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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Wiley - IEEE
- Sprache: Englisch
MODERN FERRITES, Volume 1 A robust exploration of the basic principles of ferrimagnetics and their applications In Modern Ferrites Volume 1: Basic Principles, Processing and Properties, renowned researcher and educator Vincent G. Harris delivers a comprehensive overview of the basic principles and ferrimagnetic phenomena of modern ferrite materials. Volume 1 explores the fundamental properties of ferrite systems, including their structure, chemistry, and magnetism; the latest in processing methodologies; and the unique properties that result. The authors explore the processing, structure, and property relationships in ferrites as nanoparticles, thin and thick films, compacts, and crystals and how these relationships are key to realizing practical device applications laying the foundation for next generation technologies. This volume also includes: * Comprehensive investigation of the historical and scientific significance of ferrites upon ancient and modern societies; * Neel's expanded theory of molecular field magnetism applied to ferrimagnetic oxides together with theoretic advances in density functional theory; * Nonlinear excitations in ferrite systems and their potential for device technologies; * Practical discussions of nanoparticle, thin, and thick film growth techniques; * Ferrite-based electronic band-gap heterostructures and metamaterials. Perfect for RF engineers and magnetitians working in the field of RF electronics, radar, communications, and spintronics as well as other emerging technologies. Modern Ferrites will earn a place on the bookshelves of engineers and scientists interested in the ever-expanding technologies reliant upon ferrite materials and new processing methodologies. Modern Ferrites Volume 2: Emerging Technologies and Applications is also available (ISBN: 9781394156139).
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Modern Ferrites, Volume 1
Basic Principles, Processing and Properties
Edited by
Vincent G. Harris
College of Engineering Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
This edition first published 2023
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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“What one man calls God; another calls the laws of physics.”
Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
List of Contributors
1 Historical Evolution of Systeme International d’Unites and Its Application to Electromagnetism and Magnetic Materials
2 Societal Benefits of Ferrites: Historical, Scientific, and Commercial Breakthroughs
3 Structure and Chemistry of Ferrites and Related Oxide Systems
4 Ferrite Magnetism: Fundamentals of Néel’s Molecular Field Theory
5 Molecular Field and Exchange-Interaction Theories Applied to Ferrimagnetic Systems
6 Ferrite Magnetism: A First-Principles Approach
7 Gyromagnetic Properties of Ferrites
8 Nonlinear Excitations in Ferrites
9 Chemical Processing and Magnetic Properties of Ferrite Nanoparticles
10 Ferrite Films: Deposition Methods and Properties in View of Applications
11 Properties and Applications of Single-Crystal Ferrite Films Grown by Liquid-Phase Epitaxy
12 Ferrite-Based Electronic Bandgap Heterostructures and Metamaterials
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 1
Table 1.1 Historical timeline of events...
Table 1.2 Maxwell’s equations and...
Table 1.3 Conversion of units for...
Table 1.4 Numerical values for...
CHAPTER 2
Table 2.1 History of ferrite...
Table 2.2 Global Ferrite Research...
CHAPTER 3
Table 3.1 Selected Wyckoff positions...
Table 3.2 Hexaferrite compound...
CHAPTER 4
Table 4.1 Transition metal ion...
Table 4.2 Physical and technical...
Table 4.3 Labeling of irreducible...
Table 4.4 Crystal field coefficients...
CHAPTER 5
Table 5.1 Typical...
Table 5.2 The molecular...
Table 5.3 Fitting...
Table 5.4 The calculated...
Table 5.5 The molecular...
Table 5.6 Molecular field...
Table 5.7 Spin structure...
Table 5.8 Total energies...
Table 5.9 Exchange integrals...
Table 5.10 The experimental...
CHAPTER 6
Table 6.1 Spin configurations...
Table 6.2 Comparison between...
Table 6.3 Spin structures...
Table 6.4 Calculated exchange...
Table 6.5 Calculated exchange...
Table 6.6 Total energy difference...
CHAPTER 7
Table 7.1 Relaxation terms...
