Stantec's Water Treatment E-Book

John C. Crittenden

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3220

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

The updated third edition of the definitive guide to water treatment engineering, now with all-new online content

Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design provides comprehensive coverage of the principles, theory, and practice of water treatment engineering. Written by world-renowned experts in the field of public water supply, this authoritative volume covers all key aspects of water treatment engineering, including plant design, water chemistry and microbiology, water filtration and disinfection, residuals management, internal corrosion of water conduits, regulatory requirements, and more.

The updated third edition of this industry-standard reference includes an entirely new chapter on potable reuse, the recycling of treated wastewater into the water supply using engineered advanced treatment technologies. QR codes embedded throughout the book connect the reader to online resources, including case studies and high-quality photographs and videos of real-world water treatment facilities. This edition provides instructors with access to additional resources via a companion website.

• Contains in-depth chapters on processes such as coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, ion exchange, adsorption, and gas transfer
• Details membrane filtration technologies, advanced oxidation, and potable reuse
• Addresses ongoing environmental concerns, pharmacological agents in the water supply, and treatment strategies
• Describes reverse osmosis applications for brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other water sources
• Includes high-quality images and illustrations, useful appendices, tables of chemical properties and design data, and more than 450 exercises with worked solutions

Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Updated Third Edition remains an indispensable resource for engineers designing or operating water treatment plants, and is an essential textbook for students of civil, environmental, and water resources engineering.

Leseprobe

Stantec’s Water Treatment

Principles and Design

Updated Third Edition

John C. Crittenden Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE

Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent ScholarDirector of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable SystemsGeorgia Institute of Technology

R. Rhodes Trussell Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE

Founder and ChairmanTrussell Technologies, Inc.

David W. Hand Ph.D., BCEEM

Professor Emeritus of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial EngineeringMichigan Technological University

Kerry J. Howe Ph.D., P.E., BCEE

Distinguished Professor of Civil, Construction, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of New Mexico

George Tchobanoglous Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE

Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of California at Davis

With Contributions By:Bill Ward, J.D., P.E.

Senior Advisor, Stantec Institute for Water Technology & PolicyDirector of Intellectual Property, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.

James H. Borchardt, P.E.

Vice PresidentStantec Consulting Services, Inc.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

© 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Names: Crittenden, John C. (John Charles), 1949- author. | Trussell, R. Rhodes, author. | Hand, David W., author. | Howe, Kerry J., author. | Tchobanoglous, George, author. Title: Stantec’s water treatment : principles and design / John C. Crittenden Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE, Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar, Director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, R. Rhodes Trussell Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE, Founder and Chairman, Trussell Technologies, Inc., David W. Hand Ph.D., BCEEM, Professor Emeritus of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Kerry J. Howe Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Distinguished Professor of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of New Mexico, George Tchobanoglous Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE, Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis. Description: Updated third edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2023] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022012613 (print) | LCCN 2022012614 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119819967 (hardback; acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781119820079 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119820062 (epub) | ISBN 9781119820086 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Water--Purification. Classification: LCC TD430 .C75 2023 (print) | LCC TD430 (ebook) | DDC 628.1/62--dc23/eng/20220511 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022012613LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022012614

Cover image: Courtesy of William A. ward, Jr.

Cover design: Wiley

Set in 10/12pt NewBaskervilleStd by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

Foreword

About the Authors

1 Introduction

2 Physical and Chemical Quality of Water

3 Microbiological Quality of Water

4 Water Quality Management Strategies

5 Principles of Chemical Reactions

6 Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing

7 Principles of Mass Transfer

8 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

9 Coagulation and Flocculation

10 Gravity Separation

11 Granular Filtration

12 Membrane Filtration

13 Disinfection

14 Air Stripping and Aeration

15 Adsorption

16 Ion Exchange

17 Reverse Osmosis

18 Advanced Oxidation

19 Disinfection/Oxidation By-products

20 Removal of Selected Constituents

21 Residuals Management

22 Internal Corrosion of Water Conduits

23 Potable Reuse

Appendix A Conversion Factors

Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air

Appendix C Physical Properties of Water

Appendix D Standard Atomic Weights 2001

Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the Stantec Website for This Textbook 1897

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1-1 Historical events and...

