Mount Sinai Expert Guides E-Book
82,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Mount Sinai Expert Guides
- Sprache: Englisch
Part of the Mount Sinai Expert Guide series, this outstanding book provides rapid-access, clinical information on all aspects of Critical Care with a focus on clinical diagnosis and effective patient management. With strong focus on the very best in multidisciplinary patient care, it is the ideal point of care consultation tool for the busy physician.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 1145
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contributors
Series Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
About the Companion Website
PART 1: Basic Techniques and Procedures
CHAPTER 1: Airway Management
Functional anatomy of the upper airway
Airway assessment
Equipment
Positioning
Preoxygenation
Bag and mask ventilation
Laryngoscopy and confirmation of placement
Difficult airway
Extubation
Complications of intubation
Reading list
CHAPTER 2: Sedation and Analgesia
Clinical pharmacology
Monitoring
Medications for sedation and analgesia
Reading list
CHAPTER 3: Vascular Access
Central venous access
Arterial access
Reading list
Suggested websites
CHAPTER 4: Bedside Ultrasound
Indications
Basic concepts
Procedure
Management/treatment algorithm
Reading list
Suggested websites
CHAPTER 5: Bronchoscopy
Introduction
The bronchoscope
Indications
Pre‐procedure
Bronchoscopy procedure
Common complications
Follow‐up
Reading list
CHAPTER 6: Bedside Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy
Background
Tracheostomy benefits (Table 6.1)
Risk factors
Selection of candidates for bedside PDT
PDT procedure
Follow‐up
Reading list
CHAPTER 7: Nutritional Support and Total Parenteral Nutrition
Background
Goals of nutrition in the critically ill
Enteral nutrition
Total parenteral nutrition
Reading list
CHAPTER 8: Glycemic Control
Background
Pathogenesis
Risk factors for hyperglycemia
Prevention of hyperglycemia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 9: Prevention of Complications
Neurologic complications
Cardiovascular complications
Hematologic complications
Gastrointestinal complications
Renal complications
Procedure‐related complications
Infection control in ICU
Reading list
Suggested websites
CHAPTER 10: Palliative Care
Background
Understanding palliative care
Benefits
Recommended model of palliative care in the ICU
Devices and withdrawal of artificial life support
Reading list
PART 2: Cardiovascular Critical Care
CHAPTER 11: Hemodynamic Monitoring
Arterial lines
Advanced arterial hemodynamic monitoring
Central lines
Pulmonary artery catheter monitoring
Echocardiography
Reading list
CHAPTER 12: Vasoactive Drugs
Physiology
Basic properties
Indications
Types of shock
Selecting vasoactive therapy
Vasoactive medications in focus
Reading list
CHAPTER 13: Mechanical Circulatory Support
Overview of devices and indications
Short‐term mechanical circulatory support devices
Intermediate‐term mechanical circulatory support devices
Durable (long‐term) mechanical circulatory support devices
Reading list
CHAPTER 14: Acute Hypertensive and Aortic Syndromes
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 15: Cardiac Arrhythmias
Background
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 16: Acute Coronary Syndromes
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 17: Heart Failure Management
Background
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 18: Shock Syndromes
Background
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 19: Cardiac Arrest
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Advanced cardiac life support
Cardiocerebral resuscitation
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
PART 3: Pulmonary Critical Care
CHAPTER 20: Respiratory Monitoring
Importance of respiratory monitoring
Physical examination
Impedance monitors
Monitoring of oxygenation: pulse oximetry
Monitoring of ventilation: capnography
Arterial blood gases
Lung mechanics on mechanical ventilation
Monitoring respiratory muscle strength
Imaging in respiratory monitoring
Reading list
CHAPTER 21: Mechanical Ventilatory Support
Background
Indications for invasive mechanical ventilation
Commonly used terms
Setting the ventilator
Ventilator phases
Modes of mechanical ventilation
Troubleshooting the ventilator
Disease‐oriented settings
Cardiovascular effects of mechanical ventilation (heart–lung interactions)
Complications and prevention
Reading list
CHAPTER 22: Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation
Background
Principles of action
Indications and contraindications
Basic terminology and settings
Use of NPPV in disease states
Predictors of success and failure of NPPV
Guidelines for use
Managing the patient on NPPV
Reading list
Evidence
CHAPTER 23: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Background
Pathology/pathogenesis
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 24: Bronchospasm and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
CHAPTER 25: Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
Background
Assessment of readiness to wean
Maintaining homeostasis of the other systems
Assessment of readiness for extubation
Weaning protocols
Extubation
Managing the difficult to wean patient
Reading list
PART 4: Neurologic Critical Care
CHAPTER 26: Delirium
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment and management
Specific populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 27: Stroke
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 28: Neurotrauma
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 29: Status Epilepticus
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 30: Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring
Intracranial pressure monitoring
Multimodality neuromonitoring
Reading list
CHAPTER 31: Coma and Brain Death
Background
Diagnosis
Management of potential organ donors
Special populations
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 32: Toxicology and Drug Reactions
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
PART 5: Surgical Critical Care
CHAPTER 33: Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Reading list
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 34: Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Sepsis
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
CHAPTER 35: Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Reading list
Guidelines
CHAPTER 36: Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Evidence
Image
CHAPTER 37: Surgical Trauma
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Evidence
CHAPTER 38: Burns
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines (H1)
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 39: Acute Hepatic Failure
Background
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Image
CHAPTER 40: Abdominal Organ Transplantation
Liver transplantation
Kidney transplantation
Pancreas transplantation
Small bowel and multivisceral transplantation
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 41: Obstetric Emergencies
