

To my other half, Lorena, and the fruit of our love, Mireia.

Welcome to the world honey

J. F. Monserrat

To my parents

W. Mohr

About the Editors

Afif Osseiran

Dr. Osseiran received a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Université de Rennes I, France, in 1995, and a DEA (B.Sc.E.E) degree in Electrical Engineering from Université de Rennes I and INSA Rennes in 1997, and a M.A.Sc. degree in Electrical and Communication Engineering from École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada, in 1999. In 2006, he successfully defended his Ph.D thesis at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden. Since 1999 he has been with Ericsson, Sweden. In 2004 he joined as one of Ericsson's representatives the European project WINNER. During the years 2006 and 2007 he led in WINNER the spatial temporal processing (i.e. MIMO) task. From April 2008 to June 2010, he was the technical manager of the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+. His research interests include many aspects of wireless communications with a special emphasis on advanced antenna systems, on relaying, on radio resource management, network coding and cooperative communications. Dr. Osseiran is listed in Who's Who in the World and Who's Who in Science and Engineering. He has published more than 40 technical papers in international journals and conferences. In 2009, Dr. Osseiran coauthored Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced with John Wiley & Sons. Since 2006, he has been teaching advanced antennas at Master's level at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm.

Jose F. Monserrat

Dr. Monserrat received his MSc. degree with High Honors and Ph.D. degree in Telecommunications Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) in 2003 and 2007, respectively. He was the recipient of the First Regional Prize of Engineering Studies in 2003 for his outstanding student record, also receiving the Best Thesis Prize from the UPV in 2008. In 2009 he was awarded with the Best Young Researcher prize in Valencia. He is currently an associate professor in the Communications Department of the UPV. His research focuses on the application of complex computation techniques to Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategies and to the optimization of current and future mobile communications networks, such as LTE-Advanced and IEEE 802.16m. He has been involved in several European Projects, acting as task or work package leader in WINNER+, ICARUS, COMIC and PROSIMOS. In 2010 he also participated in an external evaluation group within ITU-R on the performance assessment of candidates for the future family of standards, IMT-Advanced.

Werner Mohr

Dr. Mohr graduated from the University of Hannover, Germany, with a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering in 1981 and a Ph.D. degree in 1987. He joined Siemens AG, Mobile Network Division, Munich, Germany, in 1991. He was involved in several EU-funded projects and ETSI standardization groups on UMTS and systems beyond 3G. In December 1996 he became project manager of the European ACTS FRAMES Project until the project finished in August 1999. This project developed the basic concepts for the UMTS radio interface. Since April 2007 he has been with Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, Germany, where he is Head of Research Alliances. He was the coordinator of the WINNER Project in Framework Program 6 of the European Commission, Chairman of WWI (Wireless World Initiative) and the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+. The WINNER project laid the foundation for the radio interface for IMT-Advanced and provided the starting point for the 3GPP LTE standardization. He was also Vice Chair of the eMobility European Technology Platform in the period 2008–9 and is now eMobility (now called Net!Works) Chairperson for the period 2010–2011. He was Chair of the Wireless World Research Forum from its launch in August 2001 up to December 2003. He is a member of VDE (Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies, Germany) and Senior Member of IEEE. In 1990 he received the Award of the ITG (Information Technology Society) in VDE. He was a board member of ITG in VDE for the term 2006–8 and was re-elected for the 2009–11 term. He is coauthor of the books Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems and Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced.

Preface

Goal and Objective of the Book

This book was prompted by the desire to fill the gap between theoretical descriptions and a more pedagogical description of the main technological components of International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) such as Radio Resource Management (RRM), Carrier Aggregation (CA), improved MIMO support, and relaying. The book also covers the latest research innovations beyond the IMT-Advanced system, in particular, promising areas such as Coordinated Multipoint transmission or reception (CoMP), Network Coding (NC), Device-to-Device (D2D) and spectrum sharing.

Each chapter presents the basis of its topic in a simple way. A review of the latest research advances for that topic is then given. A special emphasis in each area is given to the state of the art of global standardization, in particular LTE-A. Finally, each chapter concludes by looking towards the future and discussing predictions. The reader is expected to have completed a basic undergraduate course in digital communications and mathematics (i.e. probability, calculus and linear algebra).

