MWH's Water Treatment E-Book

John C. Crittenden

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2836

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

the definitive guide to the theory and practice of water treatment engineering THIS NEWLY REVISED EDITION of the classic reference provides complete, up-to-date coverage of both theory and practice of water treatment system design. The Third Edition brings the field up to date, addressing new regulatory requirements, ongoing environmental concerns, and the emergence of pharmacological agents and other new chemical constituents in water. Written by some of the foremost experts in the field of public water supply, Water Treatment, Third Edition maintains the book's broad scope and reach, while reorganizing the material for even greater clarity and readability. Topics span from the fundamentals of water chemistry and microbiology to the latest methods for detecting constituents in water, leading-edge technologies for implementing water treatment processes, and the increasingly important topic of managing residuals from water treatment plants. Along with hundreds of illustrations, photographs, and extensive tables listing chemical properties and design data, this volume: * Introduces a number of new topics such as advanced oxidation and enhanced coagulation * Discusses treatment strategies for removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products * Examines advanced treatment technologies such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and ozone addition * Details reverse osmosis applications for brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other water sources * Provides new case studies demonstrating the synthesis of full-scale treatment trains A must-have resource for engineers designing or operating water treatment plants, Water Treatment, Third Edition is also useful for students of civil, environmental, and water resources engineering.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Important Features of This Book

The Use of This Book

Acknowledgments

Foreword

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 History of the Development of Water Treatment

1.2 Health and Environmental Concerns

1.3 Constituents of Emerging Concern

1.4 Evolution of Water Treatment Technology

1.5 Selection of Water Treatment Processes

References

Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Quality of Water

2.1 Fundamental and Engineering Properties of Water

2.2 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations

2.3 Physical Aggregate Characteristics of Water

2.4 Inorganic Chemical Constituents

2.5 Organic Chemical Constituents

2.6 Taste and Odor

2.7 Gases in Water

2.8 Radionuclides in Water

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 3: Microbiological Quality of Water

3.1 Overview of the Microbial World

3.2 Pathogens in Drinking Water

3.3 Bacteria of Concern in Drinking Water

3.4 Viruses of Concern in Drinking Water

3.5 Protozoa of Concern in Drinking Water

3.6 Helminths of Concern in Drinking Water

3.7 Algae of Concern in Drinking Water

3.8 Assessing the Presence of Pathogens in Source Water

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 4: Water Quality Management Strategies

4.1 Objectives of Water Treatment

4.2 Regulatory Process for Water Quality

4.3 Water Quality Standards and Regulations

4.4 Overview of Methods Used to Treat Water

4.5 Development of Systems for Water Treatment

4.6 Multiple-Barrier Concept

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactions

5.1 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

5.2 Equilibrium Reactions

5.3 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions

5.4 Reaction Kinetics

5.5 Determination of Reaction Rate Laws

5.6 Reactions Used in Water Treatment

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 6: Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing

6.1 Types of Reactors Used in Water Treatment

6.2 Mass Balance Analysis

6.3 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Reactors

6.4 Modeling Reactions in Completely Mixed Batch Reactors

6.5 Modeling Reactions in Ideal Continuous-Flow Reactors

6.6 Using Tracers to Characterize Hydraulic Performance of Nonideal Reactors

6.7 Modeling Hydraulic Performance of Nonideal Reactors

6.8 Modeling Reactions in Nonideal Reactors

6.9 Using Tracer Curves to Model Reactions in Reactors

6.10 Mixing Theory and Practice

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 7: Principles of Mass Transfer

7.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer

7.2 Molecular Diffusion

7.3 Sources for Diffusion Coefficients

7.4 Models for Mass Transfer at an Interface

7.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients at an Interface

7.6 Design of Treatment Systems Controlled by Mass Transfer

7.7 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams

7.8 Mass Transfer across a Gas–Liquid Interface

7.9 Enhancement of Mass Transfer across an Interface by Chemical Reactions

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 8: Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

8.1 Introduction to Use of Oxidation Processes in Water Treatment

8.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

8.3 Conventional Chemical Oxidants

8.4 Photolysis

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 9: Coagulation and Flocculation