Overview
Critical care fundamentals of pregnancy
Maternal cardiac arrest
Post‐partum hemorrhage
Peri‐partum cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary embolic disease
Pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia
Reading list
Guidelines
PART 6: Infectious Diseases
CHAPTER 42: The Febrile Patient
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 43: Sepsis
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 44: Infections Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit
General treatment rationale
General prevention
Central line‐associated bloodstream infections
Catheter‐associated urinary tract infections
Ventilator‐associated event and ventilator‐associated pneumonia
Clostridium difficile
infection
Pressure ulcer infection
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 45: Antimicrobial Therapy
Background
Clinical pharmacology principles
Specific treatments
Treatment of resistant organisms
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP)
Antifungal and antiviral therapy (Tables 45.1–45.4)
Reading list
Guidelines
CHAPTER 46: Pneumonia
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 47: Central Nervous System Infections
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 48: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV
Prognosis of HIV in the ICU
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
Evidence
Images
PART 7: Renal Disorders
CHAPTER 49: Fluid Resuscitation
Background
Factors affecting fluid balance
Distribution of body fluid
Assessment of fluid status
Management
Complications of fluid therapy
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 50: Acute Kidney Injury
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines
CHAPTER 51: Dialysis
Background
Procedure
Complications of RRT
Prognois
Reading list
Suggested websites
Image
CHAPTER 52: Electrolyte Disorders
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Reading list
CHAPTER 53: Acid–Base Disorders
Background
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
PART 8: Hematology and Oncology
CHAPTER 54: Blood Products and Transfusions
Blood products
Treatment protocols
Adverse transfusion reactions
Reading list
CHAPTER 55: Anticoagulation‐Related Bleeding
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
CHAPTER 56: Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
CHAPTER 57: Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special populations
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Images
CHAPTER 58: Oncologic Emergencies
Background
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Predictors of difficulties with mask ventilation and/or intubation.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Richmond Agitation‐Sedation Scale.
Table 2.2 Riker Sedation‐Agitation Scale.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Features of ultrasound physics.
Table 4.2 Probe types.
Table 4.3 Intravascular volume estimation .
Table 4.4 Features of cardiogenic pulmonary edema and non‐cardiogenic lung injury...
Table 4.5 RUSH exam protocol.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Risks and benefits of tracheostomy.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Determining patients’ ideal body weight (IBW).
*
Table 7.2 Determining protein requirements (g/day).
Table 7.3 Determining caloric and macronutrient requirements (g/day): carbohydrat...
Table 7.4 Determining caloric and macronutrient requirements (g/day): lipids and ...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 MACOCHA score calculation worksheet.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Waveform components.
Table 11.2 Echocardiography views.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Different forms of shock states.
Table 12.2 Action of vasoactive medications.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Vasoactive medications.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 PEA evaluation.
Table 19.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for TTM therapy after cardiac arre...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Potential causes of false high and low values in pulse oximetry.
Table 20.2 Interpretation of capnographs.
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Features of hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure.
Table 21.2 Common ventilator modes.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Indications and contraindications for NPPV.
Table 22.2 Indications and contraindications for HFNC.
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 Etiologies of ARDS.
Table 23.2 Risk factors for ARDS.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Additional risk factors for asthma and COPD‐related deaths.
Table 24.2 Frequently used medications in acute severe asthma and severe AECOPD....
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 Criteria for a successful SBT.
*
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 Screening tools for delirium .
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 Classification of hemorrhagic infarction.
Chapter 32
Table 32.1 Presentation of common toxidromes.
Chapter 38
Table 38.1 Burn classification.
Chapter 40
Table 40.1 Liver transplant procedure.
Table 40.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the different types of pancreas transp...
Table 40.3 Exocrine drainage.
Table 40.4 Venous drainage.
Table 40.5 Intestinal transplant procedures.
Chapter 41
Table 41.1 Physiologic changes in pregnancy.
Chapter 42
Table 42.1 Differential diagnosis based on the severity of fever.
Table 42.2 Differential diagnosis based on type of leukocytosis.
Table 42.3 Febrile and afebrile tranfusion reactions.
Chapter 43
Table 43.1 Definitions of sepsis.
Table 43.2 Source‐specific symptoms and signs of sepsis.
Table 43.3 SOFA scoring system.
Chapter 44
Table 44.1 Initial empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected VAP in patients with ...
Table 44.2 Initial empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected VAP in patients with ...
Chapter 45
Table 45.1 Guide to empiric antimicrobial therapy in the critical care unit.
Table 45.2 Pharmacotherapy for common antibiotics in critical care.
Table 45.3 Pharmacotherapy of most common antifungals for critical care.
Table 45.4 Pharmacotherapy of most common antivirals for critical care.
Chapter 47
Table 47.1 CSF findings in various forms of CNS infection.
Table 47.2 Antibiotic regimens for meningitis.
Table 47.3 Antimicrobials for brain abscess.
Chapter 48
Table 48.1 CD4 cell count categories.
Table 48.2 Medications with significant interactions with antiretroviral medicati...
Chapter 49
Table 49.1 Composition of crystalloid fluids.
Chapter 50
Table 50.1 AKIN and RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury.
Chapter 51
Table 51.1 Guidelines in the USA and UK on when to initiate RRT in the ICU.
Table 51.2 Differences between intermittent and continuous renal replacement ther...
Table 51.3 Causes and treatment of complications of RRT.
Chapter 53
Table 53.1 Relationship between pH and [H
+
] ion concentration.