In order to help the reader extract the important information, the most relevant statements in every chapter are framed in a gray color, or emphasized in italic.

Structure of the Book

Chapter 1 provides an overview of cellular technology evolution and the latest market and technology trends. Chapter 2 presents innovative concepts for advanced RRM. Carrier Aggregation techniques are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 explains spectrum sharing, especially within the context of femtocell, and game theory. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), and in particular Multi-User (MU)-MIMO are treated in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 thoroughly describes CoMP. Relaying for IMT-Advanced is addressed in Chapter 7. Chapters 8 and 9 address beyond IMT-Advanced areas, Network Coding and Device-to-Device communications, respectively. In Chapter 10 the end-to-end performance of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) candidates is carefully presented. Chapter 11 discusses the future research trends within wireless communications. The appendices contain additional information related to Chapters 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10.

Background

Writing a book is a long journey involving substantial effort from a group of people. The core contributors of this book are from the “alumni” of the WINNER(+) project, which for more than six years provided an extraordinary forum for collaboration and contribution to global fora such as the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). In 2004 the project paved the way toward InternationalMobile Telecommunications Advanced.

The WINNER project was a six-and-a-half year journey. It started with WINNER-I the first phase in 2004, continued with the second phase, WINNER-II (through years 2006-7), and was finalized in WINNER+ (2008-mid-2010). These successful achievements were possible due to the close cooperation of project partners, respecting the interests of the different organizations. It was an excellent experience to cooperate in such an environment, where problems were analyzed and discussed in a trustful manner, blessed with consensus.

Finally, the editors would welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or changes. They can be reached at the following e-mail address: [email protected].

Acknowledgements

Only part of the material in this book has been extracted from or based on several of the public deliverables of the European Celtic project WINNER+. The completion of this project was supported by substantial additional material, which was originally not planned in the consortium. We would therefore like to thank all the colleagues involved in the project for their support and the good cooperation that made the book possible.

We aremost grateful to the co-authors of this manuscript. They have shown incredible commitment and dedication during the writing process. Many were working in their free time, during evenings and week-ends. They have demonstrated an exemplary spirit of collaboration, always being available while dealing with professional and private constraints. During the period in which the book was being written we experienced the birth of at least three kids. We hope that the personal relationships forged during this project will continue and that there will be the potential for future collaboration.

We wish to thank those who reviewed the various chapters in this book. Most co-authors participated in that process. In particular, we are indebted to Mr. Petri Komulainen for his scrutiny and review of Chapter 6. We are thankful to Mr. Peter J. Larsson, as an external reviewer, for his review of Chapter 8.

We express our gratitude to Dr. Andrew Logothetis. His encouragement at the outset was significant in prompting us to start the work and to submit the book proposal.

Dr. Osseiran would like, in particular, to acknowledge Ericsson's generosity, through the persons of Dr. Magnus Frodigh, Dr. Claes Tidestav and Dr. Gunnar Bark, for giving ample resources to write the book. In addition, Dr. Göran Klang and Mr. Johan Lundsjö believed in the project and encouraged it from its inception.

We would like to thank Mr. Mark Hammond, Mrs. Sophia Travis and Mrs. Susan Barclay from JohnWiley & Sons for their help to finalize this book. Mr. Hammond encouraged endlessly to initiate the proposal. Mrs. Travis has been always available, efficiently reacting to queries, and with a great sense of humor. We show our appreciations to the antonymous type editors, type setters, designers and proof readers. Finally, Mrs. Shirine Osseiran is greatly thanked for carefully designing the book front cover.

