Modulation and Coding Techniques in Wireless Communications E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1161

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The high level of technical detail included in standards specifications can make it difficult to find the correlation between the standard specifications and the theoretical results. This book aims to cover both of these elements to give accessible information and support to readers. It explains the current and future trends on communication theory and shows how these developments are implemented in contemporary wireless communication standards.

Examining modulation, coding and multiple access techniques, the book is divided into two major sections to cover these functions. The two-stage approach first treats the basics of modulation and coding theory before highlighting how these concepts are defined and implemented in modern wireless communication systems. Part 1 is devoted to the presentation of main L1 procedures and methods including modulation, coding, channel equalization and multiple access techniques. In Part 2, the uses of these procedures and methods in the wide range of wireless communication standards including WLAN, WiMax, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE and cdma2000 are considered.

• An essential study of the implementation of modulation and coding techniques in modern standards of wireless communication
• Bridges the gap between the modulation coding theory and the wireless communications standards material
• Divided into two parts to systematically tackle the topic - the first part develops techniques which are then applied and tailored to real world systems in the second part
• Covers special aspects of coding theory and how these can be effectively applied to improve the performance of wireless communications systems

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

Contributors

Acknowledgements

Introduction

1: Channel Models and Reliable Communication

1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication

1.2 AWGN

1.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels

1.4 Modelling Frequency-Nonselective Fading

1.5 WSSUS Models for Frequency-Selective Fading

2: Modulation

2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation

2.2 PSK

2.3 MSK

2.4 QAM

2.5 OFDM

3: Block Codes

3.1 Main Definitions

3.2 Algebraic Structures

3.3 Linear Block Codes

3.4 Cyclic Codes

3.5 Bounds on Minimum Distance

3.6 Minimum Distance Decoding

3.7 Information Set Decoding

3.8 Hamming Codes

3.9 Reed-Solomon Codes

3.10 BCH Codes

3.11 Decoding of BCH Codes

3.12 Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions

3.13 LDPC Codes

4: Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes

4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding

4.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm

4.3 List Decoding

4.4 Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding

4.5 Sequential Decoding

4.6 Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding

4.7 SISO Decoding Algorithms

Appendix 4.A: Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications

5: Equalization

5.1 Equalization with Filtering

5.2 Equalization Based on Sequence Estimation

5.3 RAKE Receiver

5.4 Turbo Equalization

5.5 Performance Comparison

6: ARQ

6.1 Basic ARQ Schemes

6.2 Hybrid ARQ

7: Coded Modulation

7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation

7.2 Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning

7.3 Ungerboeck Codes

7.4 Performance Estimation of TCM System

8: MIMO

8.1 MIMO Channel Model

8.2 Space-Time Coding

8.3 Orthogonal Designs

8.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes

8.5 Differential Space-Time Codes

8.6 Spatial Multiplexing

8.7 Beamforming

9: Multiple Access Methods

9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access

9.2 Time Division Multiple Access

9.3 Code Division Multiple Access

9.4 Advanced MA Methods

9.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods

9.6 Conclusions

10: Standardization in IEEE 802.11, 802.16

10.1 IEEE Overview

10.2 Standard Development Process

10.3 IEEE 802.11 Working Group

10.4 IEEE 802.16 Working Group

10.5 IEEE 802.11

10.6 IEEE 802.16x

11: Standardization in 3GPP

11.1 Standardization Process and Organization

11.2 3G WCDMA

11.3 3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA

11.4 4G LTE

12: CDMA2000 and Its Evolution

12.1 Development of 3G CDMA2000 Standard

12.2 Reverse Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard

12.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard

12.4 Architecture Model of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard

12.5 Access Terminal of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard

12.6 Access Network of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard

Index

This edition first published 2011 © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Modulation and coding techniques in wireless communications / edited by Evgenii Krouk, Sergei Semenov. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-74505-2 (cloth) 1. Coding theory. 2. Modulation (Electronics). 3. Wireless communication systems. I. Krouk, E. II. Semenov, S. TK5102.92.M63 2011 621.384–dc22 2010033601

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Print ISBN: 9780470745052 [HB] ePDF ISBN:9780470976760 oBook ISBN: 9780470976777 ePub ISBN: 9780470976715

About the Editors

Evgenii Krouk

Professor E. Krouk has worked in the field of communication theory and techniques for more than 30 years. His areas of interest include coding theory, the mathematical theory of communications and cryptography. He is now the Dean of the Information Systems and Data Protection Faculty of the St Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation. He is author of three books, more than 100 scientific articles and 30 international and Russian patents.