9.1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation Processes in Water Treatment

9.2 Stability of Particles in Water

9.3 Coagulation Theory

9.4 Coagulation Practice

9.5 Coagulation of Dissolved Constituents

9.6 Flocculation Theory

9.7 Flocculation Practice

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 10: Gravity Separation

10.1 Classification of Particles for Settling

10.2 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling

10.3 Discrete Settling in Ideal Sedimentation Basins

10.4 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Settling

10.5 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling

10.6 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design

10.7 High-Rate Sedimentation Processes

10.8 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation

10.9 Dissolved Air Flotation

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 11: Granular Filtration

11.1 Brief History of Filtration

11.2 Principal Features of Rapid Filtration

11.3 Properties of Granular Filter Media

11.4 Hydraulics of Flow through Granular Media

11.5 Particle Removal in Rapid Filtration

11.6 Rapid Filter Design

11.7 Rapid Filter Design Example

11.8 Other Filtration Technologies and Options

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 12: Membrane Filtration

12.1 Classification of Membrane Processes

12.2 History of Membrane Filtration in Water Treatment

12.3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment and Operation

12.4 Properties of Membrane Materials

12.5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration

12.6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters

12.7 Membrane Fouling

12.8 Process Design

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 13: Disinfection

13.1 Historical Perspective

13.2 Methods of Disinfection Commonly Used in Water Treatment

13.3 Disinfection Kinetics

13.4 Disinfection Kinetics in Nonideal Flow-Through Reactors

13.5 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine

13.6 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide

13.7 Disinfection with Ozone

13.8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion

13.9 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 14: Air Stripping and Aeration

14.1 Introduction to Air Stripping and Aeration

14.2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium

14.3 Classification of Air-Stripping and Aeration Systems

14.4 Fundamentals of Packed-Tower Air Stripping

14.5 Analysis and Design of Packed-Tower Air Stripping

14.6 Analysis of Low-Profile Air Strippers

14.7 Analysis of Spray Aerators

14.8 Other Air-Stripping and Aeration Processes

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 15: Adsorption

15.1 Introduction to Adsorption Phenomena

15.2 Manufacture, Regeneration, and Reactivation of Activated Carbon

15.3 Fundamentals of Adsorption

15.4 Development of Isotherms and Equations Used to Describe Adsorption Equilibrium

15.5 Powdered Activated Carbon

15.6 Granular Activated Carbon

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 16: Ion Exchange

16.1 Evolution of Ion Exchange Technology

16.2 Synthetic Ion Exchange Media

16.3 Properties of Ion Exchange Media

16.4 Ion Exchange Equilibrium

16.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics

16.6 Ion Exchange Process Configurations

16.7 Engineering Considerations in Ion Exchange Process Design

16.8 Ion Exchange Process Design Case Study

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 17: Reverse Osmosis

17.1 Classification of Membrane Processes

17.2 Applications for Reverse Osmosis

17.3 History of Reverse Osmosis in Water Treatment

17.4 Reverse Osmosis Process Description

17.5 Reverse Osmosis Fundamentals

17.6 Fouling and Scaling

17.7 Reverse Osmosis Process Design

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 18: Advanced Oxidation

18.1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation

18.2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process

18.3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process for Potable Water

18.4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process

18.5 Other Advanced Oxidation Processes

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 19: Disinfection/Oxidation By-products

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Free-Chlorine By-products

19.3 Chloramine By-products

19.4 Chlorine Dioxide By-products

19.5 Ozone By-products

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 20: Removal of Selected Constituents

20.1 Traditional, Nontraditional, and Emerging Constituents

20.2 Arsenic

20.3 Iron and Manganese Removal

20.4 Softening

20.5 Nitrate

20.6 Radionuclides

20.7 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 21: Residuals Management