Afif OsseiranJose F. MonserratWerner Mohr

List of Abbreviations

1G First Generation

2G Second Generation

3G Third Generation

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2

4G Fourth Generation

ABS Advanced Base Station

ACK Acknowledge

AF Amplify-and-Forward

AMBR Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate

AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System

AMS Advanced Mobile Station

AoA Angle of Arrival

AoD Angle of Departure

AP Access Point

APA Adaptive Power Allocation

APP Application

ARP Allocation and Retention Priority

ARQ Automatic Repeat-reQuest

AS Application Server

ASA Angle Spread Arrival

ASD Angle Spread Departure

AVC Advanced Video Coding

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BuB Busy Burst

BB Base Band

BC Broadcast Channel

BD Block Diagonalization

BE Best Effort

BER Bit Error Rate

BLAST Bell Labs Space-Time architecture

BLER BLock Error Rate

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS Base Station

BSR Buffer Status Report

BWA Broadband Wireless Access

CA Carrier Aggregation

CAC Call Admission Control

CC Component Carrier

CCC Cognitive Component Carrier

CCI Co-Channel Interference

CDD Cyclic Delay Diversity

CDF Cumulative Density Function

CDM Code Division Multiplexing

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

CESAR CEllular Slot Allocation and Reservation

CF Compress-and-Forward

CFI Control Format Indicator

CIR Carrier-to-Interference power Ratio

CJP Centralized Joint Processing

CLA Clustered Linear Array

CLO Cross-Layer Optimization

CoMP Coordinated MultiPoint transmission or reception

CP Cyclic Prefix

CPG Conference Preparatory Group

CPM Conference Preparatory Meeting

CPRI Common Public Radio Interface

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

CR Cognitive Radio

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier

CRS Cognitive Radio System

CSG Closed Subscriber Group

CSI Channel State Information

CSIR CSI at the Receiver

CSI-RS Channel State Information Reference Signal

CSIT Channel State Information at the Transmitter

CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance

CU Central Unit

D2D Device-to-Device

dB decibel

DB Digital Broadcasting

DCI Downlink Control Indicator

DF Decode-and-Forward

DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

DJP Decentralized Joint Processing

DL Downlink

DLS Direct Link Setup

DM Demodulation

DmF Demodulate-and-Forward

DMO Direct Mode Operation

DM-RS DeModulation Reference Signal

DMT Diversity-Multiplexing-Tradeoff

DNC Diversity Network Codes

DOFDM Discontiguous OFDM

DPC Dirty Paper Coding

DRx Discontinuous Reception

DS Delay Spread

DSA Dynamic Sub-carrier Assignment

D.S.A Dynamic Spectrum Allocation

DSP Digital Signal Processor

DwPTS Downlink Pilot TimeSlot

DySA Dynamic Spectrum Access

EBF Eigen Beam Forming

ECC Electronic Communications Committee

EDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel Access

EDF Exponential Delay Fairness

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power

EM ElectroMagnetic

E-MBS Enhance Multicast Broadcast Service

eNB eNodeB

EPC Evolved Packet Core

EPS Evolved Packet System

ERO European Radio Communication Office

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EU European Union

E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FER Frame Error Rate

FFR Fractional Frequency Reuse

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

FIFO First Input First Output

FM Frequency Management

FSA Fixed Spectrum Assignment

FSS Frequency Selective Scheduling

FUE Femto-UE

GBR Guaranteed Bit Rate

GEK Global Encoding Kernel

GP Guard Period

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

GT Game Theory

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GW Gateway

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

H-BS Home Base Station

HeNB Home eNB

HetNet Heterogeneous Network

HHI Heinrich Hertz Institute

HII High Interference Indicator

HK Han-Kobayashi

HNB Home NB

HOL Head-of-line

HSA Hierarchical Spectrum Access

HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA High-Speed Packet Access

HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access

HUE Home User Equipment

HYGIENE HurrY-Guided-Irrelevant-Eminent-NEeds

ICI Inter-Cell Interference

ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

ID Identity

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEG Independent Evaluation Group

IF Intermediate Frequency

IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

IMT-Advanced International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced

IP Internet Protocol

IRC Interference Rejection Combining

ISI Inter-Symbol Interference

ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU-R International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication Sector

JD Joint Detection

JP Joint Processing

JQS Joint Queue Scheduler

JUS Joint User Scheduling

LA Link Adaptation

LAN Local Area Network

LDPC Low-Density Parity-Check

LMMSE Linear Minimum Mean Square Error

LoS Line of Sight

LRU Logical Resource Unit

LTE Long Term Evolution

LTE-A LTE-Advanced

LTE-Rel-8 LTE Release 8

LTE-Rel-10 LTE Release 10

M2M Machine-to-Machine

MAC Medium Access Control

M.A.C Multiple Access Channel

MARC Multiple Access Relay Channel

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

MBR Maximum Bit Rate

MBSFN MBMS over Single Frequency Networks

MCI Maximum Carrier to Interference

MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

MDNC Maximum Diversity Network Codes

MDS Maximum-Distance Separable

MET Multi-user Eigenmode Transmission

MI Mutual Information

MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MISO Multiple-Input Single-Output