Table 1-2 Summary of methods...

Chapter 02

Table 2-1 Engineering properties of...

Table 2-2 Summary of important...

Table 2-3 Analytical techniques used...

Table 2-4 Summary of the major...

Table 2-5 Minor and trace...

Table 2-6 Effect of NOM on...

Table 2-7 Methods for quantifying...

Chapter 03

Table 3-1 Important characteristics of...

Table 3-2 Association of pathogens...

Table 3-3 Bacteria that cause...

Table 3-4 Bacteria recently associated...

Table 3-5 Bacterial pathogens of...

Table 3-6 Bacterial pathogens of...

Table 3-7 Characteristics of viruses...

Table 3-8 Parasitic protozoa that...

Table 3-9 Characteristics of helminths...

Table 3-10 Common algal groups...

Table 3-11 Characteristics of common...

Table 3-12 General ranges of...

Chapter 04

Table 4-1 Typical constituents found...

Table 4-2 Types of quantitative...

Table 4-3 Summary of major...

Table 4-4 Summary of key...

Table 4-5 Summary of U.S. EPA...

Table 4-6 Representative examples of...

Table 4-7 Typical unit processes...

Table 4-8 Application of unit...

Table 4-9 Example operational goals...

Table 4-10 Important factors that...

Table 4-11 Typical unit processes...

Table 4-12 Guidance for hydraulic...

Table 4-13 Guidance for acceptable...

Table 4-14 Considerations in setting...

Chapter 05

Table 5-1 Terminology for Chemical...

Table 5-2 Final concentration of...

Chapter 06

Table 6-1 Definition of reactors...

Table 6-2 Examples of reactors...

Table 6-3 Solutions to reactions...

Table 6-4 Selected first-order...

Table 6-5 Terms used to...

Table 6-6 Blending assessment of...

Table 6-7 Rapid mixing devices...

Table 6-8 Performance and design...

Chapter 07

Table 7-1 Measured values of...

Table 7-2 Models used for...

Table 7-4 Limiting ionic conductances...

Table 7-3 Atomic volumes for...

Table 7-5 Common mass transfer...

Table 7-6 Dependency of ratio...

Chapter 08

Table 8-1 Oxidants and their...

Table 8-2 Removal of geosmin...

Table 8-3 Values of dissociation...

Table 8-4 Common oxidants, forms...

Table 8-5 Properties of common...

Table 8-6 Selected quantum yields...

Chapter 09

Table 9-1 Surface characteristics of...

Table 9-2 Description and application...

Table 9-3 Thickness of electrical...

Table 9-4 Common inorganic coagulants...

Table 9-5 Reactions and associated...

Table 9-6 Application guidance for...

Table 9-7 Typical organic coagulants...

Table 9-8 Summary of best...

Table 9-9 Reported kinetic parameters...

Table 9-10 Comparison of basic...

Table 9-11 Typical design criteria...

Table 9-12 Power and pumping...

Table 9-13 Key design criteria...

Table 9-14 Design criteria for...

Table 9-15 Design criteria for...

Table 9-16 Diffuser wall design...

Chapter 10

Table 10-1 Settling velocity and...

Table 10-2 Typical presedimentation tank...

Table 10-3 Settling velocities of...

Table 10-4 Typical design criteria...

Table 10-5 Settling velocity of...

Table 10-6 Typical design criteria...

Table 10-7 Typical design criteria...

Table 10-8 Advantages and disadvantages...

Table 10-9 Typical design criteria...

Chapter 11

Table 11-1 Classification of rapid...

Chapter 12

Table 12-1 Comparison between membrane...

Table 12-2 Non-pressure-driven...

Table 12-3 Membrane configurations...

Table 12-4 Operating characteristics of...

Table 12-5 Comparison of hollow...

Table 12-6 Important properties of...

Table 12-7 Characteristics of common...

Table 12-8 Factors contributing to...

Table 12-9 Blocking filtration laws...

Table 12-10 Typical operating characteristics...

Chapter 13

Table 13-1 Characteristics of five...

Table 13-2 Comparison of disinfection...

Table 13-3 Selected kinetic parameters...

Table 13-4 Activation energies for...