Table 7.2 Demagnetization...
Table 7.3 Permeability...
CHAPTER 9
Table 9.1 Estimated percentage...
Table 9.2 Crystallite size...
Table 9.3 Properties of commonly...
CHAPTER 10
Table 10.1 MBE growth...
Table 10.2 Overview of the...
Table 10.3 Tunneling...
Table 10.4 PLD conditions...
Table 10.5 Pulsed-laser...
Table 10.6 Pulsed laser...
Table 10.7 Magnetic properties...
Table 10.8 Pulsed laser...
Table 10.9 Correlations between...
Table 10.10 Sputter deposition...
Table 10.11 Sputter deposition...
Table 10.12 Sputter deposition...
Table 10.13 Major milestones...
Table 10.14 Composition, saturation...
Table 10.15 Major milestones...
Table 10.16 Conclusions: Ferrite...
CHAPTER 11
Table 11.1 Commonly used solvents...
Table 11.2 Common LPE substrates...
Table 11.3 Cation occupation...
Table 11.4 Properties of LPE...
Table 11.5 Historical development...
Table 11.6 Applications of MSW...
Table 11.7 SAW and MSW devices...
Table 11.8 Spinel magnetism...
Table 11.9 Historical development...
Table 11.10 Hexaferrite structure...
Table 11.11 Historical development...
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure 1.1 Schematic representation...
Figure 1.2 The BIPM SI system...
CHAPTER 03
Figure 3.1 Iron–oxygen phase...
Figure 3.2 Double chains...
Figure 3.3 (a) Ball-and-stick...
Figure 3.4 Spinel structure...
Figure 3.5 (a) Anion tetrahedral...
Figure 3.6 (a) Unit cell of the...
Figure 3.7 Ball-and-stick representations...
Figure 3.8 (a) Polyhedral representation...
Figure 3.9 Polyhedral representation...
Figure 3.10 (a) High T and P energy...
Figure 3.11 Section of a ternary...
Figure 3.12 Magnetite–ulvospinel...
Figure 3.13 The structure of an ordered...
Figure 3.14 Unit cell of the andradite...
Figure 3.15 Cations in an octant...
Figure 3.16 (a) Polyhedra representation...
Figure 3.17 (a) Ball-and-stick...
Figure 3.18 Ternary...
Figure 3.19 Ball-and-stick...
CHAPTER 04
Figure 4.1 J, L, and S quantum numbers...
Figure 4.2 Variation of the dipole...
Figure 4.3 Cation distributions...
Figure 4.4 (a) XRD patterns...
Figure 4.5 Black outline in...
Figure 4.6 Superexchange interaction...
Figure 4.7 (a) Reduces magnetizations...
Figure 4.8 (a) Hypothetical collinear...
Figure 4.9 Tripositive (RE3+) ion...
Figure 4.10 Interaction of the...
Figure 4.11 Crystal-field splitting...
Figure 4.12 Mössbauer spectroscopy...
Figure 4.13 Cation distributions...
Figure 4.14 Geometry for two adjacent...
Figure 4.15 (a) Typical M(H) curves...
Figure 4.16 (a) Two degenerate spin...
Figure 4.17 (a) Network of vertex-sharing...
Figure 4.18 (a) Cusp in the susceptibility...
CHAPTER 05
Figure 5.1 The schematic diagram...
Figure 5.2 Spontaneous magnetization...
Figure 5.3 1/χm~T theoretic...
Figure 5.4 Schematic representation...
Figure 5.5 Experimental and fitting...
Figure 5.6 Schematic representation...
Figure 5.7 The unit cell and spin...
Figure 5.8 Magnetic moment...
Figure 5.9 The typical...
Figure 5.10 Calculated...
Figure 5.11 The exchange...
CHAPTER 06
Figure 6.1 JAB and JBB...
Figure 6.2 Calculated DOS...
Figure 6.3 U of Fe3+ and...
Figure 6.4 Calculated exchange...
Figure 6.5 Calculated exchange...
Figure 6.6 Calculated DOS of nickel...