Table 53.2 Expected compensation for acid–base disorders.
Table 53.3 Treatments for acid–base disorders.
Chapter 55
Table 55.1 Rates of major hemorrhage on vitamin K antagonists or heparin (per yea...
Table 55.2 Recommendations for managing elevated INRs or bleeding in patients rec...
Chapter 56
Table 56.1 Pathogenesis of common causes of acquired coagulopathies in critically...
Table 56.2 Pathogenesis of common causes of thrombocytopenia in critically ill pa...
Table 56.3 Minimum platelet counts for common interventions in the ICU.
Chapter 57
Table 57.1 ICU‐VTE scoring system for risk of developing DVT and/or PE.
Chapter 58
Table 58.1 The MASCC risk index score.
Table 58.2 Cairo–Bishop clinical TLS definition and grading.
Table 58.3 Probability of SL deduced from severity of symptoms.
Table 58.4 Grading system for SVCS.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Mallampati classification.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Catheter types: (A) multilumen, (B) large bore (e.g. dialysis, pl...
Figure 3.2 Non‐occlusive thrombus in right internal jugular vein.
Figure 3.3 Depth scale set at 2.6 cm. Note that entry point to vessel is at ...
Figure 3.4 Note the angle between the needle and ultrasound probe is 70–80°....
Figure 3.5 Ultrasound of the guidewire. (A) Following cannulation of the vei...
Figure 3.6 Arterial line catheter types. (A) Longer catheter (12 cm) used fo...
Figure 3.7 Arterial line catheter types. (A) Angiocatheter. (B) Assembly (ne...
Figure 3.8 Introducer needle angles for arterial catheter insertion. (A) Axi...
Figure 3.9 Arterial line waveform with peak wave followed by dicrotic notch....
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Probe types. (A) Linear. (B) Phased array. (C) Large curvilinear....
Figure 4.2 Standard bedside ECHO views. (A) Parasternal long axis, systole; ...
Figure 4.3 Right ventricular strain. RV size exceeds LV size; RV pressure fl...
Figure 4.4 IVC transitions into RA to confirm visualization of IVC versus ab...
Figure 4.5 M‐mode chest with ‘seashore’ signal. The thicker first horizontal...
Figure 4.6 M‐mode chest with the ‘barcode’ or ‘stratosphere’ sign. The thick...
Figure 4.7 Pleural effusion. Anechoic fluid (F) surrounding lung (Lu). Note ...
Figure 4.8 Pulmonary edema. Note the vertical lines (B‐lines) descending fro...
Figure 4.9 Consolidation. Ultrasound of the right lung demonstrating numerou...
Figure 4.10 The potential space between the liver and right kidney is called...
Figure 4.11 Bladder view (transverse orientation) with a Foley (balloon fill...
Figure 4.12 Assess for leg vein thrombosis. See text for scanning sequence. ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Simplified diagram of the bronchial tree (not drawn to scale), wh...
Figure 5.2 Right upper lobe.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Patient positioning for tracheostomy. Place ‘roll’ under shoulder...
Figure 6.2 The essentials found in most percutaneous tracheostomy kits. (A) ...
Figure 6.3 How to avoid scraping the ET. (A) Needle scraping the ET. (B) Gen...
Figure 6.4 Needle and guidewire.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Glycemic management in critical care.
Chapter 10
Algorithm 10.1 Final workflow incorporating guidelines from the IPAL‐ICU pro...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Arterial pressure waveforms at different locations in the vascul...
Figure 11.2 Components of the CVP waveform throughout the cardiac cycle.
Figure 11.3 Placement of a pulmonary artery catheter. At different depths of...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 CXR demonstrating the tip of the IABP in the correct position (a...
Figure 13.2 Normal IABP pressure waveform.
Figure 13.3 (A) Left heart catheterization. Using femoral arterial access, t...
Figure 13.4 Veno‐venous and veno‐arterial ECMO circuits.
Figure 13.5 TandemHeart assisting the left ventricle in pumping oxygenated b...
Figure 13.6 CentriMag extracorporeal pump.
Figure 13.7 LVAD components.
Figure 13.8 HeartWare controller screen.
Figure 13.9 HeartMate II controller screen.
Chapter 14
Algorithm 14.1 Diagnostic approach to a patient with chest pain and suspecte...
Algorithm 14.2 Management of aortic dissection
Figure 14.1 A TEE showing a true lumen and a false lumen with a dissection f...
Figure 14.2 A CT angiogram showing an extensive aortic dissection in both th...
Chapter 15
Algorithm 15.1 Diagnostic algorithm for AV block
Algorithm 15.2 Diagnostic algorithm for narrow QRS tachycardia
Algorithm 15.3 Diagnostic algorithm for wide QRS tachycardia
Algorithm 15.4 Treatment algorithm for AV block
Algorithm 15.5 Treatment algorithm for narrow QRS tachycardia
Algorithm 15.6 Treatment algorithm for wide QRS tachycardia
Figure 15.1 ECG 1: complete AV block in patient with baseline bifascicular b...
Figure 15.2 ECG 2: regular narrow QRS tachycardia compatible with initial di...
Figure 15.3 ECG 3: VT. Very wide regular QRS tachycardia with atypical bundl...
Figure 15.4 ECG 4: wide complex tachycardia, presented as atypical left bund...
Chapter 16
Algorithm 16.1 Diagnosis of ACS
Algorithm 16.2 Management of ACS
Figure 16.1 Atheromatous plaque formation. (A) LDL particles migrate into th...
