Modern Antenna Handbook E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2741

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The most up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of classical and modern antennas and their related technologies

Modern Antenna Handbook represents the most current and complete thinking in the field of antennas. The handbook is edited by one of the most recognizable, prominent, and prolific authors, educators, and researchers on antennas and electromagnetics. Each chapter is authored by one or more leading international experts and includes cover-age of current and future antenna-related technology. The information is of a practical nature and is intended to be useful for researchers as well as practicing engineers.

From the fundamental parameters of antennas to antennas for mobile wireless communications and medical applications, Modern Antenna Handbook covers everything professional engineers, consultants, researchers, and students need to know about the recent developments and the future direction of this fast-paced field.

In addition to antenna topics, the handbook also covers modern technologies such as metamaterials, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), frequency selective surfaces (FSS), and radar cross sections (RCS) and their applications to antennas, while five chapters are devoted to advanced numerical/computational methods targeted primarily for the analysis and design of antennas.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

PART I INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AND DEFINITIONS FOR ANTENNAS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 RADIATION PATTERN

1.3 RADIATION POWER DENSITY

1.4 RADIATION INTENSITY

1.5 BEAMWIDTH

1.6 DIRECTIVITY

1.7 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES

1.8 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

1.9 GAIN

1.10 BEAM EFFICIENCY

1.11 BANDWIDTH

1.12 POLARIZATION

1.13 INPUT IMPEDANCE

1.14 ANTENNA RADIATION EFFICIENCY

1.15 ANTENNA VECTOR EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND EQUIVALENT AREAS

1.16 MAXIMUM DIRECTIVITY AND MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE AREA

1.17 FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION AND RADAR RANGE EQUATION

1.18 ANTENNA TEMPERATURE

REFERENCES

PART II ANTENNA ELEMENTS

CHAPTER 2 WIRE ELEMENTS: DIPOLES, MONOPOLES, AND LOOPS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 DIPOLE AND MONOPOLE ANTENNAS

2.3 LOOP ANTENNAS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3 APERTURE ANTENNAS: WAVEGUIDES AND HORNS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 COMMON APPLICATIONS OF APERTURE ANTENNAS

3.3 SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTS

3.4 DESIGN DATA

3.5 FABRICATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4 MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS: ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND APPLICATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

4.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.4 FEED/EXCITATION METHODS

4.5 DUAL-POLARIZATION AND CIRCULAR-POLARIZATION TECHNIQUES

4.6 BROADBAND AND DUAL-BAND TECHNIQUES

4.7 ANTENNA MINIATURIZATION TECHNIQUES

4.8 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5 REFLECTOR ANTENNAS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 RADIATION PATTERN ANALYSIS

5.3 FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES

5.4 ADVANCED ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING REFLECTOR ANTENNA SYSTEMS

5.5 SINGLE-BEAM ANTENNAS

5.6 MULTIPLE-BEAM ANTENNAS WITH EXAMPLES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6 FREQUENCY-INDEPENDENT ANTENNAS: SPIRALS AND LOG-PERIODICS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 THEORY

6.3 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

6.4 SPIRAL ANTENNAS

6.5 LOGPERIODICS

6.6 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

ADDITIONAL READING

CHAPTER 7 LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNAS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 HISTORY

7.3 CLASSIFICATION OF LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNAS

7.4 PHYSICS OF LEAKY WAVES

7.5 RADIATION PROPERTIES OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNAS

7.6 RADIATION PROPERTIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNAS

7.7 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8 RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 THE RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA

8.3 CASE STUDIES IN RECONFIGURABLE LARGE APERTURE ANTENNAS

8.4 CASE STUDIES IN RECONFIGURABLE SMALL APERTURE ANTENNAS

8.5 ADVANCED RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA APPLICATIONS

8.6 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9 WIDEBAND AND TRAVELING-WAVE ANTENNAS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 BICONICAL ANTENNAS

9.3 HELICAL ANTENNAS

9.4 YAGI–UDA ANTENNAS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10 SMALL AND FRACTAL ANTENNAS

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 DEFINING ELECTRICALLY SMALL