Figure 6.7 Calculated SDM of nickel...
Figure 6.8 Calculated DOS of the...
Figure 6.9 (a) Spinel structure...
Figure 6.10 Dependences of exchange...
Figure 6.11 Exchange couplings...
Figure 6.12 The dependence of...
Figure 6.13 The dependence of...
Figure 6.14 The comparison of...
Figure 6.15 The calculated magnetic...
Figure 6.16 The dependence of...
CHAPTER 07
Figure 7.1 Precession of magnetization...
Figure 7.2 Illustration of damping...
Figure 7.3 A ferrite sample in a...
Figure 7.4 Damping in the LLG case...
Figure 7.5 Components of magnetic...
Figure 7.6 Damping in the BB case...
Figure 7.7 Measurement of ferromagnetic...
Figure 7.8 Measurement of resonance...
Figure 7.9 An example of curve...
Figure 7.10 Illustration of demagnetization...
Figure 7.11 Three types of magnetic...
Figure 7.12 Illustration of...
Figure 7.13 Anisotropy energy...
Figure 7.14 Coordinate axes...
Figure 7.15 Weiss–Pollak curves...
Figure 7.16 Orientation of magnetic...
Figure 7.17 Real and imaginary...
Figure 7.18 Illustration of DW...
Figure 7.19 Illustration of...
Figure 7.20 (a) Coaxial line...
Figure 7.21 S-parameter method.
Figure 7.22 Open- and short-circuited...
Figure 7.23 Permeability spectra...
Figure 7.24 Permeability spectra...
Figure 7.26 Permeability spectra...
Figure 7.25 Permeability spectra...
Figure 7.27 Permeability spectra...
Figure 7.28 Permeability spectra...
Figure 7.29 Permittivity spectra...
Figure 7.30 Permittivity spectra...
Figure 7.31 Shift of resonance...
Figure 7.32 Rectangular cavity...
Figure 7.33 Thin ferrite samples...
Figure 7.34 Some types of resonance...
Figure 7.35 Geometry describing small...
Figure 7.36 Tunable passband ferrite...
Figure 7.37 Gyrovector comprises...
Figure 7.38 A material point in a...
Figure 7.39 Three-geometry inside...
Figure 7.40 Intrinsic coordinate...
Figure 7.41 Gyrovector states...
Figure 7.42 Resonance energy...
Figure 7.43 A magnetic detector...
Figure 7.44 (a) Magnetic detector...
Figure 7.45 Low-frequency part...
Figure 7.46 Detection of low...
Figure 7.47 Areas of applications...
CHAPTER 08
Figure 8.1 The laboratory...
Figure 8.2 Variation of the...
Figure 8.3 Variation with...
Figure 8.4 Spin-wave manifold...
Figure 8.5 Calculated threshold...
Figure 8.6 Calculated threshold...
Figure 8.7 Spin-wave manifold...
Figure 8.8 Parallel pump...
Figure 8.9 Spin-wave manifold...
Figure 8.10 Calculated threshold...
Figure 8.11 Experimental...
Figure 8.12 Coordinate system...
Figure 8.13 Variation of threshold...
Figure 8.14 Variation of threshold...
Figure 8.15 Schematic reciprocal...
Figure 8.16 Variation of threshold...
Figure 8.17 Definition of the coordinate...
Figure 8.18 Geometry for the easy-plane...
Figure 8.19 Threshold and critical mode...
Figure 8.20 Experimental configuration...
Figure 8.21 Variation of the threshold...
Figure 8.22 (a) Dispersion of...
Figure 8.23 Variation of threshold...
Figure 8.24 (a) and (c) The ferromagnetic...
Figure 8.25 Imaginary parts of the...
Figure 8.26 Variation of the real...
Figure 8.27 Diagram of YIG film...
Figure 8.28 Representative soliton...
Figure 8.29 (a) Diagram of the YIG...
Figure 8.30 The ellipsoidal cross...
CHAPTER 09
Figure 9.1 Cerro Huañaquino,...
Figure 9.2 The complete unit...