21.1 Defining the Problem

21.2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals

21.3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludges

21.4 Lime Precipitation Sludges

21.5 Diatomaceous Earth Sludges

21.6 Granular and Membrane Filter Waste Washwater

21.7 Reverse Osmosis Concentrate

21.8 Ion Exchange Brine

21.9 Solid Sorbent Brines and Washwater

21.10 Management of Residual Liquid Streams

21.11 Management of Membrane Concentrates and Cleaning Solutions

21.12 Management of Ion Exchange Brines

21.13 Management of Brines and Washwater from Sorption Processes

21.14 Management of Residual Sludges

21.15 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals

21.16 Management of Spent Solid Sorbents

21.17 Process Selection

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 22: Internal Corrosion of Water Conduits

22.1 Materials Used to Transport, Distribute, and Store Water

22.2 Thermodynamics of Metallic Corrosion

22.3 Electrokinetics of Metallic Corrosion

22.4 Application of Electrokinetics

22.5 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion

22.6 Surface Films and Surface Scales

22.7 Common Forms of Corrosion

22.8 Metals of Interest in Domestic Drinking Water Systems

22.9 Release of Contaminants

22.10 Formation of Treatment-Related Scales on Water Conduits

22.11 Dissolution of Cement-Based Materials

22.12 Treatment for Corrosion Control

22.13 Corrosion Testing

Problems and Discussion Topics

References

Chapter 23: Synthesis of Treatment Trains: Case Studies from Bench to Full Scale

23.1 North Cape Coral Water Treatment Plant, Florida, United States

23.2 Lostock Water Treatment Works, Manchester, United Kingdom

23.3 River Mountains Water Treatment Facility, Nevada, United States

23.4 Gibson Island Advanced Water Treatment Plant, Queensland, Australia

23.5 Sunol Valley Water Treatment Plant, California, United States

23.6 North Clackamas County Water Commission Water Treatment Plant, Oregon, United States

23.7 Lessons Learned

References

Appendix A: Conversion Factors

Appendix B: Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air

B.1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures

B.2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation

Appendix C: Physical Properties of Water

Appendix D: Standard Atomic Weights 2001

Appendix E: Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook

Index

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

MWH's water treatment : principles and design. – 3rd ed. / revised by John C. Crittenden … [et al.].

p. cm.

Rev. ed. of: Water treatment principles and design. 2nd ed. c2005.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-40539-0 (acid-free paper); ISBN 978-1-118-10375-3 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-10376-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-10377-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13147-3 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13150-3 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13151-0 (ebk)

1. Water–Purification. I. Crittenden, John C. (John Charles), 1949- II. Montgomery Watson Harza (Firm) III. Water treatment principles and design. IV. Title: Water treatment.

TD430.W375 2012

628.1′62–dc23

2011044309

Preface

During the 27 years since the publication of the first edition of this textbook, many changes have occurred in the field of public water supply that impact directly the theory and practice of water treatment, the subject of this book. The following are some important changes:

1. Improved techniques and new instrumental methods for the measurement of constituents in water, providing lower detection limits and the ability to survey a broader array of constituents.

2. The emergence of new chemical constituents in water whose significance is not understood well and for which standards are not available. Many of these constituents have been identified using the new techniques cited above, while others are continuing to find their way into water as a result of the synthesis and development of new compounds. Such constituents may include disinfection by-products, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals, and personal care products.

3. Greater understanding of treatment process fundamentals including reaction mechanisms and kinetics, through continued research. This new understanding has led to improved designs and operational strategies for many drinking water treatment processes.

4. The development and implementation of new technologies for water treatment, including membrane technologies (e.g., membrane filtration and reverse osmosis), ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection, and advanced oxidation.

5. The development and implementation of new rules to deal with the control of pathogenic microorganisms, while at the same time minimizing the formation of disinfection by-products.

6. The ever-increasing importance of the management of residuals from water treatment plants, including such issues as concentrate management from reverse-osmosis processes.

The second edition of this textbook, published in 2005, was a complete rewrite of the first edition and addressed many of these changes. This third edition continues the process of revising the book to address these changes, as well as reorganizing some topics to enhance the usefulness of this book as both a textbook and a reference for practicing professionals. Major revisions incorporated into this edition are presented below.