10.3 FUNDAMENTAL PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES

10.4 FUNDAMENTAL PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS

10.5 SMALL DIPOLE AND LOOP ANTENNAS

10.6 ACHIEVING SELF-RESONANCE

10.7 IMPEDANCE MATCHING AND INCREASING RADIATION RESISTANCE

10.8 OPTIMIZING BANDWIDTH

10.9 FRACTAL ANTENNAS

REFERENCES

PART III ARRAYS AND SYNTHESIS METHODS

CHAPTER 11 ARRAYS AND SMART ANTENNAS

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 ANTENNA ARRAYS

11.3 PROPAGATION MODELS FOR SMART ANTENNA ANALYSIS

11.4 SMART ANTENNAS

11.5 SMART ANTENNA ALGORITHMS

11.6 SMART ANTENNA ADVANTAGES

11.7 SMART ANTENNA IMPLEMENTATION AND SYSTEM ISSUES

11.8 DISCUSSION: MIMO SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12 WIDEBAND ARRAYS

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 CURRENT SHEET ARRAY

12.3 VIVALDI ANTENNA ARRAYS

12.4 FRAGMENTED ARRAY ANTENNAS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 13 SYNTHESIS METHODS FOR ANTENNAS

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 SYNTHESIS PRINCIPLES

13.3 SHAPED BEAM SYNTHESIS METHODS

13.4 LOW SIDELOBE SYNTHESIS METHODS

13.5 POLE–RESIDUE METHODS FOR TIME-AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN MODELING AND SYNTHESIS

REFERENCES

PART IV STRUCTURES AND TECHNIQUES RELATED TO ANTENNAS

CHAPTER 14 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS OF NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX TRANSMISSION-LINE (NRI-TL) METAMATERIALS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 PLANAR NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX TRANSMISSION-LINE (NRI-TL) MEDIA

14.3 NRI-TL METAMATERIAL PHASE-SHIFTING LINES

14.4 BROADBAND AND COMPACT NRI-TL METAMATERIAL SERIES POWER DIVIDERS

14.5 NRI-TL METAMATERIAL SERIES-FED ANTENNA ARRAYS WITH REDUCED BEAM SQUINTING

14.6 A NRI-TL METAMATERIAL LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNA WITH REDUCED BEAM SQUINTING

14.7 AN ELECTRICALLY SMALL NRI-TL METAMATERIAL RING ANTENNA WITH VERTICAL POLARIZATION

14.8 BACKWARD/FORWARD LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNAS RADIATING IN THEIR FUNDAMENTAL SPATIAL HARMONIC

14.9 A BROADBAND WILKINSON BALUN USING MICROSTRIP NRI-TL METAMATERIAL LINES

14.10 A HIGH DIRECTIVITY BACKWARD NRI-TL/MICROSTRIP COUPLER

14.11 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 15 ARTIFICIAL IMPEDANCE SURFACES FOR ANTENNAS

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 SURFACE WAVES

15.3 HIGH IMPEDANCE SURFACES

15.4 SURFACE WAVE BANDS

15.5 REFLECTION PHASE

15.6 BANDWIDTH

15.7 DESIGN PROCEDURE

15.8 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS

15.9 DIFFRACTION CONTROL

15.10 TUNABLE IMPEDANCE SURFACES

15.11 REFLECTIVE BEAM STEERING

15.12 LEAKY WAVE BEAM STEERING

15.13 BACKWARD BANDS

15.14 HOLOGRAPHIC ARTIFICIAL IMPEDANCE SURFACES

15.15 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 16 FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SCREENS

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASSES OF FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SCREENS

16.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SCREENS

16.4 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS

16.5 DESIGN OBJECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 17 MEMS INTEGRATED AND MICROMACHINED ANTENNA ELEMENTS, ARRAYS, AND FEEDING NETWORKS

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 RF-MEMS SWITCHES AND MICROMACHINING TECHNOLOGIES

17.3 RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS USING RF-MEMS SWITCHES

17.4 MECHANICALLY MOVABLE ANTENNAS

17.5 MEMS PHASE SHIFTERS IN ANTENNA FEED NETWORKS

17.6 MICROMACHINING TO IMPROVE ANTENNA PERFORMANCE

17.7 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT FLOW

17.8 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 18 FEED ANTENNAS

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 APERTURE FEED ANTENNAS

18.3 LINEAR FEED ANTENNAS

18.4 TRAVELING-WAVE FEEDS

18.5 COMPOUND FEED ANTENNAS

18.6 FEED SYSTEMS

18.7 DESIGN METHODS

18.8 FUTURE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 19 NEAR-FIELD SCANNING MEASUREMENTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE

19.1 INTRODUCTION

19.2 NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENT THEORY

19.3 NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENT PRACTICE

19.4 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 20 ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS

20.1 INTRODUCTION

20.2 ANTENNA RANGES

20.3 MICROWAVE ABSORBING MATERIAL

20.4 INSTRUMENTATION

20.5 RADIATION PATTERNS

20.6 GAIN MEASUREMENTS

20.7 DIRECTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

20.8 RADIATION EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS

20.9 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS

20.10 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS

20.11 POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS

20.12 SCALE MODEL MEASUREMENTS

20.13 TROUBLESHOOTING

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 21 ANTENNA SCATTERING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

21.1 INTRODUCTION

21.2 CONCEPT OF RADAR CROSS SECTION

21.3 RADAR CROSS SECTION OF ANTENNAS: MULTIPLE MODES

21.4 ANTENNA TERMINAL MODE SCATTERING AND RESONANT MODE SCATTERING FOR A SMALL SINGLE WIRE ANTENNA ELEMENT

21.5 IMPEDANCE EFFECTS ON ANTENNA SCATTERING

21.6 UNIFORM TOTAL ANTENNA RADIATION AND SCATTERING REPRESENTATION

21.7 STRUCTURAL ANTENNA CONTRIBUTIONS

21.8 ARRAYS

21.9 RADOMES AND FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES

21.10 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

PART V ANTENNA APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 22 INTEGRATED ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

22.1 INTRODUCTION

22.2 FUNDAMENTALS

22.3 INTEGRATED HANDSET ANTENNAS AND HUMAN INTERACTIONS

22.4 INTEGRATED ANTENNAS FOR LAPTOPS

22.5 INTEGRATED ANTENNAS FOR OTHER MOBILE DEVICES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 23 ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

23.1 INTRODUCTION

23.2 BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW

23.3 TRENDS

23.4 TYPICAL ANTENNA ELEMENTS

23.5 ANTENNAS FOR BASE STATIONS

23.6 ANTENNAS FOR SMALL MOBILE TERMINALS

23.7 MEASUREMENT

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 24 ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE SYSTEMS

24.1 INTRODUCTION

24.2 MOBILE TERMINAL ANTENNAS

24.3 BASE STATION ANTENNAS

24.4 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 25 ANTENNA ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED WIRELESS SYSTEMS

25.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA (PAA) TECHNOLOGY

25.2 FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS IN PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEMS

25.3 CONTINUOUS TRANSVERSE STUB (CTS) ANTENNA ARRAY TECHNOLOGY

25.4 ANTENNA ARRAYS USING INTEGRATED CTS AND FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES

25.5 LOW COST PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS USING DIGITAL BEAM-FORMING TECHNIQUES

25.6 ULTRAWIDEBAND HYBRID EBG/FERRITE GROUND PLANE FOR LOW PROFILE ARRAY ANTENNAS

25.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 26 ANTENNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR MIMO AND DIVERSITY SYSTEMS

26.1 INTRODUCTION

26.2 MIMO SYSTEMS

26.3 ANTENNA DIVERSITY

26.4 MUTUAL COUPLING

26.5 SUPERDIRECTIVITY IN MIMO SYSTEMS

26.6 MIMO ANTENNA SYNTHESIS

26.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 27 ANTENNAS FOR MEDICAL THERAPY AND DIAGNOSTICS

27.1 INTRODUCTION

27.2 ANTENNAS FOR THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

27.3 ANTENNAS FOR SENSING AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 28 ANTENNAS FOR BIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS

28.1 INTRODUCTION

28.2 ORGANIZED INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH

28.3 INDUCED FIELDS AND SAR

28.4 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF EXPOSURE SYSTEMS

28.5 ANTENNAS FOR IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS

28.6 ANTENNAS FOR IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS

28.7 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

PART VI METHODS OF ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND SIMULATION