Figure 9.3 Pourbaix diagram...
Figure 9.4 In-phase susceptibility...
Figure 9.5 TEM images of nanoparticles...
Figure 9.6 CeTe@CdS-decorated Fe3O4...
Figure 9.7 A schematic of the...
Figure 9.8 Pseudo binary phase...
Figure 9.9 Ferrite nanoparticles...
Figure 9.10 Nanoparticles synthesized...
Figure 9.11 Equilibria phase diagram...
Figure 9.12 (a and b) w/o microemulsion...
Figure 9.13 Various drying methods...
Scheme 9.1 Hydrolysis of silicon...
Scheme 9.2 Hydrolysis of silicon...
Scheme 9.3 Condensation of silicon...
Scheme 9.4 Condensation of silicon...
Figure 9.14 TGA (weight) and derivative...
Figure 9.15 TEM of (a) 6 nm...
Figure 9.16 TEM of iron oxide...
Figure 9.17 TEM image of iron...
Figure 9.18 TEM (left) and SEM...
Figure 9.19 (a) 138 nm Fe3O4...
Figure 9.20 (a) Re-dispersion...
Figure 9.21 Schematic of polyol...
Figure 9.22 Schematic of a typical...
Figure 9.23 Formation of iron oxide...
Figure 9.24 Continuous stirred-tank...
Figure 9.25 XRD of Fe3O4...
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1 Overview of the various...
Figure 10.2 The lattice structures...
Figure 10.3 Calculated efficiency...
Figure 10.4 Examples of an...
Figure 10.5 (a) Formation...
Figure 10.6 (Top row) Reflection...
Figure 10.7 X-ray diffraction...
Figure 10.8 High-resolution transmission...
Figure 10.9 Study of the thickness...
Figure 10.10 Schematic illustration...
Figure 10.11 (a) The uniaxial out-of-plane...
Figure 10.12 Study of the thickness dependence...
Figure 10.13 Room temperature conversion...
Figure 10.14 Dark-field TEM images...
Figure 10.15 Examples of high-resolution...
Figure 10.16 The extracted spectral...
Figure 10.17 Model for the growth...
Figure 10.18 Relation between...
Figure 10.19 Schematic diagram...
Figure 10.20 Schematic illustration...
Figure 10.21 Surrelite solid-state...
Figure 10.22 Excimer laser-based PLD...
Figure 10.23 (a) Optical train mounted...
Figure 10.24 PLD target–substrate...
Figure 10.25 The concept of magnon...
Figure 10.26 Schematic of the magnon...
Figure 10.27 (a) Mn K edge DAFS for...
Figure 10.28 Ternary phase diagram...
Figure 10.29 Constituent blocks in...
Figure 10.30 Barium magnetoplumbite...
Figure 10.31 Trends in resonant...
Figure 10.32 (a) Magnetization...
Figure 10.33 Timeline identifying...
Figure 10.34 (a) Cross-section...
Figure 10.35 Interrelationships...
Figure 10.36 Ferrite driving...
Figure 10.37 a) Schematic depiction...
Figure 10.38 Simplified schematic...
Figure 10.39 a) Illustration...
Figure 10.40 a) AJA International...
Figure 10.41 In-line solar cell...
Figure 10.42 The structure zone...
Figure 10.43 Bubble domains visualized...
Figure 10.44 FMR data obtained from...
Figure 10.45 Illustration mapping...
Figure 10.46 Illustration mapping...
Figure 10.47 Fourier-transformed ...
Figure 10.48 (a) Hysteresis loops...
Figure 10.49 Illustration mapping...
Figure 10.50 (a) Schematic gas-handling...
Figure 10.51 Schematics of an ALD step...
Figure 10.52 X-ray diffraction patterns...
Figure 10.53 Room temperature in-plane...
Figure 10.54 Cross-sectional SEM image...
Figure 10.55 (a) GIXRD patterns and...
Figure 10.56 (a) X-ray diffraction...
Figure 10.57 (a) Hysteresis loops...