1. A new chapter on advanced oxidation (Chap. 18) has been added.

2. A table of important nomenclature has been added to the beginning of each chapter to provide a resource for students and practitioners learning the vocabulary of water treatment.

3. The theory and practice of mixing has been moved from the coagulation/flocculation chapter to the reactor analysis chapter to unify the discussion of hydraulics and mixing.

4. A new section on enhanced coagulation has been added to the coagulation chapter.

5. The adsorption chapter has been expanded to provide additional detail on competitive adsorption, kinetics, and modeling of both fixed-bed and flow-through adsorption systems.

6. Material has been updated on advanced treatment technologies such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and side-stream reactors for ozone addition.

7. The discussion of applications for RO has been updated to include brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other impaired water sources, as well as expanded discussion of concentrate management and energy recovery devices.

8. A new section on pharmaceuticals and personal care products has been added to Chap 20.

9. New section headings have been added in several chapters to clarify topics and make it easier to find content.

10. Topics and material has been reorganized in some chapters to clarify material.

11. The final chapter in this book has been updated with new case studies that demonstrate the synthesis of full-scale treatment trains. This chapter has been included to allow students an opportunity to learn how water treatment processes are assembled to create a water treatment plant, to achieve multiple water quality objectives, starting with different raw water qualities.

Important Features of This Book

This book is written to serve several purposes: (1) an undergraduate textbook appropriate for elective classes in water treatment, (2) a graduate-level textbook appropriate for teaching water treatment, groundwater remediation, and physical chemical treatment, and (3) a reference book for engineers who are designing or operating water treatment plants.

To convey ideas and concepts more clearly, the book contains the following important elements: (1) 170 example problems worked out in detail with units, (2) 399 homework problems, designed to develop students understanding of the subject matter, (3) 232 tables that contain physical properties of chemicals, design data, and thermodynamic properties of chemicals, to name a few, and (4) 467 illustrations and photographs. Metric SI and U.S. customary units are given throughout the book. Instructors will find the example problems, illustrations, and photographs useful in introducing students to fundamental concepts and practical design issues. In addition, an instructor's solutions manual is available from the publisher.

The Use of This Book

Because this book covers a broad spectrum of material dealing with the subject of water treatment, the topics presented can be used in a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses. Topics covered in a specific course will depend on course objectives and the credit hours. Suggested courses and course outlines are provided below.

The following outline would be appropriate for a one-semester introductory course on water treatment.

Topic

Chapter

Sections

Introduction to Water Quality

 1

All

Physical and Chemical Quality of Water

 2

All

Microbiological Quality of Water

 3

All

Introduction to Water Treatment

 4

All

Chemical Oxidation

 8

8-1, 8-2, 8-3

Coagulation and Flocculation

 9

9-1, 9-2, 9-4, 9-5, 9-7

Gravity Separation

10

All

Granular Filtration

11

All

Membrane Filtration

12

All

Disinfection

13

All, except 13-4 and 13-5

Synthesis of Treatment Trains: Case Studies from Bench to Full Scale

23

All

The following outline would be appropriate for a two-semester course on water treatment.

First Semester

Topic

Chapter

Sections

Introduction to Water Quality

 1

All

Physical and Chemical Quality of Water

 2

All

Microbiological Quality of Water

 3

All

Introduction to Water Treatment

 4

All

Principles of Chemical Reactions

 5

All

Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing

 6

All

Coagulation and Flocculation

 9

All

Gravity Separation

10

All

Granular Filtration

11

All

Membrane Filtration

12

All

Disinfection

13

All

Synthesis of Treatment Trains: Case Studies from Bench to Full Scale

23

All

Second Semester

Principles to Mass Transfer

 7

All

Aeration and Stripping

14

All

Adsorption

15

All

Ion Exchange

16

All

Reverse Osmosis

17

All

Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

 8

All

Advanced Oxidation

18

All

Disinfection/Oxidation Byproducts

19

All

Removal of Selected Constituents

20

All

Residuals Management

21

All

Internal Corrosion of Water Conduits

22

All

The following outline would be appropriate for a one-semester course on physical chemical treatment.