CHAPTER 29 ANTENNA MODELING USING INTEGRAL EQUATIONS AND THE METHOD OF MOMENTS

29.1 INTRODUCTION

29.2 INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

29.3 THE METHOD OF MOMENTS

29.4 THIN-WIRE ANTENNAS

29.5 WIRE ANTENNA FEED MODELS

29.6 METHOD OF MOMENTS SOLUTION OF EQ. (29.22)

29.7 SINGULARITY IN THE GREEN’S FUNCTION

29.8 STEPS WITHIN A TYPICAL ANALYSIS

29.9 ACCURACY AND CONVERGENCE OF NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS

29.10 EXAMPLE: MUTUAL IMPEDANCE MATRIX FOR THREE-ELEMENT ARRAY

29.11 ANTENNAS CONFIGURED FROM ARBITRARY CONDUCTOR SHAPES

29.12 PRINTED CIRCUIT ANTENNAS

29.13 EXAMPLE: MICROSTRIP PATCH ANALYSIS

29.14 ANALYSIS OF LARGE ARRAYS AND PERIODIC STRUCTURES

29.15 VISUALIZATION OF NUMERICAL RESULTS

29.16 ANTENNA DESIGN THROUGH NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION

29.17 FAST NUMERICAL METHODS FOR LARGE OR COMPLEX PROBLEMS

29.18 A PERSPECTIVE ON NUMERICAL MODELING

29.19 SOME SOURCES OF SOFTWARE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 30 FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN METHOD APPLIED TO ANTENNAS

30.1 INTRODUCTION

30.2 THE BASIC FDTD ALGORITHM

30.3 FORMULATION OF THE ANTENNA PROBLEM IN THE FDTD METHOD

30.4 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE METHOD FOR ANTENNA ANALYSIS

30.5 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 31 FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF ANTENNAS

31.1 INTRODUCTION

31.2 FINITE-ELEMENT FORMULATION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN

31.3 FINITE-ELEMENT FORMULATION IN THE TIME DOMAIN

31.4 FINITE-ELEMENT MESH TRUNCATION

31.5 ANTENNA PARAMETER MODELING

31.6 PHASED ARRAY MODELING

31.7 NUMERICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

31.8 APPLICATION EXAMPLES

31.9 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 32 GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR ANTENNAS

32.1 ANTENNA OPTIMIZATION

32.2 GA OPTIMIZATION OF ANTENNA ARRAYS

32.3 GA OPTIMIZATION OF APERTURE ANTENNAS

32.4 GA OPTIMIZATION OF WIRE ANTENNAS

32.5 SMART ANTENNAS

32.6 OTHER GA ANTENNA DESIGNS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 33 NEURAL NETWORKS FOR ANTENNAS

33.1 INTRODUCTION

33.2 NEURAL NETWORK CONCEPTS

33.3 NEURAL NETWORK MODEL DEVELOPMENT

33.4 OTHER NEURAL NETWORK MODELS USED FOR ANTENNA MODELING

33.5 A TYPICAL EXAMPLE

33.6 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS

33.7 SOME ISSUES OF USING NEURAL NETWORKS FOR ANTENNA PROBLEMS

33.8 DISADVANTAGES OF USING NEURAL NETWORKS

33.9 NEW TRENDS

33.10 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

INDEX

Copyright © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Balanis, Constantine A., 1938–Modern antenna handbook/Constantine A. Balanis.p. cm.Includes index.ISBN 978-0-470-03634-1 (cloth)1. Antennas (Electronics) I. Title.TK7871.6.B354 2008621.382'4—dc222007050162

To my teachers, students, colleagues, relatives and friends

PREFACE

Antennas and antenna systems are the eyes and ears of wireless communication systems, which have experienced an unprecedented rapid expansion. Part of this advancement has been attributed to contributions of antenna technology. These wireless systems, no matter how simple or complex, cannot operate efficiently unless they utilize transmitting and receiving elements/antennas to efficiently radiate and receive the waves that carry the information. This is analogous to humans whose daily schedule and contributions are largely controlled by the efficiency of their eyes and ears.