Sergei Semenov

Sergei Semenov received his PhD degree from the St Petersburg State University for Airspace Instrumentation (SUAI), Russia in 1993. Dr Semenov joined Nokia Corporation in 1999 and is currently a Specialist in Modem Algorithm Design/Wireless Modem. His research interests include coding and communication theory and their application to communication systems.

Contributors

Asbjørn GrøvlenNokia, Denmark

Kari HooliNokia Siemens Networks, Finland

Matti JokimiesNokia Corporation, Finland

Grigorii KabatianskyInstitute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Tuomas LaineNokia Corporation, Finland

Zexian LiNokia Corporation, Finland

Andrei MalkovNokia Corporation, Finland

Dmitry OsipovInstitute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Andrei OvchinnikovSt Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia

Jarkko PaavolaDepartment of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland

Kari PajukoskiNokia Siemens Networks, Finland

Jussi Henrikki PoikonenDepartment of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland

Esa Tapani TiirolaNokia Siemens Networks, Finland

Andrey TrofimovSt Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia

Prabodh VarshneyNokia, USA

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the authors who took part in this project, who sacrificed some part of their spare time to make the realization of this book possible.

We also would like to thank the Wiley team who have worked with us.

Introduction

Major achievements in the field of creating digital devices made possible the implementation of algorithms and systems that were considered unfeasible until recent times. Modern communication systems and especially the systems of radiocommunication support this statement. Transmitters and receivers comprising, until recently, bulky and unique devices now can be easily fitted to the body of a small mobile phone and many manufacturers have started to mass produce these devices. This raises the problem of compatibility of devices from different manufacturers.

The solution to this issue is the system of international standards. The modern standards on communications comprise a large number of specifications, and some of them are quite cumbersome. The reason for this is the fact that these specifications are the result of complex and time consuming processes of reconciling comprehensive technical solutions with a large number of contributors.

There is no doubt that the impressive achievements in the development of communication systems are not only the result of development of digital devices but can be explained by significant progress in the field of creation and implementation of the new communication technologies.

These new technologies are based on theoretical results obtained with the help of serious and sometimes non-traditional mathematic apparatus. Understanding the fundamental works on modulation, equalization and coding theory, sophisticated results on multiple access and multiple antenna systems comprising the basis of modern communication standards requires significant efforts and high mathematical culture.

On the other hand, the great number of technical details that must be mentioned in standards specifications sometimes make it difficult to find the correlation between the standard specifications and the theoretical results even for the prepared reader.

Due to this fact, the idea of writing the book uniting both the theoretical results and material of standards on wireless communication was considered as quite fruitful. The goal of this book is to reveal some regular trends in the latest results on communication theory and show how these trends are implemented in contemporary wireless communication standards. It is obvious that to carry out this idea first of all it is necessary to collect in one team, not only the specialists on communication theory, but also people dealing with practical implementation of standards specifications. We are happy that we did manage to solve this tricky problem. The present book is the result of the work carried out by this team of authors.

In line with the above mentioned goal the book consists of two parts. Part 1 is devoted to the review of the basis of communication theory (Chapters 1–9), and Part 2 to the review of modern wireless communication standards.

In Chapter 1 the main definitions in the field of communication theory and typical models of communication channels can be found. In Chapter 2 the main principles of modulation theory are presented and the main modulation methods used in practice are discussed. Chapter 3 is devoted to the coding theory. In this chapter the main constructions of block codes and methods of decoding the block codes are considered. The convolutional and turbo codes are discussed in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 the materials on equalization theory and channel estimation are collected. In Chapter 6 the main schemes of systems with feedback are considered. The principles and algorithms of coding modulation are presented in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 is devoted to the description of multiple antenna systems. In Chapter 9 the multiple access methods are outlined. Thus, quite thorough review of basis algorithms and technologies of communication theory can be found in Part 1 of the book. These results are to some extent redundant for the description of contemporary standards. However, the presence of these results in the book reflects the authors’ confidence that they can be used in industry in the near future.

The usage of layer 1 procedures in the wide range of wireless communication standards is considered in Part 2. In this part authors try to consider the standards which have the most significant impact (in the authors’ opinion) to evolution of modern wireless communication. In Chapter 10 the review of communication technologies used in standards IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 can be found. In Chapter 11 the review of 3GPP standards on WCDMA and LTE is presented. Chapter 12 is devoted to layer 1 procedures used in 3GPP2 CDMA2000 standards. Thus, the layer 1 procedures used in the main standards of wireless communication can be inferred from the second part of the book.