Topic

Chapter

Sections

Principles of Chemical Reactions

 5

All

Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing

 6

All

Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

 8

All

Disinfection/Oxidation Byproducts

19

All

Coagulation and Flocculation

 9

All

Gravity Separation

10

All

Granular Filtration

11

All

Membrane Filtration

12

All

Principles of Mass Transfer

 7

All

Aeration and Stripping

14

All

Adsorption

15

All

Ion Exchange

16

All

Reverse Osmosis

17

All

The following topics would be appropriate for the physical-chemical portion of a one-semester course on ground water remediation.

Topic

Chapter

Sections

Principles of Chemical Reactions

 5

All

Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing

 6

All

Principles of Mass Transfer

 7

All

Aeration and Stripping

14

All

Adsorption

15

All

Ion Exchange

16

All

Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

 8

8-1, 8-2, 8-3,

8-4, 8-5, 8-6

Advanced Oxidation

18

All

Disinfection/Oxidation Byproducts

19

All

The following topics would be appropriate for a portion of a one-semester course on water quality.

Topic

Chapter

Sections

Introduction to Water Quality

 1

All

Physical and Chemical Quality of Water

 2

All

Microbiological Quality of Water

 3

All

Introduction to Water Treatment

 4

All

Disinfection

13

All

Internal Corrosion of Water Conduits

22

All

Acknowledgments

Many people assisted with the preparation of the third edition of this book. First, Mr. James H. Borchardt, PE, Vice President at MWH, served as a liaison to MWH, coordinated technical input from MWH staff regarding current design practices, assisted with providing photographs of treatment facilities designed by MWH, and took the lead role in writing Chap. 23.

Most of the figures in the book were edited or redrawn from the second edition by Dr. Harold Leverenz of the University of California at Davis. Figures for several chapters were prepared by Mr. James Howe of Rice University. Mr. Carson O. Lee of the Danish Technical Institute and Mr. Daniel Birdsell of the University of New Mexico reviewed and checked many of the chapters, including the figure, table, and equation numbers, the math in example problems, and the references at the end of the chapters. Dr. Daisuke Minakata of Georgia Tech contributed to writing and revising Chap. 18, and Dr. Zhonming Lu of Georgia Tech contributed to organizing and revising Chap. 15. Joshua Goldman of the University of New Mexico reviewed Chap. 16. Ms. Lana Mitchell of the University of New Mexico assisted with the preparation of the solutions manual for the homework problems.

A number of MWH employees provided technical input, prepared case studies, gathered technical information on MWH projects, prepared graphics and photos, and provided administrative support. These include: Ms. Donna M. Arcaro; Dr. Jamal Awad, PE, BCEE; Mr. Charles O. Bromley, PE, BCEE; Dr. Arturo A. Burbano, PE, BCEE; Mr. Ronald M. Cass, PE; Mr. Harry E. Dunham, PE; Mr. Frieder H. Ehrlich, C Eng, MAIChemE; Mr. Andrew S. Findlay, PE; Mr. Mark R. Graham, PE; Mr. Jude D. Grounds, PE; Ms. Stefani O. Harrison, PE; Dr. Joseph G. Jacangelo, REHS; Ms. Karla J. Kinser, PE; Mr. Peter H. Kreft, PE; Mr. Stewart E. Lehman, PE; Mr. Richard Lin, PE; Mr. William H. Moser, PE; Mr. Michael A. Oneby, PE; Mr. Michael L. Price, PE; Mr. Nigel S. Read, C Eng; Mr. Matthieu F. Roussillon, PE; Ms. Stephanie J. Sansom, PE; Mr. Gerardus J. Schers, PE; Ms. Jackie M. Silber; Mr. William A. Taplin, PE; and Dr. Timothy A. Wolfe, PE, BCEE.

We gratefully acknowledge the support and help of the Wiley staff, particularly Mr. James Harper, Mr. Robert Argentieri, Mr. Bob Hilbert, and Mr. Daniel Magers.