Figure 10.58 Schematics of spin-spray...
Figure 10.59 Principle of the...
Figure 10.60 Multiple nozzles ...
Figure 10.61 Relative permeability...
Figure 10.62 (a) Cross-sectional...
Figure 10.63 FMR absorption spectra...
Figure 10.64 Magnetic hysteresis...
CHAPTER 11
Figure 11.1 Schematic drawings of...
Figure 11.2 Schematic drawings of...
Figure 11.3 Schematic drawing of...
Figure 11.4 (a) Cyberstar’s...
Figure 11.5 (a) Blank and Nielsen...
Figure 11.6 Lattice parameter...
Figure 11.7 Optical microscopes...
Figure 11.8 Hysteresis loops of...
Figure 11.9 Pole figures obtained for...
Figure 11.10 (a) Binary Fe2O3–YFeO3...
Figure 11.11 (a) A representation...
Figure 11.12 Contribution of different...
Figure 11.13 The minimum of a total...
Figure 11.14 (a) An imagined slice...
Figure 11.15 (a) Demonstration of a...
Figure 11.16 (a) The derivative of ...
Figure 11.17 (a) Schematic of cross...
Figure 11.18 (a) Representative spectrum ...
Figure 11.19 (a) Fe–O binary...
Figure 11.20 A 56-atom AB2O4 spinel...
Figure 11.21 Hexaferrite unit cells...
Figure 11.22 Schematic illustration...
Figure 11.23 (a) Binary phase diagram...
Figure 11.24 State of frequency ...
CHAPTER 12
Figure 12.1 (a) Backward propagation...
Figure 12.2 Experimentally observed...
Figure 12.3 (a) Cross-sectional TEM...
Figure 12.4 Optical and magneto-optical...
Figure 12.5 The lowest five photonic...
Figure 12.6 Comparison of measured...
Figure 12.7 Real and imaginary parts...
Figure 12.8 Measured bias field...
Figure 12.9 Measured and simulated...
Figure 12.10 Bias field tuning...
Figure 12.11 (a) Top views of...
Guide
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Preface
In 1990, I graduated with a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering having completed a dissertation on the microwave properties of ferromagnetic metallic glassy films. The novelty of my dissertation was the correlation of atomic structure with magnetic and microwave gyromagnetic properties. Soon afterward, I took a National Research Council fellowship at the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, DC, USA) and eventually was hired in the study of rare earth magnetism and atomic spectroscopy.
In 1994, I informed my then boss, Dr. Norman Koon, of my ambition to study magnetic oxides. He was rather obstinate: “I have studied magnetic metals for 40 years and have just begun to understand them! I am not about to change now!” (Note: Dr. Koon was a giant in magnetism. So his statement is more than a little self-deprecating.) That day marked my excursion into ferrites.
Several years ago, after nearly three decades of research in ferrites, I took on the responsibility as the editor of this project, having come to an agreement with the Wiley Publishing Company to complete this assignment in a single year. Although I attribute delays to what I affectionately refer to my herding of friends and colleagues, i.e. my coauthors, in truth, the delays were due to my lack of discipline, copious distractions, and duties that weighed heavily upon me at inopportune times. I attribute its completion to the dogged supervision of our efforts by Ms. Sandra Grayson and Ms. Juliet Booker of the Wiley Publishing Company.
The motivation for this undertaking was to create a modern-day text on ferrites. Modern Ferrites Volume 1: Basic Principles, Processing, and Properties covers aspects of ferrite structures, chemistry, physics, magnetism, gyromagnetic properties, processing, and properties, among other topics of relevance to students and practitioners.
Modern Ferrites Volume 2: Emerging Technologies and Applications addresses not only conventional ferrites as inductors, permanent magnets, electromagnetic shielding, and absorbers but also their role in emerging fields of magnetoelectrics, multiferroics, medical magnetism, nonlinear microwave devices, and ferrite-based metamaterial devices.
