Mobile Radio Channels E-Book

Matthias Paetzold

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 978

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Providing a comprehensive overview of the modelling, analysis and simulation of mobile radio channels, this book gives a detailed understanding of fundamental issues and examines state-of-the-art techniques in mobile radio channel modelling. It analyses several mobile fading channels, including terrestrial and satellite flat-fading channels, various types of wideband channels and advanced MIMO channels, providing a fundamental understanding of the issues currently being investigated in the field. Important classes of narrowband, wideband, and space-time wireless channels are explored in detail with descriptions of efficient simulation methods for mobile radio channels being central. Strong emphasis is placed on the detailed origin of the presented channel models and a high degree of mathematical unity is conveyed. Using the described channel models, the reader can evaluate the performance of wireless communication systems under propagation conditions which are typical for multipath channels in various environments. * Introduces the fundamentals of stochastic and deterministic channel models * Explores the modelling and simulation of both wideband and narrowband mobile radio channels as well as several classes of MIMO channels * Describes general concepts including geometrical, reference and simulation models * Discusses several methods for the modelling of given Doppler, delay, and angular profiles * Elaborates on methods for the design, analysis, and realisation of efficient channel simulators * Examines techniques for the development of fast channel simulators * Provides links for downloading MATLAB¯®, programs enabling the simulation and analysis of the mobile fading channels models presented, on the companion website (href="http://www.wiley.com/go/paetzold">www.wiley.com/go/paetzold)

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface to the Second Edition

List of Acronyms

List of Symbols

Set Theory

Operators and Miscellaneous Symbols

Matrices and Vectors

Special Functions

Stochastic Processes

Continuous-Time Deterministic Processes

Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes

1: Introduction

1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Radio Systems

1.2 Basic Knowledge of Mobile Radio Channels

1.3 Structure of this Book

2: Random Variables, Stochastic Processes, and Deterministic Signals

2.1 Random Variables

2.2 Stochastic Processes

2.3 Deterministic Signals

2.4 Further Reading

Appendix 2.A Derivation of Rice’s General Formula for the Level-Crossing Rate

3: Rayleigh and Rice Channels

3.1 System Theoretical Description of Multipath Channels

3.2 Formal Description of Rayleigh and Rice Channels

3.3 Elementary Properties of Rayleigh and Rice Channels

3.4 Statistical Properties of Rayleigh and Rice Channels

3.5 Further Reading

Appendix 3.A Derivation of the Jakes Power Spectral Density and the Corresponding Autocorrelation Function

Appendix 3.B Derivation of the Autocorrelation Function of the Envelope

Appendix 3.C Derivation of the Autocovariance Spectrum of the Envelope Under Isotropic Scattering Conditions

Appendix 3.D Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Rice Processes with Different Spectral Shapes of the Underlying Gaussian Random Processes

4: Introduction to Sum-of-Sinusoids Channel Models

4.1 Principle of Deterministic Channel Modelling

4.2 Elementary Properties of Deterministic Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes

4.3 Statistical Properties of Deterministic Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes

4.4 Classes of Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes

4.5 Basics of Sum-of-Cisoids Channel Models

4.6 Criteria for the Performance Evaluation

4.7 Further Reading

Appendix 4.A Derivation of the Autocorrelation Function of the Squared Envelope of Complex Deterministic Gaussian Processes

Appendix 4.B Derivation of the Exact Solution of the Level-Crossing Rate and the Average Duration of Fades of Deter-ministic Rice Processes

5: Parametrization of Sum-of-Sinusoids Channel Models

5.1 Methods for Computing the Doppler Frequencies and Gains

5.2 Methods for Computing the Phases

5.3 Fading Intervals of Deterministic Rayleigh Processes

5.4 Parametrization of Sum-of-Cisoids Channel Models

5.5 Concluding Remarks and Further Reading

Appendix 5.A Analysis of the Relative Model Error by Using the Monte Carlo Method

Appendix 5.B Proof of the Convergence of the Sample Mean Autocorrelation Function by Using the MEDS-SP

Appendix 5.C Proof of the Condition for Uncorrelated Inphase and Quadrature Components of SOC Processes