Table 13-5 0verview of key...

Table 13-6 Chlorine dioxide generation...

Table 13-7 Factors that influence...

Table 13-8 Influence of increasing...

Table 13-9 Characteristics of three...

Table 13-10 Typical absorbance and...

Table 13-11 UV dose required...

Table 13-12 UV reactor validation...

Chapter 14

Table 14-1 Applications of...

Table 14-2 Unit conversions...

Table 14-3 Dimensionless Henry...

Table 14-4 Dimensionless Henry...

Table 14-5 Characteristics of...

Table 14-6 Packed-tower...

Table 14-7 Effect of...

Chapter 15

Table 15-1 Comparison of adsorption...

Table 15-2 Properties of several...

Table 15-3 Principal uses, advantages...

Table 15-4 Summary of regeneration...

Table 15-5 Summary of forces...

Table 15-6 Aqueous-phase Freundlich...

Table 15-7 Experimental and predicted...

Table 15-8 Summary of various...

Table 15-9

W

0

and

B

values for various...

Table 15-10 Reported values for...

Table 15-11 Advantages and disadvantages...

Table 15-12 Impact of PAC...

Table 15-13 Key UF membrane...

Table 15-14 Parameters used for...

Table 15-15 Dimensionless groups used...

Table 15-16 Dimensionless form of...

Table 15-17 Minimum Stanton number...

Table 15-18 Parameter values used...

Table 15-19 Empirical kinetic constants...

Table 15-20 Correction factors for...

Table 15-21 Methods for estimating...

Table 15-22 Results of pilot-scale...

Chapter 16

Table 16-1 Characteristics of ion...

Table 16-2 Properties of styrene...

Table 16-3 Comparison of ionic...

Table 16-4 Physical properties of...

Table 16-5 Particle size in...

Table 16-6 Selectivity coefficients for...

Table 16-7 Separation factors for...

Table 16-8 Methods for preventing...

Table 16-9 Summary of engineering...

Table 16-10 Types and characteristics...

Table 16-11 Water quality parameters...

Table 16-12 Operational parameters utilized...

Table 16-13 Summary of design...

Chapter 17

Table 17-1 Reverse osmosis objectives...

Table 17-2 Typical concentration of...

Table 17-3 Typical limiting salts...

Table 17-4 Design criteria for...

Table 17-5 Example output from...

Table 17-6 Factors affecting concentrate...

Chapter 18

Table 18-1 Advantages and disadvantages...

Table 18-2 Reaction rate constants...

Table 18-3 By-products observed...

Table 18-4 Relative rates of...

Table 18-5 Important elementary reactions...

Table 18-6 A comparison of...

Chapter 19

Table 19-1 Some known by...

Table 19-2 Disinfection by-products...

Chapter 20

Table 20-1 General effectiveness of...

Table 20-2 Summary of waters...

Table 20-3 Summary of some...

Table 20-4 Properties of activated...

Table 20-5 Comparison of results...

Table 20-6 Guidelines for the...

Table 20-7 Maximum iron and...

Table 20-8 Oxidation reactions for...

Table 20-9 Impact of ionic...

Table 20-10 Oxidation reactions for...

Table 20-11 Summary of chemical...

Table 20-12 Summary of several...

Table 20-13 Performance data from...

Table 20-14 Summary of commercially...

Table 20-15 Full-scale nitrate...

Table 20-16 Comparison of nitrate...

Table 20-17 Summary of technology...

Table 20-18 Radionuclide removal using...

Chapter 21

Table 21-1 Sources of semisolid...

Table 21-2 Typical production of...

Table 21-3 Physical‚ chemical...

Table 21-4 Typical values that...

Table 21-5 Typical physical properties...

Table 21-6 Typical physical properties...

Table 21-7 Typical physical properties...

Table 21-8 Typical chemical properties...

Table 21-9 Common solid sorbents...

Table 21-10 Regeneration sequence for...

Table 21-11 Treatment methods for...

Table 21-12 Management of sorbents...

Table 21-13 Typical performance and...

Table 21-14 Typical performance and...

Table 21-15 Typical performance and...

Table 21-16 Typical performance and...

Table 21-17 Typical performance and...