ML Maximum Likelihood

M-LWDF Modified-Largest Weighted Delay First

MME Mobile Management Entity

MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error

MOS Mean Opinion Score

MRC Maximum Ratio Combining

MSE Mean Square Error

MU Multi-User

MUE Macro UE

MVD Majority Vote Detection

NACK Negative Acknowledge

NAS Non-Access Stratum

NC Network Coding

NC-OFDMA Non-Contiguous OFDMA

N.E Nash Equilibrium

NGMN Next Generation Mobile Network

NLoS Non Line of Sight

NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone

NRT Non-Real-Time

OC Optimum Combining

OCA Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OI Overload Indicator

OPEX OPerational EXpenditures

OSA Open Spectrum Access

OSI Open Systems Interconnection

OtoI Outdoor to Indoor

PAPC Per-Antenna Power Constraint

PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

PBCH Physical Broadcast CHannel

PC Power Control

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator CHannel

PDC Personal Digital Cellular

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control CHannel

PDN Packet Data Network

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared CHannel

PF Proportional Fair

PHICH Physical Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Indicator CHannel

PHR Power Headroom Report

PHY Physical

PJP Partial Joint Processing

PL Path Loss

PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator

P.M.I Preferred Matrix Index

PNC Physical Network Coding

PPF Predictive Proportional Fair

PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel

PRB Physical Resource Block

PRMA Packet Reservation Multiple Access

PRU Physical Resource Unit

PSE Peak Spectral Efficiency

PSK Phase-Shift Keying

PT A Project Team A

p-t-m point-to-multi-point

p-t-p point-to-point

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control CHannel

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared CHannel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QCI QoS Class Identifier

QoE Quality of Experience

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RA Radiocommunication Assembly

RAN Radio Access Network

RB Resource Block

RCC Relay Coherent Combining

RCDD Relay Cyclic Delay Diversity

RCPC Rate Compatible Convolutional Codes

Rel-5 Release 5

Rel-6 Release 6

Rel-7 Release 7

Rel-8 Release 8

Rel-9 Release 9

Rel-10 Release 10

ReS Relay Selection

RF Radio Frequency

RI Rank Indicator

RIT Radio Interface Technology

RLC Radio Link Control

RMa Rural Macrocell

RMS Root-Mean-Square

RN Relay Node

RNTP Relative Narrowband Transmit Power

RoF Radio over Fiber

RoR Round Robin

RR Radio Regulations

RRC Radio Resource Control

RRH Remote Radio Heads

RRM Radio Resource Management

RRU Radio Remote Unit

RS Reference Signal

RSD Relay Selection Diversity

RT Real-Time

SAE System Architecture Evolution

SAO Spectrum Access Opportunities

SB Score Based

SC-FDMA Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access

SCH Synchronization CHannel

SCM Spatial Channel Model

SCME Spatial Channel Model Extended

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDMA Space Division Multiple Access

SDP SemiDefinite Programming

SDR Software Defined Radio

SE Spectrum Engineering

S.E Stackelberg Equilibrium

SpE Split-and-Extend

SF Shadow Fading

SFN Single Frequency Network

SFR Soft Frequency Reuse

S-GW Serving Gateway

SIC Successive Interference Cancellation

SIMO Single Input Multiple Output

SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SISO Single Input Single Output

SLNR Signal to Leakage and Noise Ratio

SMS Short Message Service

SNIR Signal-to-Noise-plus-Interference Ratio

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SOCP Second Order Cone Programming

SON Self-Organized Network

SR Source Relay

SRIT Set of Radio Interface Technologies

SRS Sounding Reference Signal

SRUS Separated Random User Scheduling

SSC Selection and Soft Combining

STBC Space Time Block Code

STTC Space-Time Trellis Codes

STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity

SU Single-User

SVC Scalable Video Coding

SVD Singular Value Decomposition

TACS Total Access Communications System

TASB Traffic-Aware Score Based

TC Turbo Code

TD-CDMA Time Division CDMA

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDLS Tunneled Direct Link Setup