6: Frequency-Nonselective Channel Models

6.1 The Extended Suzuki Process of Type I

6.2 The Extended Suzuki Process of Type II

6.3 The Generalized Rice Process

6.4 The Modified Loo Model

6.5 Modelling of Nonstationary Land Mobile Satellite Channels

7: Frequency-Selective Channel Models

7.1 The Ellipse Model of Parsons and Bajwa

7.2 System Theoretical Description of Frequency-Selective Channels

7.3 Frequency-Selective Stochastic Channel Models

7.4 Frequency-Selective Sum-of-Sinusoids Channel Models

7.5 Methods for Modelling of Given Power Delay Profiles

7.6 Perfect Modelling and Simulation of Measured Wideband Mobile Radio Channels

7.7 Further Reading

Appendix 7.A Specification of the L-Path COST 207 Channel Models

Appendix 7.B Specification of the L-Path HIPERLAN/2 Channel Models

8: MIMO Channel Models

8.1 The Generalized Principle of Deterministic Channel Modelling

8.2 The One-Ring MIMO Channel Model

8.3 The Two-Ring MIMO Channel Model

8.4 The Elliptical MIMO Channel Model

8.5 Further Reading

Appendix 8.A Proof of Ergodicity

9: High-Speed Channel Simulators

9.1 Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes

9.2 Realization of Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes

9.3 Properties of Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes

9.4 Realization Complexity and Simulation Speed

9.5 Comparison of the Sum-of-Sinusoids Method with the Filter Method

9.6 Further Reading

10: Selected Topics in Mobile Radio Channel Modelling

10.1 Design of Multiple Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Waveforms

10.2 Spatial Channel Models for Shadow Fading

10.3 Frequency Hopping Mobile Radio Channels

Appendix 10.A Derivation of the Spatial Autocorrelation Function of Lognormal Processes

Appendix 10.B Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Spatial Lognormal Processes

Appendix 10.C Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Sum-of-Sinusoids Shadowing Simulators

Appendix 10.D Application of the Method of Equal Areas (MEA) on the Gudmundson Correlation Model

Appendix 10.E Derivation of the Time-Frequency Cross-Correlation Function of Frequency Hopping Channels

Appendix 10.F Parametrization of Frequency Hopping Channel Simulators

References

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pätzold, Matthias, professor of mobile communications. Mobile radio channels / Matthias Pätzold. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-51747-5 (cloth) 1. Mobile communication systems. 2. Radio wave propagation. 3. Radio resource management (Wireless communications). I. Title.TK5103.2.P385 2012 621.3845–dc23 2011015882

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-51747-5

ePDF ISBN: 978-1-119-97412-3

oBook ISBN: 978-1-119-97411-6

ePub ISBN: 978-1-119-97525-0

Mobi ISBN: 978-1-119-97526-7

Preface to the Second Edition

With this book at your fingertips, you, the reader, and I have something in common. We share the same interest in mobile radio channels. This area attracted my interest first in autumn 1992 when I moved from industry to academia to find a challenge in my life and to pursue a scientific career. Since then, I consider myself as a student of the mobile radio channel who lives for modelling, analyzing, and simulating them. While the first edition of this book resulted from my teaching and research activities at the Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH), Germany, the present second edition is entirely an outcome of my work at the University of Agder, Norway.

To share my passion with the reader, my objective was to write a comprehensive book that begins with the basics and moves gradually to advanced research topics. This makes the present edition of interest to beginners and experts alike. It is addressed especially to mobile radio engineers, telecommunication engineers, and physicists working in industry or in research institutes in the rapidly growing wireless and mobile communications market. In addition to that, it is also suitable for experts who have a professional interest in subjects dealing with mobile radio channel issues. Last, but not least, this book is also addressed to Master’s students specializing in mobile radio communications.

The study of this book assumes prior basic knowledge of statistics and systems theory. Master’s students in general have sufficient background knowledge in these areas. To simplify comprehension, all fundamental mathematical tools, which are relevant for the objectives of this book, are recapitulated at the beginning. Starting from this basic knowledge, nearly all statements made in this book are derived in detail, so that a high degree of mathematical transparency and explicitness can be achieved. Thanks to sufficient guidance and help, it is guaranteed that the interested reader can verify the results with reasonable effort. Longer derivations interrupting the flow of the text have been relegated to the appendices. Much emphasis has been placed on the confirmation of the theoretical results by numerical simulations. To illustrate the theoretical and experimental results, a large number of figures have been included. Their multiple interpretations and meanings enrich the reader’s understanding of the text. The use of abbreviations has in general been avoided, which in my experience eases readability considerably. Furthermore, a large number of references are provided leading the reader to further sources for the almost inexhaustible topic of mobile radio channel modelling. A huge set of selected MATLAB®-programs for simulating and analyzing the mobile radio channel models has been made available for free downloading at the companion website www.wiley.com/go/paetzold. They provide valuable support in simulating the channel models and give practical guidelines for applying the powerful analysis tools described in the book.