Finally, the authors acknowledge the steadfast support of Mr. Murli Tolaney, Chairman Emeritus, MWH Global, Inc. Without his personal commitment to this project, this third edition of the MWH textbook could not have been completed. We all owe him a debt of gratitude.

Foreword

Since the printing of the first edition of Water Treatment Principles and Design in 1984, and even since the second edition in 2005, much has changed in the field of water treatment. There are new technologies and new applications of existing technologies being developed at an ever-increasing rate. These changes are driven by many different pressures, including water scarcity, regulatory requirements, public awareness, research, and our creative desire to find better, more cost-effective solutions to providing safe water.

Change is cause for optimism, as there is still so much to be done. According to the recent United Nations Report Sick Water (UNEP and UN-HABITAT, 2010), over half of the world's hospital beds are occupied with people suffering from illnesses linked to contaminated water and more people die as a result of polluted water than are killed by all forms of violence including wars. Perhaps our combined technologies and dedication can help change this reality.

The purpose of this third edition is to update our understanding of the technologies used in the treatment of water, with the hope that this will be more usable to students and practitioners alike. We are extremely fortunate to have assembled such an esteemed group of authors and to have received such extensive support from so many sources. We are extremely happy and proud of the result.

I would like to personally thank the principal authors Dr. Kerry J. Howe of the University of New Mexico and a former Principal Engineer at MWH, Dr. George Tchobanoglous of the University of California at Davis, Dr. John C. Crittenden of the Georgia Institute of Technology, Dr. R. Rhodes Trussell of Trussell Technologies, Inc. and a former Senior Vice President and Board Member of MWH, Dr. David W. Hand of the Michigan Technological University, and Mr. James H. Borchardt, Vice President of MWH.

A special thanks goes to the entire senior management team of MWH, particularly Mr. Robert B. Uhler, CEO and Chairman, and Mr. Alan J. Krause, President, for supporting these efforts with commitment and enthusiasm. For the many officers, colleagues, and clients who have shared their dedication and inspiration for safe water, you are forever in my thoughts.

Finally, I would challenge those who read this book to consider their role in changing our world, one glass of water at a time.

Murli Tolaney Chairman Emeritus MWH Global, Inc.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 History of the Development of Water Treatment

1.2 Health and Environmental Concerns

Nineteenth Century

Twentieth Century

Looking to the Future

1.3 Constituents of Emerging Concern

Number of Possible Contaminants

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

Nanoparticles

Other Constituents of Emerging Concern

1.4 Evolution of Water Treatment Technology

Traditional Technologies

Introduction of Additional Treatment Technologies

Developments Requiring New Approaches and Technologies

Revolution Brought about by Use of Membrane Filtration

1.5 Selection of Water Treatment Processes

References

Securing and maintaining an adequate supply of water has been one of the essential factors in the development of human settlements. The earliest developments were primarily concerned with the quantity of water available. Increasing population, however, has exerted more pressure on limited high-quality surface sources, and the contamination of water with municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes has led to a deterioration of water quality in many other sources. At the same time, water quality regulations have become more rigorous, analytical capabilities for detecting contaminants have become more sensitive, and the general public has become both more knowledgeable and more discriminating about water quality. Thus, the quality of a water source cannot be overlooked in water supply development. In fact, virtually all sources of water require some form of treatment before potable use.

Water treatment can be defined as the processing of water to achieve a water quality that meets specified goals or standards set by the end user or a community through its regulatory agencies. Goals and standards can include the requirements of regulatory agencies, additional requirements set by a local community, and requirements associated with specific industrial processes. The evolution of water treatment practice has a rich history of empirical and scientific developments and challenges met and overcome.

The primary focus of this book is the application of water treatment for the production of potable, or drinking, water on a municipal level. Water treatment, however, encompasses a much wider range of problems and ultimate uses, including home treatment units, community treatment plants, and facilities for industrial water treatment with a wide variety of water quality requirements that depend on the specific industry. Water treatment processes are also applicable to remediation of contaminated groundwater and other water sources and wastewater treatment when the treated wastewater is to be recycled for new uses. The issues and processes covered in this book are relevant to all of these applications.