Figure 16.2 Development of coronary artery plaque. Plaques with a thin fibro...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Chest radiograph of a patient with cardiomegaly and pulmonary va...
Chapter 18
Algorithm 18.1 Initial assessment of shock.
Figure 18.1 Frequency of the four main four types of shock
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 The normal capnograph.
Figure 20.2 Inflection points in pressure–volume loops.
Figure 20.3 Pressure flow versus time waveform demonstrating increased resis...
Figure 20.4 Pressure versus time waveform demonstrating increased resistance...
Chapter 22
Algorithm 22.1 Daily evaluation and weaning of NPPV
Figure 22.1 NPPV nasal–oral mask.
Figure 22.2 High flow nasal cannula.
Chapter 23
Algorithm 23.1 ARDS management/treatment algorithm
Figure 23.1 Chest radiograph of a patient in respiratory distress secondary ...
Figure 23.2 Admission CT chest of a patient with ARDS due to aspiration pneu...
Figure 23.3 CT chest of a patient with ARDS mid‐hospitalization showing diff...
Figure 23.4 CXR of the patient prior to discharge from the hospital. Bilater...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Barotrauma in a patient with status asthmaticus. Patient has ext...
Figure 24.2 Flow versus time tracing showing optimization of prolonged expir...
Figure 24.3 Pressure versus time profile demonstrating auto‐PEEP using an ex...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 T‐piece.
Figure 25.2 Impacted endotracheal tube: tube cut with axial view. Note signi...
Chapter 26
Algorithm 26.1 Management of delirium in the ICU
Chapter 27
Algorithm 27.1 Diagnosis of acute stroke
Algorithm 27.2 Management of acute ischemic stroke
Algorithm 27.3 Management of intracerebral hemorrhage
Algorithm 27.4 Management of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Figure 27.1 (A,B) Typical hypertension‐related basal ganglia/thalamic ICH.
Figure 27.2 MRI FLAIR image demonstrating a right striatocapsular infarct in...
Figure 27.3 Subarachnoid hemorrhage with enlargement of the temporal horns o...
Figure 27.4 (A) Occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) due to t...
Chapter 28
Algorithm 28.1 Initial diagnostic approach to severe TBI
Algorithm 28.2 Management/treatment algorithm for TBI
Algorithm 28.3 Management/treatment algorithm for SCI
Chapter 29
Algorithm 29.1 Treatment of status epilepticus
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 Intracranial pressure–volume curve. At point A, on a flatter por...
Figure 30.2 Cerebral autoregulation curve (black line) and relationship betw...
Figure 30.3 Pathologic ICP waves: A, Lundberg A (plateau) waves, and B, Lund...
Figure 30.4 (A) Suppressed background. (B) Suppressed background with contin...
Chapter 32
Algorithm 32.1 Managing the hospitalized overdose patient
Chapter 33
Algorithm 33.1 Investigations in acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Chapter 36
Figure 36.1 Necrotic bowel.
Chapter 38
Figure 38.1 Rule‐of‐nines for assessment of total body surface area (exclude...
Figure 38.2 (A) Clinical findings in first, second, and third degree burns a...
Chapter 39
Figure 39.1 Pathomechanisms involved in hepatic failure.
Chapter 40
Figure 40.1 Standard liver transplantation technique with caval replacement....
Figure 40.2 Piggyback technique in liver transplantation.
Figure 40.3 Simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation.
Figure 40.4 Intestinal transplant.
Chapter 42
Algorithm 42.1 Determination of the cause of fever in the ICU
Chapter 43
Algorithm 43.1 Diagnosis and management of sepsis and septic shock
Chapter 46
Figure 46.1 (A) Chest radiograph of right middle lobe (RML) and right lower ...
Figure 46.2 (A) Chest radiograph of an ICU patient with severe influenza pne...
Chapter 47
Algorithm 47.1 Evaluation and management of suspected CNS infection
Figure 47.1 HSV‐1 encephalitis on MRI.
Figure 47.2 MRI with contrast showing ring enhancing abscess.
Figure 47.3 Spinal epidural abscess with vertebral osteomyelitis.
Chapter 48
Figure 48.1 GMS stain of bronchoalveolar lavage specimen showing pneumocysti...
Figure 48.2 CXR showing bilateral reticulonodular opacities in a patient wit...
Figure 48.3 CT chest showing bilateral ground opacities characteristic of PC...
Chapter 49
Figure 49.1 Body fluid compartments and distribution of body water.
Figure 49.2 Causes of increased or decreased sodium content.
Chapter 50
Algorithm 50.1 Diagnostic algorithm for AKI
Algorithm 50.2 Management/treatment algorithm of AKI
Chapter 51
Figure 51.1 Continuous veno‐venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) circuit. The dialysa...
Chapter 55
Algorithm 55.1 Diagnosis of anticoagulant‐related bleeding
Chapter 56
Algorithm 56.1 Evaluation of abnormal PT/aPTT
Algorithm 56.2 Evaluation of thrombocytopenia
Chapter 57
Algorithm 57.1 Diagnostic algorithm for suspected pulmonary embolism
Algorithm 57.2 Management of acute PE
Figure 57.1 CTA image of a patient with bilateral massive PE who received sy...
Figure 57.2 Central pulmonary emboli fragments removed via pulmonary artery ...