The future of the communication systems is even more challenging, and their efficacy will depend on what we, as antenna engineers and scientists, can invent and contribute. In fact, some of the future services and performances of wireless communication may be dependant on and limited by antenna designs which will require our imagination and vision to push the outer limits of the laws of physics. For example, handheld mobile units, which in 2008 numbered nearly 1 billion subscribers, are ubiquitous from the smallest rural village to the largest urban city and provide numerous services, such as voice, video, email, news, weather, stock quotes, GPS, TV, satellite, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax, Radio Frequency ID (RFID), and so on. In the very near future, the number of services will expand and the number of units will increase at an almost exponential rate as everyone, from the youngest to the oldest around the world, will possess one. To integrate all these services into a single unit, and to provide them reliably and efficiently, we must develop broadband antenna designs to accommodate these demands, while at the same time provide esthetic visualization of the devices. Using single antenna elements for each of these services will not “cut the mustard.” Therefore we are faced with unique challenges, and we must respond.

To meet the demands of this rapidly evolving technology, the Modern Antenna Handbook provides leadership towards these challenges, as seen by some of our visionary contributors. The handbook covers a wide range of topics, from the fundamental parameters of antennas to antennas for mobile wireless communications and medical applications. The information is practical in nature and is intended to be useful to practicing engineers and scientists, researchers, educators, consultants and students. There are a plethora of antenna elements and all could not be covered with some depth in a book with space constraints. Also, many antenna elements and designs are seen to be static and have been covered in other publications. We opted to include some of the classic antenna topics, to make the handbook self contained, and to focus more on contemporary topics and modern technologies, including wireless communication, materials and structures, techniques and computational methods relating to antennas. The 33 included chapters are all new, contemporary, provide breadth and depth, and are detailed. The chapters have been authored by 68 leading international experts who have contributed to the unprecedented advancement of antenna technology, and include coverage of current and future antenna-related vision.

Computational methods, which have been instrumental in the rapid evolutionary advancement of the modeling, simulation, animation, and visualization of antenna design, are an integral part of this handbook. In the past few years, Computational Electromagnetic Methods (CEM) have basically served as the working “slide rule” of the 1950s and 1960s. There is hardly any modern and efficient antenna design whose operation has not been influenced, modeled, simulated, and optimized using one or more computational methods. We expect that CEM will play an even bigger role in the future.

In addition to antenna topics, the handbook also covers modern and contemporary technologies such as metamaterials, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), frequency selective surfaces (FSS), radar cross section (RCS) and their applications to antennas.

The handbook is basically subdivided into six main themes.

PART I: FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AND DEFINITIONS OF ANTENNAS

This part introduces the fundamental parameters and definitions of antennas. It is probably one of the most important chapters because it prepares the reader for the understanding of the various topics and parameters that are used throughout the handbook.

PART II: ANTENNA ELEMENTS

Some of the most basic and classic antenna configurations, from the wire-type to low-profile and apertures, such as monopoles, dipoles, loops, microstrips, apertures, reflectors, frequency independent, leaky-wave, reconfigurable, wideband, traveling, small, and fractal elements are included in this second part.

PART III: ARRAYS AND SYNTHESIS METHODS

Arrays are probably the most versatile antenna designs with a wide range of applications from ground-based to space-borne. Three chapters have been devoted to this theme, including smart antennas and adaptive arrays which we expect to play a key role in the advancement of the wireless communication technology. Some unique and intriguing designs of arrays for wideband operation are part of this section. Synthesis methods, although classic, will always be part of any antenna technology advancement.

PART IV: STRUCTURES AND TECHNIQUES RELATED TO ANTENNAS

Advanced materials and structures, such as metamaterials and artificial magnetic conductors, are modern technologies which already have been contributing factors to the evolution of antennas. In addition, MEMS, FSS, and RCS are contemporary devices and designs which are now integral parts of antenna technology. Measurement techniques, both conventional and near-to-far field, are also included.

PART V: ANTENNA APPLICATIONS

The applications emphasized in this theme are more toward wireless communications, including mobile units, base stations, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques, and medical and biomedical applications. These will play a pivotal role in the advancement of wireless communication system efficiency, in terms of increasing capacity and range.

PART VI: METHODS OF ANALYSIS, MODELING AND SIMULATION

Five chapters are devoted to advanced numerical/computational methods targeted primarily for the analysis, modeling, simulation, design, animation and visualization of antennas. These methods have been an integral part of modern antenna technology, and include Integral Equations/Method of Moments, Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD), Finite Element Method (FEM), Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Neural Networks.