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio

TLabs Deutsche Telekom Laboratories

TMO Trunked Mode Operation

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TP Throughput

TTI Transmission Time Interval

TUB Technical University of Berlin

TV Television

UCI Uplink Control Information

UE User Equipment

UEPS Urgency and Efficiency based Packet Scheduler

UG User Grouping

UL Uplink

ULA Uniform Linear Array

UMa Urban Macrocell

UMi Urban Microcell

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UpPTS Uplink Pilot Timeslot

UPS Utility Predictive Scheduler

URI Uniform Resource Indicator

URL Uniform Resource Locator

USB Universal Serial Bus

VAA Virtual Antenna Array

VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

VoIP Voice over IP

WARC World Administrative Radio Conference

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WINNER Wireless World Initiative New Radio

WINNER+ Wireless World Initiative New Radio +

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WP Working Party

WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks

WRC World Radiocommunication Conference

ZF Zero Forcing

List of Contributors

Dr. Günther Auer DOCOMO, Munich, Germany

Prof.Mats Bengtsson Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden

Dr. Mehdi Bennis Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland

Prof. Slimane Ben Slimane Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden

Dr. Federico Boccardi Bell Laboratories, Alcatel Lucent, Vimercate, Italy

Mr. Mauro Boldi Telecom Italia, Torino, Italy

Mr. Jorge Cabrejas Universitat Politecnica de Valencia - iTEAM, Valencia, Spain

Mrs. Valeria D'Amico Telecom Italia, Torino, Italy

Dr. Klaus Doppler Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Dr. Xavier Gelabert Universitat Politecnica de Valencia - iTEAM, Valencia, Spain

Mr. Alexandre Gouraud Orange Labs, Paris, France

Dr. Eric Hardouin Orange Labs, Paris, France

Mr. Pekka Jänis Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Dr. Volker Jungnickel Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Berlin, Germany

Mr. Petri Komulainen Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland

Mr. David Martin-Sacristán Universitat Politecnica de Valencia - iTEAM, Valencia, Spain

Dr.Werner Mohr Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, Germany

Dr. Jose F. Monserrat Universitat Politecnica de Valencia - iTEAM, Valencia, Spain

Mrs. Miia Mustonen VTT Technical Research Centre, Oulu, Finland

Mr. Magnus Olsson Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden

Dr. Afif Osseiran Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden

Dr. Cassio Ribeiro Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Dr. Peter Rost NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany

Dr. Ahmed Saadani Orange Labs, Paris, France

Mr. Krystian Safjan Nokia Siemens Networks Sp. z.o.o, Wroclaw, Poland

Dr. Hendrik Schöneich Qualcomm, Nürnberg, Germany

Mr. Per Skillermark Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden

Mr. Pawel Sroka Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland

Dr. Tommy Svensson Chalmers University of Technology (CTH), Gothenburg, Sweden

Mr. Lars Thiele Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Berlin, Germany

Dr. Antti Tölli Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland

Mr. Jaakko Vihriälä Nokia Siemens Networks Oy, Oulu, Finland

Dr. Marc Werner Qualcomm, Nürnberg, Germany

Dr. Ming Xiao Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden

Chapter 1

Introduction

Afif Osseiran, Jose F. Monserrat and Werner Mohr

1.1 Market and Technology Trends

Social, economic and political factors determine the development of the mobile communications business. Consumer demand, the economic performance of operators and government policies are some of the aspects that affect technological advances, operators' capital investments and the regulatory environment. The mobile communications sector has been characterized by a worldwide rapid increase in the number of users. During the 1980s only a handful of people had a mobile phone. At the end of the 1980s, the number of cellular subscribers was merely around 5 million. With the introduction of the Second Generation (2G) cellular systems in 1991, the ambition was to popularize progressively the usage of mobile phones by making them affordable to a large part of the population. Progress in micro electronics then made it possible to produce cheaper mobile phones. The technology advanced and gradually increasing competition between mobile vendors made it necessary to reduce the cost of cellular infrastructures. The second part of the 1990s, witnessed an extraordinary surge in the number of mobile subscribers in the developed countries. In total, the number was close to half a billion. Progress continued worldwide at a frenetic pace. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in the last seven years the number of worldwide subscribers has grown from 1.7 billion to more than 5.3 billion (75.42% of the world population), which implies growing at a compound annual growth rate of 21%. Astonishingly, in 2002 and within only two decades, mobile subscribers surpassed fixed-telephone line subscribers (ITU n.d). The evolution of the number of mobile and fixed line subscribers from the year 1996 to 2010 is shown in .