Our aspirations are bold. The contributing authors are experts chosen from the international community who have distinguished themselves throughout their careers and provide here superior products to the reader. Some have invited aspiring younger colleagues as coauthors who show singular potential. Our mutual experiences include an education weaned on tomes of the masters. These include those of Smit and Wijn, von Aulock, Soohoo, Lax and Button, Goldman, and others. Our principal goal is to complement those collections with the addition of a modern text covering both basic principles and emerging applications of particular value to the science and engineering communities while maintaining the standards of excellence embraced by those who came before us.
A project like this is always the result of a group effort, and this text is no different. I am thankful and indebted to my family, students, staff, and friends who assisted in the preparation of this text. A special thanks goes to Ms. Mary Zeng who has assisted me and other authors in editing, formatting, referencing, and submission of chapters to the Wiley Publishing Company. I thank you.
As mentioned, Wiley Publishing Company’s Ms. Sandra Grayson and Ms. Juliet Booker, and others on the Wiley editorial staff, were of immense value in guiding this project through to its completion and showing uncommon patience with its editor. I thank you.
Finally, I thank each of the contributing authors and coauthors for their hard work and commitment in sharing with our readers their life lessons and experiences in ferrite research.
In closing, sadly, during the production of this text, our community has lost some of its most valued leaders; persons who were exceptional scholars, mentors, educators, and friends. These individuals include: Dr. Gerald Dione (2020) of MIT Lincoln Labs, a renowned expert in all aspects of magnetic oxides, including the physics as well as engineering of magnetoceramics; Dr. John Douglas Adam (1943–2018), formally of Westinghouse and Northrop Grumman Corporation, the principal inventor of many important nonlinear ferrite devices and developer of advanced ferrite LPE growth techniques; Prof. Takanori Tsutaoka (1959–2019) of Hiroshima University, an expert and innovator of high-frequency magnetic materials, composites, and metamaterials; and Prof. Boris Kalinikos of St. Petersburg’s Electrotechnical University and Colorado State University at Fort Collins, who had made several important contributions to the understanding of nonlinear properties of ferrites and fundamental loss mechanisms and had through his many contributions laid the foundations to the emerging field of Magnonics (a growing subfield of Spintronics). I speak for many in saying that we stand on the shoulders of these intellectual giants. May their souls rest in peace, knowing that they leave behind more than technical papers and discoveries, but a legacy of grateful students, valued friendships, and treasured memories.
Alas, we have come to the end of this long road…. the asphalt has turned to sand.
Here, our product is laid bare for your judgment. May you find value in our endeavor.
V.G.H.
List of Contributors
Volume 1
John D. Adam (deceased)Ph.D., Metamagnetics Inc., Westborough, MA, USA
Everett E. CarpenterProfessor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Ogheneyunume FitchorovaSenior Research Scientist,Kostas Research Institute at Northeastern University, LLC Burlington, MA, USA
Rongdi GuoPh.D., University of Electronic Science and Technology ofChina, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Vincent G. HarrisUniversity Distinguished Professor and W. L. Smith Chair Professor, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Xiaona JiangAssociate Professor, University of Electronic Science andTechnology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Pavel KabosPh.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
Boris A. Kalinikos (deceased)Professor, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St.Petersburg, Russia
Marina Y. KoledintsevaKoledintseva, Technical Lead, The Boeing Company, St. Louis, MO, USA
David E. LaughlinALCOA Professor of Physical Metallurgy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Yingli LiuProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technologyof China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Michael E. McHenryProfessor of Materials Science and Engineering, CarnegieMellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Martha Pardavi-HorvathProfessor Emerita, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
Sarah E. SmithPh.D., Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Alexander S. SokolovResearch Scientist, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Ke SunProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Melissa TsuiPh.D., Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Takanori Tsutaoka (deceased)Professor, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Chūgoku, Japan
Pieter J. van der ZaagProfessor, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Qiye WenProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Brent WilliamsPh.D., Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Chuanjian WuPh.D., University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Qinghui YangProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Zhong YuProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Huaiwu ZhangProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Lan ZhongwenProfessor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Xu ZuoProfessor, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
