Mobile Communications Systems Development E-Book

Rajib Taid

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1203

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Provides a thorough introduction to the development, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile communications systems Mobile Communications Systems Development: A Practical Introduction for System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment is a comprehensive "how to" manual for mobile communications system design, deployment, and support. Providing a detailed overview of end-to-end system development, the book encompasses operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of currently available mobile communication technologies and systems. Readers are introduced to different network architectures, standardization, protocols, and functions including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, and the 3GPP standard. In-depth chapters cover the entire protocol stack from the Physical (PHY) to the Application layer, discuss theoretical and practical considerations, and describe software implementation based on the 3GPP standardized technical specifications. The book includes figures, tables, and sample computer code to help readers thoroughly comprehend the functions and underlying concepts of a mobile communications network. Each chapter includes an introduction to the topic and a chapter summary. A full list of references, and a set of exercises are also provided at the end of the book to test comprehension and strengthen understanding of the material. Written by a respected professional with more than 20 years' experience in the field, this highly practical guide: * Provides detailed introductory information on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE mobile communications systems and networks * Describes the various aspects and areas of the LTE system air interface and its protocol layers * Covers troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and networks issues * Discusses the software and hardware platforms used for the development of mobile communications systems network elements * Includes 5G use cases, enablers, and architectures that cover the 5G NR (New Radio) and 5G Core Network Mobile Communications Systems Development is perfect for graduate and postdoctoral students studying mobile communications and telecom design, electronic engineering undergraduate students in their final year, research and development engineers, and network operation and maintenance personnel.

Leseprobe

Mobile Communications Systems Development

A Practical Introduction to System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment

Rajib Taid

This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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About the Author

Rajib Taid graduated with a Bachelor of Computer Science and Engineering degree from Jorhat Engineering College, Assam, India. He began his career as an Engineer (Telemetry) at GAIL, a public‐sector entity. Rajib worked there for four years in the area of design and development of application software systems for a gas pipeline. Then, he joined a Gurgaon (Haryana, India)‐based communication software services major as well as product development MNC, Aricent Technologies (www.aricent.com), formerly known as Hughes Software Systems, where he started working as a software developer in the area of mobile communications. He worked there for 12 years, both as an individual contributor and in a lead role, primarily developing software in Radio Access Network, and Core Network domains. The author also visited Australia, the USA and the UAE for onsite assignments. He hails from the Jorhat district of Assam, India.

In 2013, Rajib left the mobile telecommunication software development domain and joined BCPL, a public‐sector entity at Dibrugarh, close to his hometown in Assam. Currently, the author specializes in IT and enterprise business information systems management.

Rajib Taid is also a member of the Department Management Committee, as an industry expert, for the Department of Computer Science and Engineering in the Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Assam, India.

Preface

Today, we are using at least one smartphone for our day‐to‐day voice, data communications, online gaming, and transaction services. To enable these services, we are also aware of the different mobile communications technologies that are available around us today, such as GSM, GPRS/EDGE, 3G, 4G, and 5G being the latest communication buzzword. If you are wondering and, sometimes, scouring the web regarding how a mobile communications system is designed, developed, tested, and deployed, then this book is for you! This is an introductory jump‐start, foundational, and comprehensive book offering several key concepts encompassing the various practical aspects for the design and development of a mobile communications system and its various entities/elements based on the GSM, GPRS, UMTS (3G), LTE (4G), and 5G technologies. Note that this book is not about the developments of Mobile Application (apps) software that is intended and developed for a specific purpose/requirement.

The content of this book is specially tailored for the rookie computer science or electronics and communications engineering graduate engineer who has just passed out of college, or even for a lesser experienced person looking for an opportunity to work in the mobile telecommunications space through re‐skilling. It starts with the various mobile communications network architectures, identification of a particular network element, the concerned 3GPP standard specifications, various protocols/stacks, as well as the development platforms such as UNIX, and multicore computing. In this book, the reader will also find the troubleshooting of any issue arising out of post‐deployment and operation of a mobile communication network element. This book also introduces the “multicore processor” computing platform that is available around us and is the current buzzword in different areas of technologies, be it the desktop or mobile handset. Mobile telecommunications system development using an embedded system platform is also briefly covered.