My aim was to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of modelling, analysis, and simulation of mobile fading channels. One of the main focusses of this book is the treatment of stochastic and deterministic sum-of-sinusoids processes. They establish the basis for the development of efficient channel simulators. For the design of sum-of-sinusoids processes with given correlation properties, nearly all methods known in the literature up to now are presented, analyzed, and assessed on their performance. The focus is also on the derivation and analysis of stochastic geometrical-based channel models as well as on the development of highly precise channel simulators for many classes of frequency-selective and -nonselective mobile radio channels for single-input single-output (SISO) as well as for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Another important topic covered in this book is the fitting of the statistical properties of the developed channel models to the statistics of real-world channels.

Chapter 1 begins with an overview of the evolution of mobile radio systems, continues with the basics of mobile radio channels, and ends with a description of the organization of the book.

Chapter 2 reviews the fundamentals of random variables, stochastic processes, and systems theory. This chapter introduces the most important definitions, terms, and formulas, which are often used throughout the book.

Chapter 3 builds on the terms introduced in the previous chapter and introduces Rayleigh and Rice processes as reference models for characterizing frequency-nonselective mobile radio channels.

Chapter 4 presents an introduction to sum-of-sinusoids processes from which high-performance channel simulators with low realization complexity will be derived. Another substantial part of this chapter deals with processes comprised of a sum of complex-valued sinusoids (cisoids). A sum-of-cisoids process allows a simple physical interpretation as a plane wave model. This makes such processes very attractive for the development of mobile radio channel models under real-world propagation conditions, where non-isotropic scattering becomes the norm.

Chapter 5 treats the parametrization of sum-of-sinusoids processes. It provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the most important procedures presently known for computing the model parameters of sum-of-sinusoids processes. The performance of each parameter computation method is assessed and their individual advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. This chapter also provides solutions to the parametrization of the plane wave models.

Chapter 6 is concerned with the development of frequency-nonselective channel models. A variety of sophisticated combined stochastic processes is introduced enabling the modelling of frequency-nonselective mobile radio channels. The usefulness of the presented channel models is demonstrated by fitting their statistical properties to measurement data. The final part of this chapter delves into the modelling of nonstationary land mobile satellite channels.

Chapter 7 is dedicated to the modelling, analysis, and simulation of frequency-selective channel models. The core of this chapter is devoted to Bello’s theory of linear time-variant stochastic systems. Special attention will be paid to the so-called wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) model. Another substantial part deals with the simulation of wideband channels. Furthermore, methods are introduced for the modelling of given power delay profiles. The last part of this chapter presents a general method for the modelling and simulation of measured wideband mobile radio channels.

Chapter 8 focusses on the modelling, analysis, and simulation of MIMO channels. Starting from specific geometrical scattering models, a universal technique is presented for the derivation of stochastic reference MIMO channel models under the assumption of isotropic and non-isotropic scattering. The proposed procedure provides an important framework for designers of advanced mobile communication systems to verify new transmission concepts employing MIMO techniques under realistic propagation conditions.

Chapter 9 deals with the derivation, analysis, and realization of high-speed channel simulators. It is shown how simulation models can be developed by just using adders, storage elements, and simple address generators. The proposed techniques for the design of high-speed channel simulators are suitable for all types of channel models presented in the previous chapters.

Chapter 10 concludes the book with three selected topics in mobile radio channel modelling. The first topic addresses the problem of designing multiple uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channels. The second is devoted to the modelling of shadow fading, and the last elaborates on the development of frequency hopping mobile radio channel models.

In the course of writing this book, I have had the pleasure to work with a number of PhD students on a variety of subjects that influenced the contents of the second edition in one way or the other. I am especially indebted to Dr. B. O. Hogstad, Dr. C. A. Gutierrez, Dr. B. Talha, Dr. G. Rafiq, and Ms. Y. Ma. I will never forget the great and fruitful time that we spent together pulling on the same end of the scientific rope. I am also grateful to Mark Hammond, the Editorial Director at John Wiley & Sons, as well as to Sarah Tilley and Susan Barclay, my Project Editors, for their constant support, ultimate patience, and for giving me all the freedom that I needed to publish this edition in its present form. Finally, my special thanks go to my wife Katharina. This book truly would not have been written without her steady encouragement and professional assistance. Of course, all errors are entirely mine.