Chapter 58
Algorithm 58.1 Management of SVCS
Algorithm 58.2 Management of neutropenic fever
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Pages
iii
iv
ix
x
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
xxi
xxii
xxiii
xxiv
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
627
626
627
MOUNT SINAI EXPERT GUIDES
Critical Care
EDITED BY
Stephan A. Mayer, MD, FCCM, FNCS
Professor of Neurology and NeurosurgeryNew York Medical CollegeDirector, Neurocritical Care and Emergency NeurologyWestchester Medical Center Health NetworkValhalla, NY, USA
Janet M. Shapiro, MD, FCCP
Professor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiInterim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineMount Sinai MorningsideNew York, NY, USA
Umesh K. Gidwani, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCP
Associate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiChief, Cardiac Critical CareZena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular InstituteDirector, Patient Safety and QualityInstitute for Critical Care MedicineNew York, NY, USA
John M. Oropello, MD
Professor of Surgery and MedicineProgram Director, Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiInstitute for Critical Care MedicineNew York, NY, USA
This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Stephan A. Mayer, Janet M. Shapiro, Umesh K. Gidwani, and John M. Oropello to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s)John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKFor details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyThe contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Mayer, Stephan A., editor. | Shapiro, Janet M., editor. | Gidwani, Umesh K., editor. | Oropello, John M., editor.Title: Critical care / edited by Stephan A. Mayer, Janet M. Shapiro, Umesh K. Gidwani, John M. Oropello.Other titles: Critical care (Mayer) | Mount Sinai expert guides.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Series: Mount Sinai expert guides | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020030470 (print) | LCCN 2020030471 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119293262 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119293279 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119293309 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Critical Care | Emergency Treatment | HandbookClassification: LCC RC86.7 (print) | LCC RC86.7 (ebook) | NLM WX 39 | DDC 616.02/8‐‐dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030470LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030471
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Raycat /Getty Images
Contributors
Alexandra Adams, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineUniversity of RochesterRochester, NY, USA
Alfredo Astua, MDAssistant Professor of Sleep MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Emad F. Aziz, DO, MBCHBProfessor of MedicineSection Chief, Cardiac ElectrophysiologyRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, NJ, USA
Moses Bachan, MD, FACP, FCCPClinical Assistant ProfessorNew York Medical CollegeCritical Care MedicineJames J. Peters VA Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
Gabriela Bambrick‐Santoyo, MDAssistant Professor of Internal MedicineHackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall UniversityMountainside Medical CenterMontclair, NJ, USA
Adel Bassily‐Marcus, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryCritical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Anirban Basu, MDInstructor of MedicinePulmonary and Critical Care MedicineNew York Presbyterian QueensInstructor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
Michael Bergman, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, VA, USA
Raymond E. Bietry, MDAdvanced Heart Failure and Transplant CardiologyAscension Medical GroupAustin, TX, USA
Eric E. Bondarsky, MDClinical InstructorDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineNYU Langone School of MedicineAssistant Director of Critical CareLangone Orthopedic HospitalNew York, NY, USA
Irene R. Boniece, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Leon D. Boudourakis, MDDepartment of SurgeryNYC Health and Hospitals/Kings CountyNew York, NY, USA
John Cardasis, MDDirector of Critical CareWhite Plains HospitalWhite Plains, NY, USA
Aloke Chakravarti, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineMount Sinai Doctors Faculty PracticeIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Steven Chakupurakal, MDUnity Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep PhysiciansRochester, NY, USA
Alejandro Díaz Chávez, MDCentennial Pulmonary and Sleep SpecialistsDivision of CHI Mercy HealthRoseburg, OR, USA
Daisi Choi, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineWeill Cornell School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
Glen B. Chun, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Mark Collazo, MA, RRT‐NPSDirector, Respiratory CareMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
George Coritsidis, MDProfessor of Medicine and SurgeryIcahn School of MedicineChief of Critical Care ServicesChief, Division of NephrologyElmhurst Hospital CenterNew York, NY, USA
Neha Dangayach, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyDirector, Neuro‐ICUIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Vikram Dhawan, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical CareMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
Sudhir Dudekonda, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorCleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
Matthew Durst, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellManhasset, NY, USA
Edward Eden, MBBSProfessor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Alisan Fathalizadeh, MD, MPHDepartment of SurgeryAlbert Einstein Medical CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
Sander Florman, MDProfessor of SurgeryDirector, Recanati/Miller Transplantation InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Sreeparna Ghosh, MDIntensivistDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSt. Mary’s HospitalLewiston, ME, USA
Umesh K. Gidwani, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCPAssociate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiChief, Cardiac Critical CareZena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular InstituteDirector, Patient Safety and QualityInstitute of Critical Care MedicineNew York, NY, USA
Neha N. Goel, MDAssistant Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Jorge Gonzalez‐Panizo, MDBarts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondon, UK
Radha S. Gopalan, MDAssociate Professor of Cardiology,Director, Heart Failure and Transplantation,Banner University Medical ClinicsScottsdale, AZ, USA
Errol Gordon, MDDirector, Neuro‐ICUSt. John HospitalTulsa, OK, USA
Rohit R. Gupta, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Onaona U. Gurney, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of SurgeryNYU Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