Table 21-18 Comparison of toxicity...

Table 21-19 Management of sorbents...

Chapter 22

Table 22-1 Types of pipe...

Table 22-2 Selected standard oxidation...

Table 22-3 Converting corrosion rates...

Table 22-4 Selected exchange current...

Table 22-5 Parameters of mixed...

Table 22-6 Comparison of observed...

Table 22-7 Galvanic series of...

Table 22-8 Brasses and gun...

Table 22-9 Thermodynamic data for...

Table 22-10 Standard composition of...

Table 22-11 Cement character and...

Table 22-12 Effect of common...

Table 22-13 Summary of polarization...

Chapter 23

Table 23-1 Municipal uses of...

Table 23-2 Principal physical, chemical...

Table 23-3 Microbial groups and...

Table 23-4 Categories and representative...

Table 23-5 Development of required...

Table 23-6 Comparison of LRV...

Table 23-7 Principal elements of...

Table 23-8 Principal elements of...

Table 23-9 Levels of wastewater...

Table 23-10 Typical effluent quality...

Table 23-11 Factors, measures, and...

Table 23-12 Common AWTF unit...

Table 23-13 Pathogen removal capabilities...

Table 23-14 Chemical removal capabilities...

Table 23-15 Typical design criteria...

Table 23-16 Typical design criteria...

Table 23-17 Typical design criteria...

Table 23-18 Typical design criteria...

Table 23-19 Typical design criteria...

Table 23-20 Typical RO permeate...

Table 23-21 Chemicals used in...

Table 23-22 Types of samples...

Table 23-23 Types of monitoring...

Table 23-24 Typical critical control...

Table 23-25 Examples of communication...

Table 23-26 Key factors in...

Table 23-27 Examples of potable...

Table 23-28 Examples of communication...

Appendix 01

Table A-1 Unit conversion factors...

Table A-2 Conversion factors for...

Appendix 02

Table B-1 Molecular weight, specific...

Table B-2 Composition of dry...

Table B-3 Density and viscosity...

Appendix 03

Table C-1 Physical properties of...

Table C-2 Physical properties of...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1-1 Views of conventional...

Figure 1-2 Views of membrane...

Figure 1-3 Views of pilot...

Chapter 02

Figure 2-1 Hydrogen bonding between...

Figure 2-2 Schematic of a...

Figure 2-3 Light-scattering patterns...

Figure 2-4 Observed variation in...

Figure 2-5 Characterization of particulate...

Figure 2-6 Typical particle-counting...

Figure 2-7 Typical examples of...

Figure 2-8 Typical examples of...

Figure 2-9 Generalized monthly variations...

Figure 2-10 Approximate temperature of...

Figure 2-11 Cumulative curves showing...

Figure 2-12 Ranges of TOC...

Figure 2-13 Organic compounds found...

Figure 2-14 Classification of organic...

Chapter 03

Figure 3-1 Universal phylogenetic tree...

Figure 3-2 Relative sizes of...

Figure 3-3 Typical range for...

Figure 3-4 Basic structure of...

Figure 3-5 Schematic of routes...

Figure 3-6 Median dose of...

Figure 3-7 Alternative outcomes from...

Figure 3-8 Mortality ratios for...

Figure 3-9 Geographical development of...

Figure 3-10 Number of illness...

Figure 3-11 Cases of foodborne...

Figure 3-12 Basic model of...

Figure 3-13 Life cycle of...

Figure 3-14 Filter-clogging algae...

Chapter 04

Figure 4-1 Steps in the...

Figure 4-2 Effect of model...

Figure 4-3 Definition sketch for...

Figure 4-4 Typical process train...

Figure 4-5 Typical process train...

Figure 4-6 Typical process train...

Figure 4-7 Typical process train...

Figure 4-8 Typical process train...

Figure 4-9 Typical process train...

Figure 4-10 Typical process train...

Figure 4-11 Typical process train...

Figure 4-12 Typical residual processing...

Chapter 05

Figure 5-1 Improved reactant conversion...

Figure 5-2 Total free energy...

Figure 5-3 Reaction energy as...

Figure 5-4 Change in activation...

Figure 5-5 Linear free-energy...