Matthias PätzoldGrimstadMarch 2011

List of Acronyms

ACeSAsian Cellular SystemACFautocorrelation functionADFaverage duration of fadesAMPSAdvanced Mobile Phone SystemAOAangle-of-arrivalAODangle-of-departureARIBAssociation of Radio Industries and BusinessesATDMAAdvanced Time Division Multiple AccessAWGNadditive white Gaussian noiseB-ISDNBroadband Integrated Services Digital NetworkBMFTBundesministerium für Forschung und TechnologieBPSKbinary phase shift keyingBRANBroadband Radio Access NetworksBSbase stationBUBad UrbanCCFcross-correlation functionCDFcumulative distribution functionCDMAcode division multiple accessCEPTConference of European Postal and Telecommunications AdministrationsCFcorrelation functionCMOScomplementary metal oxide semiconductorCOSTEuropean Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical ResearchD-AMPSDigital Advanced Mobile Phone ServiceDCdirect currentDCSDigital Cellular SystemDECTDigital European Cordless TelephoneDLRGerman Aerospace Center (German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.)DPSKdifferential phase shift keyingDS-CDMAdirect sequence code division multiple accessDSPdigital signal processorEAelevation angleEDGEEnhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutionEMEDSextended method of exact Doppler spreadESAEuropean Space AgencyETSIEuropean Telecommunications Standards InstituteFCFfrequency correlation functionFDDfrequency division duplexFDMAfrequency division multiple accessFHfrequency hoppingFIRfinite impulse responseFMfrequency modulationFPGAfield programmable gate arrayFPLMTSFuture Public Land Mobile Telecommunications SystemGaAsgallium arsenideGEOgeostationary earth orbitGMEAgeneralized method of equal areasGMEDSq generalized method of exact Doppler spreadGSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications (formerly: Groupe Spécial Mobile)GWSSUSGaussian wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scatteringHEOhighly elliptical orbitHFhigh frequencyHIPERLANHigh Performance Radio Local Area NetworkHIPERLAN/2High Performance Radio Local Area Network Type 2HTHilly TerrainIEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIIRinfinite impulse responseIMT-2000International Mobile Telecommunications 2000INMARSATInternational Maritime Satellite OrganizationIS-95Interim Standard 95ISIintersymbol interferenceITUInternational Telecommunications UnionJMJakes methodLANlocal area networkLCRlevel-crossing rateLDPClow-density parity-checkLEOlow earth orbitLMSland mobile satelliteLOSline-of-sightLPNMLp-norm methodLTELong Term EvolutionMBSMobile Broadband SystemMC-CDMAmulti-carrier code division multiple accessMCMMonte Carlo methodMEAmethod of equal areasMEDmethod of equal distancesMEDSmethod of exact Doppler spreadMEDS-SPmethod of exact Doppler spread with set partitioningMEOmedium earth orbitMIMOmultiple-input multiple-outputMISOmultiple-input single-outputMMEAmodified method of equal areasMMEDSmodified method of exact Doppler spreadMSmobile stationMSEMmean-square-error methodNGEOnon-geostationary earth orbitNLOSnon-line-of-sightNMTNordic Mobile TelephoneNTTNippon Telephone and TelegraphNTTPCNippon Telephone and Telegraph Public CorporationOFDMorthogonal frequency division multiplexingOFDMAorthogonal frequency division multiple accessPCNPersonal Communications NetworkPDCPersonal Digital CellularPDFprobability density functionPDPpower delay profilePSDpower spectral densityQPSKquadrature phase shift keyingRARural AreaRACEResearch and Development in Advanced Communications Technologies in EuropeRMEDSrandomized method of exact Doppler spreadRMSroot mean squareRSMRiemann sum methodRTMRadio Telephone MobileRVrandom variableSAWsurface acoustic waveSCMspatial channel modelSIMOsingle-input multiple-outputSISOsingle-input single-outputSMSshort message servicesSNRsignal-to-noise ratioSOCsum-of-cisoidsSOCUSsum-of-cisoids uncorrelated scatteringSOSsum-of-sinusoidsSOSUSsum-of-sinusoids uncorrelated scatteringSUIStanford University InterimTACSTotal Access Communication SystemTDMAtime division multiple accessTUTypical UrbanULAuniform linear arrayUMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUSuncorrelated scatteringUTRAUMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessUWC-136Universal Wireless Communications 136VLSIvery large scale integrationWARCWorld Administration Radio ConferenceWCDMAwideband code division multiple accessWGNwhite Gaussian noiseWiMAXWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWLANWireless Local Area NetworkWSSwide-sense stationaryWSSUSwide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering2D3D two-, three-dimensional1G2G 1st, 2nd generation3G4G 3rd, 4th generation3GPP3rd Generation Partnership Project3GPP23rd Generation Partnership Project 2