Stephanie Hernandez, MDAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Eyal Herzog, MDDirector of CardiologyHadassah Medical CenterJerusalem, Israel
Lee HerzogMedical StudentIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Zachary L. Hickman, MDAssistant Professor of NeurosurgeryElmhurst Hospital and Medical CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Robert J. T. Hiensch, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Tim Hinohara, MDCardiology FellowIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Leila Hosseinian, MDAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Kishore R. Iyer, MBBSProfessor of SurgeryRecanati/Miller Transplantation InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Raymonde Jean, MDProfessor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Matthew Katz, MDCardiology FellowMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
Viren Kaul, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineSUNY Upstate School of MedicineAttending PhysicianPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineCrouse HealthSyracuse, NY, USA
Nidhi Kavi, DOAssistant Professor of Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Zinobia Khan, MDClinical Assistant ProfessorNew York Medical CollegeJames J. Peters VA Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
Hassan Khouli, MDChief, Department of Critical Care MedicineCleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
Michael Kitz, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Roopa Kohli‐Seth, MDProfessor of SurgeryDirector, Institute for Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Jacob S. Koruth, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, CardiologyHelmsley Electrophysiology CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Nisha Kotecha, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PAPulmonary‐Critical Care AssociateAtlantic Health SystemMorristown, NJ, USA
Ismini Kourouni, MDInstructor in MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
Vaishnavi Kundel, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Susannah L. Kurtz, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Zachary D. Kuschner, MDDepartment of Emergency MedicineLong Island Jewish Medical CenterNorthwell Health SystemNew York, NY, USA
Pavis Laengvejkal, MDNeurointensivistBumrungrad International HospitalBangkok, Thailand
Alison Lee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Richard Lee, MD, FACEPAssistant Professor of Emergency MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiAssociate Medical DirectorEmergency DepartmentMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
Young Im Lee, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDirector, Intensive Care UnitMount Sinai Beth IsraelNew York, NY, USA
Pak Shan Leung, MDAssociate ChairDivision of Trauma and Surgical Critical CareAlbert Einstein Medical CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
Steven B. Levy, PharmDDepartment of PharmacyMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
Nan Li, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Angela M. Love, MDDivision of Pulmonary and Critical CareHunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical CenterRichmond, VA, USA
Danish S. Malik, MDIntensivistSt. Luke’s Cornwall HospitalNewburgh, NY, USA
Anthony R. Manasia, MD, FCCPAssociate Professor of SurgeryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Konstantinos Margetis, MD, PhDAssistant Professor of NeurosurgeryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Joseph P. Mathew, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Stephan A. Mayer, MD, FCCM, FNCSProfessor of Neurology and NeurosurgeryNew York Medical CollegeDirector, Neurocritical Care and Emergency NeurologyWestchester Medical Center Health NetworkValhalla, NY, USA
Karen McKenna, MS, RNClinical Quality Nurse CoordinatorMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
Kamal Medlej, MDInstructor in Emergency MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
Fulvia Milite, MDDirector, Sleep LabWhite Plains HospitalWhite Plains, NY, USA
Lina Miyakawa, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Amira Mohamed, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDepartment of Critical CareAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
E. Mirna Mohanraj, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Bashar M. Mourad, DOInstructor in MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
Gopal Narayanswami, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Catherine L. Oberg, MDClinical Instructor of MedicineSection of Interventional PulmonologyDivision of Pulmonary and Critical CareDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
John M. Oropello, MDProfessor of Surgery and MedicineProgram Director, Critical Care MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiInstitute for Critical Care MedicineNew York, NY, USA
Karishma Parekh, MDPulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Specialists of RoseburgCentennial Medical GroupMercy Medical CenterRoseburg, OR, USA
Paru S. Patrawalla, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiFellowship Program DirectorMount Sinai Morningside‐West‐Beth IsraelNew York, NY, USA
Chien Yi M. Png, MDResident in SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
Hooman Poor, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDirector of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseMount Sinai‐National Jewish Health Respiratory InstituteNew York, NY, USA
Natasha Pradhan, MDPulmonary and Critical Care Medicine FellowIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Navitha Ramesh, MDICU Medical DirectorPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center SusquehannaWilliamsport, PA, USA
Anil Ramineni, MDNeurointensivistLahey Hospital and Medical CenterBurlington, MA, USA
Lisa Rho, MDPulmonary Critical CareReid HealthRichmond, IN, USA
Lisa Richman, MDDivision of Pulmonary and Critical CareSaint Joseph HospitalLafayette, CO, USA
Josue Rivera, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyNorth American Partners in AnesthesiaNorth Shore University HospitalManhassett, NY, USA
Keith M. Rose, MDDirector, Division of Critical CareHackensack University Medical CenterHackensack, NJ, USA
Amy S. Rosenberg, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineAssociate Chair, Administrative AffairsDepartment of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Adam Rothman, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
James S. Salonia, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Gagangeet Sandhu, MDAttendingSt. Joseph’s Hospital Health CenterSyracuse, NY, USA
Swathi Sangli, MDCritical Care AttendingAllegheny General HospitalPittsburgh, PA, USA
Rachael Schneider, RNClinical Quality Nurse CoordinatorMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
Gregory W. Serrao, MDAssistant Professor of CardiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Janet M. Shapiro, MD, FCCPProfessor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiInterim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