A mobile communication network works and communicates based on the standard technical specifications related to a particular mobile communication technology such as the GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and 5G system. Also, mobile communication standard technical specifications are large in number and can be bewildering to a new learner. Reading and its implementation, through computer code, of the contents of a GSM/GPRS/UMTS/LTE/5G technical specification requires a substantial amount of effort, especially the Layer 1 and Layer 2 protocols. From a technical specification, one would come to know what to and when to transmit or receive information. But what is not available in the 3GPP technical specifications is the how to implement part as it is implementation dependent. This book was written keeping these facts in mind, so that students can learn the practical, real‐world mobile telecommunications domain subject areas and equip themselves while in college, before starting a career in the relevant domains. To make the contents easier to understand, necessary figures, tables, and sample codes are provided to illustrate the underlying concepts. The illustrative figures and concepts are sometimes general in nature, i.e. applicable for GSM/GPRS or UMTS/LTE/5G system, or all of them, and sometimes a straight copy from the concerned 3GPP technical specification with due permissions.

This book is an overview and may not contain exhaustive descriptions or information on various individual components and protocols of a mobile communications system based on the GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and 5G system. The book attempts to provide the reader with an overall background of the various aspects of an end‐to‐end system development based on the available mobile communication technologies and systems. This book reflects the author's 12 years of experience with a full lifecycle of software research and development, deployment, testing, operation, and maintenance in the areas of mobile communication, Radio Access Network (RAN), and Core Network (CN) domain deployed across the available platforms, including satellite‐based mobile communications systems.

Who should use this book?

Mobile Communications System Development: An Introduction to Practical Approach for Systems Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment is primarily for students who have just graduated in either computer science or electronics and communications discipline and is looking for an exciting career in the mobile communications domain. It is also appropriate for students currently studying in the above‐mentioned disciplines and looking for project work assignments as a part of the academic curriculum in the mobile communication domain. An experienced person from another software domain can also go through this book for a career reboot into the mobile communication domain.

How to use this book?

Mobile communications systems protocol layers, their functions and procedures, and other related information, such as referring to figures, being presented may be brief in nature. For further details about the underlying protocols along with the materials being presented here, the concerned 3GPP technical specification(s) on its website (www.3gpp.org) [1] must be referred to while going through a chapter of this book. The concerned 3GPP technical specifications numbers are mentioned in the References section of the book. The reader is advised to refer to the mentioned 3GPP technical specification and the section number for complete information on the described protocol functions and procedures. Familiarity with the 3GPP website is also important as the reader will be required to visit it quite often to refer to its technical specifications.

Structure of this book

Overall, this book is divided into four parts, each containing several chapters. Each part begins with introductory objectives and also mentions the purposes of each chapter under it. Each chapter is followed by its summary. Also, the book starts with an introductory chapter that provides a brief description of the career opportunities offered by mobile communications systems and network ecosystems.

Part I Introduction

This part contains eight chapters containing the background and introductory aspects and areas of mobile communications systems and networks based on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and 5G systems. The materials presented in this part are general in nature but applicable across the mobile communications systems and networks. Even if a reader is starting a career in the LTE or 5G system and network, as a developer or O&M person, one has to know the major key concepts from the legacy GSM/UMTS networks as well.

Part II Operation and Maintenance

This part contains three chapters covering various aspects and areas of the troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and network issues.

Part III Development of Mobile Communications Systems

This part contains four chapters covering various aspects and areas of the development of mobile communications systems protocol stack and layers based on the 3GPP standards and their technical specifications. This part also describes hardware platforms to be used for the development of mobile communications systems network elements.

Part IV 5G System and Network

This part contains seven chapters covering various aspects and areas of a 5G system and network based on its first Release 15 as standardized by the 3GPP. Also, an overview of the enhancements made into the existing features of the 3GPP Release 15 and the addition of new services or capabilities which have been added as part of the 3GPP Release 16 and Release 17 are covered in this part.