We hope that this book will be useful for communication system designers and specialists in communication theory as well. Also it may be used by students of communication systems.

1

Channel Models and Reliable Communication

Evgenii Krouk1, Andrei Ovchinnikov1, and Jussi Poikonen2

1St Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia

2Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland

1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication

Ideally, design, development and deployment of communication systems aims at maximally efficient utilization of available resources for transferring information reliably between a sender and a recipient. In real systems, typically some amount of unreliability is tolerated in this transfer to achieve a predefined level of consumption of limited resources. In modern communication systems, primary resources are time, space, and power and frequency bandwidth of the electromagnetic radiation used to convey information. Given such resources, systems must be designed to overcome distortions to transmitted information caused mainly by elements within the system itself, possible external communications, and the environment through which the information propagates. To achieve efficient utilization of available resources, knowledge of the mechanisms that cause interference in a given transmission scenario must be available in designing and analyzing a communication system.

In performance evaluation of wireless communication systems, significance of the communication channel is emphasized, since the degradation of a signal propagating from a transmitter to a receiver is strongly dependent on their locations relative to the external environment. Wireless mobile communication, where either the transmitter or the receiver is in motion, presents additional challenges to channel modelling, as it is necessary to account for variation in the signal distortion as a function of time for each transmitter–receiver pair. In developing and analyzing such systems, comprehensively modelling the transmitter–receiver link is a complicated task.

In the following, distortions caused by typical communication channels to transmitted signals are described. A common property of all communication channels is that the received signal contains noise, which fundamentally limits the rate of communication. Noise is typically modelled as a Gaussian stochastic process. The additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and its effects on typical digital modulation methods are presented in Section 1.2. Noise is added to transmitted signals at the receiver. Before arriving at the receiver terminal, signals are typically distorted according to various physical characteristics of the propagation medium. These distortions attenuate the received signal, and thus increase the detrimental effect of additive noise on the reliability of communication. In Section 1.3 to 1.5 typical cases of distortion in wireless communication channels and models for the effects of such distortion on transmitted signals are presented.

1.2 AWGN

Distortions occurring in typical communication systems can be divided into multiplicative and additive components. In the following, some remarks and relevant results concerning additive distortion – also referred to simply as noise – are presented.

Additive noise is introduced to a wireless communication system both from outside sources – such as atmospheric effects, cosmic radiation and electrical devices – and from internal components of the receiver hardware, which produce thermal and shot noise [9]. Typically, additive distortion in a received signal consists of a sum of a large number of independent random components, and is modelled as additive white Gaussian noise, where the term white means that the noise is assumed to have a constant power spectral density. The Gaussian, or normal, distribution of noise is motivated by the central limit theorem (one of the fundamental theorems of probability theory), according to which the distribution of a sum of a large number of random variables approaches a normal distribution, given that these variables fulfill Lyapunov’s condition (for details, see for example [10]).

In some cases, the received signal is also distorted by a channel-induced superposition of different components of the useful transmission, or by signals from other transmission systems. Such distortions are called interference, and differ from additive noise in that typically some source-specific statistical characteristics of interference are known. Thus interference is not in all cases best approximated as an additive white Gaussian process. Interference effects are strongly dependent on the communication systems and transmission scenarios under consideration. Later in this chapter, interference-causing effects of wireless communication channels are considered. In the following, we focus on considering the effects of additive white Gaussian noise on complex baseband modulation symbols. Principles of digital modulation methods and the effects of noise on the reception of various types of transmitted signals will be considered in more detail in Chapter 2; the following simple examples are meant to illustrate the concept of additive noise and its effect on digital communication.

1.2.1 Baseband Representation of AWGN

In the following examples, we consider digital data which is mapped to binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK/4-QAM), and 16-point quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) symbols. We consider complex baseband signals, that is, for our purposes the transmitted modulation symbols corresponding to a given digital modulation scheme are represented simply as complex numbers. The constellation diagrams for these examples are illustrated in Figure 1.1. The effect of an AWGN channel is to shift these numbers in the complex plane. The receiver has to decide, based on an observed shifted complex number, the most likely transmitted symbol. This decision is performed by finding which, out of the set of known transmitted symbols, is the one with the smallest Euclidian distance to the received noisy symbol. This is a rather abstract representation of digital signals and noise, but sufficient for performing error performance analyses of different modulation schemes. For a more detailed discussion on basic modulation methods and the corresponding signal forms, see Chapter 2.