Ron Shapiro, MDDirector, Kidney and Pancreas Transplant ProgramRecanati/Miller Transplantation InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Colin J. Sheehan, MDAssistant Professor of AnesthesiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Andre Sotelo, MDCritical Care AttendingHackensack University Medical CenterHackensack, NJ, USA
Rupendra Swarup, MDAssistant ProfessorIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDirector, Neurosurgery Intensive Care UnitMount Sinai Morningside‐WestNew York, NY, USA
Kiumars Ranjbar Tabar, MDDepartment of SurgeryAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburgh, PA, USA
Parissa Tabrizian, MDRecanati/Miller Transplantation InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Rami O. Tadros, MDAssociate Professor of SurgeryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Ajay S. Vaidya, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicineKeck School of Medicine of USCLos Angeles, CA, USA
Jennifer Wang, DOAssistant Professor of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Eric S. Weiss, MD, MPHAurora Cardiovascular and Thoracic SurgeryAurora Health CareMilwaukee, WI, USA
Ewelina Wojtaszek, MDRobert Wood Johnson Barnabas HealthNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
Jiyeoun Yoo, MDAssistant Professor of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
David Young, DOAttending, Pulmonary Critical CareReading HospitalWyomissing, PA, USA
Series Foreword
Now more than ever, immediacy in obtaining accurate and practical information is the coin of the realm in providing high quality patient care. The Mount Sinai Expert Guides series addresses this vital need by providing accurate, up‐to‐date guidance, written by experts in formats that are accessible in the patient care setting: websites, smartphone apps, and portable books. The Icahn School of Medicine, which was chartered in 1963, embodies a deep tradition of pre‐eminence in clinical care and scholarship that was first shaped by the founding of the Mount Sinai Hospital in 1855. Today, the Mount Sinai Health System, comprised of seven hospitals anchored by the Icahn School of Medicine, is one of the largest health care systems in the United States, and is revolutionizing medicine through its embracing of transformative technologies for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The Mount Sinai Expert Guides series builds upon both this historical renown and contemporary excellence. Leading experts across a range of disciplines provide practical yet sage advice in a digestible format that is ideal for trainees, mid‐level providers, and practicing physicians. Few medical centers in the United States could offer this type of breadth while relying exclusively on its own physicians, yet here no compromises were required in offering a truly unique series that is sure to become embedded within the key resources of busy providers. In producing this series, the editors and authors are fortunate to have an equally dynamic and forward‐viewing partner in Wiley Blackwell, which together ensures that health care professionals will benefit from a unique, first‐class effort that will advance the care of their patients.
Scott Friedman MDSeries EditorDean for Therapeutic DiscoveryFishberg Professor and Chief, Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
Preface
This book, as part of the Mount Sinai Expert Guide series, aims to guide clinicians who care for patients in critical care units. Our goal is for the clinician – whether student, trainee, or faculty – to use this book when faced with a critically ill patient in order to understand the physiology, evaluation, and management of disease.
In conjunction with the founding of Mount Sinai’s Institute for Critical Care Medicine in 2017, we have brought together experts from the Mount Sinai Health System to provide the most current knowledge of management for these complex disorders. We hope that the information and management protocols will be utilized at the bedside, and will inspire the reader to delve into the medical literature, discover, and provide the highest quality care for their patients.
We are grateful to our patients, colleagues, and teachers. We hope that our book will advance patient care, and the learning and sharing of knowledge in medicine.
Janet M. Shapiro and Stephan A. Mayer
Abbreviations
2D
two‐dimensional
3D
three‐dimensional
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
AABB
American Association of Blood Banks
ABG
arterial blood gas
AC
anticoagulation
ACC
American College of Cardiology
ACE
angiotensin‐converting enzyme
ACEI
angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor
ACLS
advanced cardiac life support
ACS
abdominal compartment syndrome; acute coronary syndrome/s; American College of Surgeons
ADC
apparent diffusion coefficient
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
AECOPD
acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
AED
antiepileptic drug; automated external defibrillator
AF
atrial fibrillation
AFE
amniotic fluid embolism
AFl
atrial flutter
AG
anion gap
AHA
American Heart Association
AHF
acute hepatic failure
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIN
acute interstitial nephritis
AIS
acute ischemic stroke
AKI
acute kidney injury
AKIN
Acute Kidney Injury Network
ALL
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
AMAE
acute mesenteric arterial embolism
AMAT
acute mesenteric arterial thrombosis
AMI
acute mesenteric ischemia
AML
acute myeloid leukemia
ANA
antinuclear antibody
ANC
absolute neutrophil count
ANP
atrial natriuretic peptide
AoV
aortic vein
AP
anteroposterior
APACHE
Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic
Health
Evaluation (score)
APRV
airway pressure release ventilation
aPTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
ARAS
ascending reticular activating system
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
ART
antiretroviral therapy
ASA
American Society of Anesthiologists
ASCVD
atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease
ASIA
American Spinal Injury Association
ASP
antimicrobial stewardship program
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
AT
atrial tachycardia
ATLS
advanced traumatic life support
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
ATS
American Thoracic Society
AUC
area under curve
AV
atrioventricular
AVDO
2
arteriovenous difference in oxygen content
AVF
arteriovenous fistula
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
AVNRT
atrioventricular nodal re‐entrant tachycardia
AVRT
atrioventricular re‐entrant tachycardia
BAL
bronchoalveolar lavage
BBB
blood–brain barrier
BEAR
brainstem evoked audio response
BG
blood glucose
BIPAP
bilevel positive airway pressure
BIS
bispectral index
BLS
basic life support
BMI
body mass index
BMP
basic metabolic profile/panel
BNP
B‐type natriuretic peptide
BP
blood pressure
bpm
beats per minute
BPS
behavioral pain scale