Dibrugarh, Assam, IndiaRajib Taid

Acknowledgments

I thank my dear friends and colleagues for offering encouragement and valuable comments during the preparation of this book. During my time in Hughes Software Systems (now known as Aricent, located in Gurgaon, India), I had the opportunity to work with very smart and talented people who were generous in sharing their knowledge and experience. Special thanks also go to Mr. Sumit Kasera (AVP, Technology at Aricent, Gurgaon, India) for his valuable feedback on this book.

I would also like to thank 3GPP for permitting me to reproduce a few snapshots from the concerned 3GPP technical specifications.

I would also like to thank and appreciate John Wiley & Sons Ltd., UK, and its acquisition, editorial, production, and publishing staff, for their continuous support and cooperation during the entire process of this book’s production.

List of Abbreviations

Here are the glossaries of some of the terms used in this book for ready references. For a complete list of terms and their definitions, please refer to the 3GPP TR 21.905 [24].

3G/4G/5G

3

rd

/4

th

/5

th

Generation

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

5GS

5G System

5G‐GUTI

5G Globally Unique Temporary Identifier

5G‐S‐TMSI

5G S‐Temporary Mobile Subscription Identifier

5GC

5G Core Network

A‐bis

A‐bis Interface

ACK

Acknowledged Mode

AKA

Authentication and Key Agreement

AMF

Access and Mobility Management Function

AMP

Asymmetric Multicore Processing

AP

Application Protocol

APN

Access Point Name

AF

Application Function

ARFCN

Absolute radio‐frequency channel number

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

AS

Access Stratum

ASN.1

Abstract Syntax Notation One

AuC

Authentication Center

AUSF

Authentication Server Function

BCF

Base Control Function

BCH

Broadcast Channel (Transport)

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel (Logical)

BICN

Bearer‐Independent Core Network BICN

BIST

Built‐in self‐test (BIST)

BS

Base station

BSC

Base station controller

BSN

Block Sequence Number

BSS

Base Station Subsystem

BSSGP

Base Station System GPRS Protocol

BSSMAP

Base Station Subsystem Mobile Application Part

BSP

Board Support Package

BSR

Buffer Status Report

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

BWP

Bandwidth Part

C‐RNTI

Cell Radio‐Network Temporary Identifier

CBG

Code block group

CBGFI

CBG flush indicator

CC

Call Control

CCE

Control Channel Element

CCCH/DCCH

Common/Dedicated Control Channel

CC

/CM

Call Control/Connection Management

CM

Connection Management

CN

Core Network

CORESET

Control Resource Set

CRB

Common Resource Block

CRC

Cyclic redundancy check

CRI

CSI‐RS Resource Indicator

CSI

Channel State Information

CSI‐RS

Channel State Information Reference Signal

CS‐RNTI

Configured scheduling RNTI

CSI‐RSRP

CSI Reference Signal Received Power

CSI‐RSRQ

CSI Reference Signal Received Quality

CSI‐SINR

CSI Signal‐to‐Noise and Interference Ratio

CSFB

Circuit‐switched Fall‐back

CP

Cyclic Prefix

CPS

Call per second

CQI

Channel Quality Indication

CS

Circuit‐switched

CSN

Concrete Syntax Notation

DCI

Downlink control information

DL‐SCH/UL‐SCH

Downlink/Uplink Shared Channel

DM‐RS

Demodulation reference signals

DN

Data Network

DNN

Data Network Name

DRB

Data Radio Bearer

DSP

Digital Signal Processor

DTAP

Direct Transfer Application Part

DTCH

Dedicated Traffic Channel

eMBB

Enhanced Mobile Broadband

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol

ECM

Evolved Packet System Connection Management

EDGE

Enhanced Data for Global Evolution

EGPRS

Enhanced General Packet Radio Service

eNodeB

Evolved NodeB

EIR

Equipment Identity Register

EMM

Evolved Packet System Mobility Management

EN‐DC

E‐UTRA NR Dual‐Connectivity

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

EPS

Evolved Packet System

ESM

Evolved Packet System Session Management

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

E‐UTRA

Evolved‐UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

E‐UTRAN

Evolved‐UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

FR

Frame Relay

FR1

Frequency Range 1 (5G)