There are many people that have contributed to the completion of this publication, and I would like to extend my sincere appreciation for their interest, contributions, cooperation, and support. First of all, I would like to thank the 68 authors, all of national and international acclaim, who volunteered to contribute to this handbook. The contents reflect their present and future vision of antenna technology. The interest and support from Wiley-Interscience was very critical from the genesis to the final production of this handbook. I would like to acknowledge the vision, dedication for excellence, and support provided within Wiley-Interscience by George Telecki (Editor) and the assistance from Rachel Witmer, Melissa Valentine, and the expert production led by Lisa Morano Van Horn.

Last, but not list, I would like to thank my family, Helen, Renie and Stephanie, for their patience, support, and encouragement over the years for all my challenging undertakings, including this one.

CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS

Tempe, Arizona,

May 2008

CONTRIBUTORS

Dr. Marco A. Antoniades, The Edwards S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Alejandro Aragón-Zavala, Department of Electronic Engineering, Technologic of Monterey, Cangus Querétano, Mexico

Professor Constantine A. Balanis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

Jodie Bell, Hawaii Center for Advanced Communications, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

Professor Paolo Bernardi, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy

Professor Jennifer T. Bernhard, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

Dr. Steven R. Best, MITRE, Bedford, Massachusetts

Dr. Trevor S. Bird, CSIRO ICT Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Craig R. Birtcher, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

Professor Marta Cavagnaro, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy

Nuri Celik, Hawaii Center for Advanced Communications, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

Professor Christos G. Christodoulou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico

William F. Croswell, formerly of Harris Corporation, Melbourne, Florida

Dr. Thomas Cwik, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Tim Durham, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, Florida

Professor George V. Eleftheriades, The Edwards S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

A. Ross Forsyth, CSIRO ICT Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; now with Australia Telescope National Facility, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Michael H. Francis, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado

Paul Friederich, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Professor Kyohei Fujimoto, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Professor Cynthia M. Furse, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Professor Om P. Ghandi, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Dr. Christophe Granet, CSIRO ICT Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; now with BAE Systems Australia Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Jerzy Guterman, Institute of Telecommunications, Lisbon, Portugal

Dr. Randy L. Haupt, Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Dr. John Huang, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Professor Gregory H. Huff, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

Dr. William A. Imbriale, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Professor Magdy F. Iskander, Hawaii Center for Advanced Communications, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

Dr. Graeme L. James, CSIRO ICT Centre, Sydney New South Wales, Australia

Professor David R. Jackson, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas

Professor Michael A. Jensen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

Professor Jian-Ming Jin, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

Mark Jones, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, Florida; now with Ansoft, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Dr. Oren B. Kesler, Denmar Technical Services, Willis, Texas

Wayne Kim, Hawaii Center for Advanced Communications, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

Professor Gianluca Lazzi, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina

Stanislav Licul, Maxtena, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia

Professor James C. Lin, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

Dr. Zheng Lou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois of Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois

Dr. James G. Maloney, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Professor A. A. Moreira, Institute of Telecommunications, Lisbon, Portugal

Professor Hisamatsu Nakano, Department of Electronic Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo

Professor Sima Noghanian, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Dr. Arthur A. Oliner, University Professor Emeritus, Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York

Dr. Bo Pan, Wionics Research, Real Tek Semiconductor Group, Irvine, California

Professor John Papapolymerou, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Douglas Pasquan, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland

Professor Amalendu Patnaik, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, India

Professor C. Peixeiro, Institute of Telecommunications, Lisbon, Portugal

Larry Pellett, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics, Palmdale, California

Professor Andrew F. Peterson, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Professor Stefano Pisa, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy

Dr. Emanuele Piuzzi, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy

Professor Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Dr. Douglas Riley, Northrup Grumman, Space Technology, Redondo Beach, California

Dr. Norma Riley, Northrup Grumman Space Technology, Redondo Beach, California

Dr. Simon R. Saunders, Real Wireless Limited, West Sussex, United Kingdom

Professor Daniel Schaubert, Antennas and Propagation Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts

Professor Lotfollah Shafai, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Dr. Daniel F. Sievenpiper, HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, California

Professor Glenn S. Smith, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Professor Warren Stutzman, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia

Professor Manos M. Tentzeris, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Professor George V. Tsoulos, Department of Telecommunications Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece

Jon W. Wallace, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany

Ronald C. Wittmann, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado

Professor Zhengqing Yun, Hawaii Center for Advanced Communications, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

PART I

INTRODUCTION