BSA
body surface area
BSAS
bedside shivering assessment scale
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
CABG
coronary artery bypass grafting
CAD
coronary artery disease
CADASIL
cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
CAP
community‐acquired pneumonia
CAPC
Center to Advance Palliative Care
CAS
carotid artery stenosis
CAUTI
catheter‐associated urinary tract infection
CBC
complete blood count
CBF
cerebral blood flow
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDI
Clostridium difficile
infection
CEA
carotid endarterectomy
cEEG
continuous electroencephalogram
cfu
colony‐forming unit
CFV
common femoral vein
CHF
congestive heart failure
CI
cardiac index
CIM
critical illness myopathy
CIN
contrast‐induced nephropathy
CIP
critical illness polyneuropathy
CK
creatine kinase
CKD
chronic kidney disease
CLABSI
central line‐associated bloodstream infection
CML
chronic myeloid leukemia
CMP
comprehensive metabolic profile
CMRO
2
cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption
CMS
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
CMV
cytomegalovirus
CNI
calcineurin inhibitor
CNS
central nervous system
CO
cardiac output
CO
2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPE
cardiogenic pulmonary edema
CPM
central pontine myelinolysis
CPOT
critical care pain observation tool
CPP
cerebral perfusion pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cr
creatinine
CRE
carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae
CRP
C‐reactive protein
CRRT
continuous renal replacement therapy
C/S
culture and sensitivity
CSE
convulsive status epilepticus
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CSHT
context‐sensitive half‐time
CT
computed tomography
CTA
computed tomography angiogram/angiography
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVP
central venous pressure
CVR
cerebrovascular resistance
CVVH
continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration
CVVHD
continuous veno‐venous hemodialysis
CVVHDF
continuous veno‐venous hemodiafiltration
CXR
chest X‐ray
D5W
5% dextrose in water
D50W
50% dextrose in water
DALYs
disability‐adjusted life years
DAPT
dual antiplatelet therapy
DC
direct current
DCI
delayed cerebral ischemia
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
DNI
do not intubate
DNR
do not resuscitate
DOAC
direct oral anticoagulant
DP
peritoneal dialysis
2,3‐DPG
2,3‐diphosphoglycerate
DSM‐5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5
DTI
direct thrombin inhibitors
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
DWI
diffusion weighted imaging
EBV
Epstein–Barr virus
ECCO
2
R
extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal
ECF
extracellular fluid
ECG
electrocardiography/electrocardiogram
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
ED
emergency department
EEG
electroencephalography/electroencephalogram
EIA
enzyme immunoassay
EMS
emergency medical service
EPAP
end‐expiratory positive airway pressure
ER
emergency room
ESBL
extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase
ESICM
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD
end‐stage renal disease
ET
endotrachea
ETCO
2
end‐tidal carbon dioxide
ETT
endotracheal tube
EVD
external ventricular drainage
F
femoral
FAST
focused assessment using sonography for trauma
FDA
Food and Drug Administration (USA)
FeNa
fractional excretion of sodium
FeUrea
fractional excretion of urea
FFP
fresh frozen plasma
FiO
2
fractional inspired oxygen
FLAIR
fluid attenuated inversion recovery
FMT
fecal microbiota therapy
FP24
frozen plasma (within 24 hours)
FRC
functional residual capacity
FVC
forced vital capacity
GABA
gamma‐aminobutyric acid
GBS
Guillain–Barré syndrome
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
GI
gastrointestinal
GINA
Global Initiative for Asthma
GM‐CSF
granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor
GNB
gram‐negative bacilli
GOLD
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
GPC
gram‐positive cocci
GVHD
graft‐versus‐host disease
GW
guidewire
H
2
histamine‐2
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
HAP
hospital‐acquired pneumonia
Hb
hemoglobin
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCAP
health care‐associated pneumonia
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
Hct
hematocrit
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HE
hepatic encephalopathy
HELLP
hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (syndrome)
HFNC
high flow nasal cannula
HFPEF
heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
HFREF
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Hib
Haemophilus influenza
type b
HIDA
hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
HIT
heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
HR
heart rate
HSV
herpes simplex virus
HT
hemorrhagic transformation
HUS
hemolytic uremic syndrome
IA
intra‐arterial
IABP
intra‐aortic balloon pump
IAH
intra‐abdominal hypertension
IAP
intra‐abdominal pressure
IBW
ideal body weight
ICD
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ICF
intracellular fluid
ICH
intracerebral hemorrhage
ICP
intracranial pressure
ICU
intensive care unit
IDSA
Infectious Diseases Society of America
Ig
immunoglobulin
IHD
intermittent hemodialysis
IJ
internal jugular
IJV
inferior jugular vein
IL
interleukin
ILCOR
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
ILD
interstitial lung disease
IMV
invasive mechanical ventilation
INR
international normalized ratio
IO
intraosseous
IPAL‐ICU
Improving Palliative Care in the ICU
IPAP
inspiratory positive airway pressure
IPF
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
IRIS
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
ISS
injury severity score
IV
intravenous
IVAC
infection‐related ventilator‐associated complication
IVC
inferior vena cava
IVIg
intravenous immunoglobulin
JVP
jugular venous pressure
KCl
potassium chloride
LAD
left anterior descending (artery)
LBBB
left bundle branch block
LD
loading dose
LDF
laser Doppler flowmetry
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
LDL
low density lipid
LDUH
low dose unfractionated heparin
LFT
liver function test
LiDCO
lithium dilution cardiac output
LKM
liver–kidney microsomal (antibody)
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LMA
laryngeal mask airway
LMW
low molecular weight
LMWH
low molecular weight heparin
LOC
loss of consciousness
LOS
length of stay
LP
lumbar puncture
LPR
lactate : pyruvate ratio
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
LV
left ventricular/ventricle
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
LVEDP
left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure
LVEF
left ventricular ejection fraction
LVO
large vessel occlusion
LVOT
left ventricular outflow tract
MAC
Macintosh blade
MAHA
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
MAOI
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MAP
mean arterial pressure
MASCC
Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer
MAT
multifocal atrial tachycardia
MBC
minimum bactericidal concentration
MCA
middle cerebral artery
MD