FR2

Frequency Range 2 (5G)

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

FW

Framework

GBR

Guaranteed Bit Rate

GERAN

GPRS Edge Radio Access Network

GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMSC

Gateway Mobile Switching Center

gNB/gNodeB

5G Base Station

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication

GUAMI

Globally Unique AMF ID

GUMMEI

Globally Unique MME Identifier

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HLR/HSS

Home Location Register/Home Subscriber Server

HS‐DSG

High Speed Downlink Shared Channel

HSDPA

High‐Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA

High‐Speed Packet Access

HSUPA

High‐Speed Uplink Packet Access

IAB

Integrated Access and Backhaul

IDNNS

Intra Domain NAS Node Selector

IE

Information Element

IEI

Information Element Identifier

IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

INT‐RNTI

Interruption RNTI

IOT

Inter‐operability Testing

IP

Internet Protocol

IPC

Inter Process Communication

IPH

IP Header Compression

ISI

Inter Symbol Interference

ISR

Idle State Signaling Reduction

IWF

Interworking Function

K

AMSE

LTE Key Access Security Management Entity

KPI

Key Performance Identifier

L1….Ln

Layer 1….n

LAI

Location Area Identification

LCID

Logical Channel Identifier

LDPC

Low Density Parity Check

LLC

Logical Link Control

LI

Layer Indicator

LSB

Least Significant Bit

LTE

Long‐term Evolution

mMTC

Massive Machine Type Communications

mIoT

Massive Internet of Things

MAC

Medium Access Control

MANO

Management and Orchestration

MCC

Mobile Country Code

MCS

Modulation and coding scheme

MIB

Master Information Block

MIMO

Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output

MM

Mobility Management

MME

Mobility Management Entity

MMEC

MME Code

MMS

Multimedia messaging service

MN

Master Node

MNC

Mobile Network Code

MOC

Mobile‐originated voice call

MOCN

Multi‐operator Core Network

MS

Mobile station

MSB

Most Significant Bit

MSC

Mobile Switching Center

MSC

‐S

MSC Server

MSIN

Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

MU‐MIMO

Multi‐User MIMO

N3IWF

Non‐3GPP Inter‐working Function

NACK

Negative Acknowledgment

NAS

Non‐access Stratum

NEF

Network Exposure Function

NF

Network Function

NFV

Network Functions Virtualization

NGAP

Next Generation Application Protocol

NG‐RAN

Next Generation Radio Access Network

Non‐GBR

Non‐Guaranteed Bit Rate

NNSF

NAS Node Selection Function

NRF

Network Repository Function

NSA

Non‐Standalone

NR

New Radio

NRF

Network Repository Function

NSSAI

Network Slice Selection Assistance Information

NSSF

Network Slice Selection Function

NSAPI

Network Service Access Point Identifier

NSS

Network Subsystem

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access

O&M

Operation and Maintenance

PBCH

Physical Broadcast Channel

PCH

Paging Channel

PCF

Policy Control Function

PCO

Protocol Configuration Options

PCRF

Policy Charging and Restriction Function

PCU

Packet Control Unit

PCFICH

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PDCCH

Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDCP

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PD

Protocol Discriminator

PDSCH/PUSCH

Physical Downlink/Uplink Shared Channel

PDN

Packet Data Network

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

PDP

Packet Data Protocol

PEI

Permanent Equipment Identifier

PER

Packet Error Rate

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

PFC

Packet Flow Context

PGW

Packet Data Network Gateway

PHICH

Physical HARQ Indication Channel

PMI

Precoding‐Matrix Indicator

POST

Power‐on self‐test

PRACH

Physical Random‐Access Channel

PRB

Physical Radio Block

P‐RNTI

Paging RNTI

PS

Packet Switched

PSS

Primary Synchronization Signal

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

PTI

Procedure Transaction Identity

PTRS

Phase‐tracking Reference Signal

PUCCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QCI

QoS Class Identifier

QFI

QoS Flow ID

QoS

Quality of Service

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RAB

Radio Access Bearer

RAI

Routing Area Identification

RAC

Routeing Area Code

RAN

Radio Access Network

RA‐RNTI

Random Access RNTI

RACH

Random Access Channel

RAT

Radio Access Technology

RB

Resource Block

RE

Resource Element

RBG

Resource Block Group

RF

Radio Frequency

RI

Rank Indicator

RAU

Routing Area Update

REG

Resource Element Group

RLC

Radio Link Control

RF

Radio Frequency

RIV

Resource Indication Value

RNA

RAN‐based Notification Area

RNAU

RAN‐based Notification Area Update

RNS

Radio Network Subsystem

RNC

Radio Network Controller

RNL

Radio Network Layer

RNTI

Radio Network Temporary Identifier

RoHC

Robust Header Compression

RR

Radio Resource

RRC

Radio Resource Control

RS

Reference Signal

RSRP

Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ

Reference Signal Received Quality

RRM

Radio Resource Management

RTOS

Real‐Time Operating System

S1‐AP

S1 Application Protocol

SA

Standalone Mode

SAP

Service Access Point

SAPI

Service Access Point Identifier

SBA

Service‐based Architecture

SBI

Service‐based Interface

SCP

Service Communication Proxy

SCTP

Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDAP

Service Data Application Protocol

SDCCH

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel

SDN

Software Defined Networking

SDU

Service Data Unit

SD

Slice Differentiator

SEAF

Security Anchor Functionality

SEPP

Security Edge Protection Proxy

SFN

System Frame Number

SFI‐RNTI

Slot Format Indication RNTI

SGSN

Serving GPRS Support Node

SIB

System Information Block

SLA

Service‐Level Agreement

SMP

Symmetric Multicore Processing

S‐GW

Serving Gateway

SI

Skip Indicator/System Information

SM

Session Management

SMS

Short Messaging Service

SMF

Session Management Function

SN

RLC Layer PDU Sequence Number

SN

Secondary Node

SNDCP

Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol

S‐NSSAI

Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information

SNPN

Standalone Non‐Public Network

SSC

Session and Service Continuity

SST

Slice/Service Type

SPS

Semi‐persistent Scheduling

SR

Scheduling Request

SRVCC

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

SRB

Signaling radio bearers

SRS

Sounding reference signal

SSB

Synchronization Signal Block

SSS

Secondary Synchronization Signal

SS

Supplementary Services

SS/PBCH

Synchronization Signal Physical Broadcast Channel

SS‐RSRP

SS Reference Signal Received Power

SS‐RSRQ

SS Reference Signal Received Quality

SS‐SINR

SS Signal‐to‐Noise and Interference Ratio

STL

Standard Template Library

SU‐MIMO

Single‐User MIMO

SUCI

Subscription Concealed Identifier

SUPI

Subscription Permanent Identifier

TAC

Tracking Area Code

TAU

Tracking Area Update

TCH

Traffic Channel

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TDD

Time Division Duplex

TI

Transaction Identifier

TFT

Traffic Flow Template

TNL

Transport Network Layer

TPC

Transmit Power Control

TRX

Trans‐receiver

TS

Timeslot

TTI

Transmission Time Interval

UCI

Uplink Control Information

UDM

Unified Data Management

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

UDR

Unified Data Repository

UE

User Equipment

Um

GSM Air Interface

UML

Unified Modeling Language

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Uu

UMTS/LTE Air Interface

UPF

User Plane Function

UTRAN

UMTS terrestrial radio access network UMTS

URLLC

Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications

UUID

Universally Unique Identifier

VLR

Visitor Location Register

VoLTE

Voice over LTE

VRB

Virtual Resource Block

WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (UMTS)

Xn‐C

Xn‐Control plane

Xn‐U

Xn‐User plane

XnAP

Xn Application Protocol

1Introduction : Career Opportunities in Mobile Communications Networks Space

You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York; and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, they receive them there. The only difference is that there is no cat.

Source: Albert Einstein.