Chapter 06

Figure 6-1 Typical reactors used...

Figure 6-2 Definition sketch for...

Figure 6-3 Concept diagrams for...

Figure 6-4 Tracer curves from...

Figure 6-5 Definition sketch: comparing...

Figure 6-6 Tracer curves from...

Figure 6-7 Definition sketch for...

Figure 6-8 Graphical display of...

Figure 6-9 Comparison of reaction...

Figure 6-10 Number of detention...

Figure 6-11 Illustration of plug...

Figure 6-12 Effluent concentration as...

Figure 6-13 Plot of volume...

Figure 6-14 Comparison of detention...

Figure 6-15 Notation used for...

Figure 6-16 Impact of reaction...

Figure 6-17 Results of tracer...

Figure 6-18 Observed coefficients of...

Figure 6-19 Illustration of boundary...

Figure 6-20 Comparison of...

Figure 6-21 Dispersion and...

Figure 6-22 Improvement of reactor...

Figure 6-23 Reactor performance as...

Figure 6-24 Reactor performance as...

Figure 6-25 Definition sketch for...

Figure 6-26 Difference between the...

Figure 6-27 Overview of turbulence...

Figure 6-28 Schematic of forces...

Figure 6-29 Illustration of typical...

Figure 6-30 To achieve reliable...

Figure 6-31 Illustrations of blending...

Chapter 07

Figure 7-1 Mechanism by which...

Figure 7-2 Schematic of solvent...

Figure 7-3 Hypothetical fluxes at...

Figure 7-4 Schematic of penetration...

Figure 7-5 Boundary layer model...

Figure 7-6 Batch contactor for...

Figure 7-7 Operating lines for...

Figure 7-8 Two-film model...

Figure 7-9 Concentration profiles in...

Chapter 08

Figure 8-1 Cell potential for...

Figure 8-2 Predominance area diagram...

Figure 8-3 Predominance area diagram...

Figure 8-4 Predominance area diagram...

Figure 8-5 Predominance area diagram...

Figure 8-6 Definition sketch for...

Figure 8-7 The UV absorbance...

Figure 8-8 UV reactor used...

Chapter 09

Figure 9-1 Typical water treatment...

Figure 9-2 Charge acquisition through...

Figure 9-3 Variation in particle...

Figure 9-4 Structure of the...

Figure 9-5 Schematic illustration of...

Figure 9-6 Attractive and repulsive...

Figure 9-7 Destabilization of a...

Figure 9-8 Schematic representation of...

Figure 9-9 Coagulation of various...

Figure 9-10 Aluminum hydrolysis products...

Figure 9-11 Solubility diagram for...

Figure 9-12 Jar test apparatus...

Figure 9-13 Turbidity topogram as...

Figure 9-14 Simulated residual turbidity...

Figure 9-15 Residual turbidity and...

Figure 9-16 Removal of NOM...

Figure 9-17 Schematic illustrating the...

Figure 9-18 Definition sketch for...

Figure 9-19 Collision frequency functions...

Figure 9-20 Particles made up...

Figure 9-21 Aggregate shapes formed...

Figure 9-22 Ratio of collision...

Figure 9-23 (a) Performance of...

Figure 9-24 Common types of...

Figure 9-25 Comparison of (a...

Figure 9-26 Change in power...

Figure 9-27 Trailing vortex behind...

Figure 9-28 Baffle placement in...

Figure 9-29 Views of paddle...

Figure 9-30 Examples of some...

Figure 9-31 Views of tapered...

Figure 9-32 Typical design of...

Figure 9-33 Views of vertical...

Chapter 10

Figure 10-1 Relationship between settling...

Figure 10-2 Forces acting on...

Figure 10-3 Newton’s...

Figure 10-4 Functional regions within...

Figure 10-5 Discrete particle trajectories...

Figure 10-6 Analysis of particle...

Figure 10-7 Diagram of sludge...

Figure 10-8 Analysis of zone...

Figure 10-9 Typical presedimentation facilities...

Figure 10-10 Rectangular, horizontal-flow...

Figure 10-11 Floc carryover effect...

Figure 10-12 Chain-and-flight...

Figure 10-13 Circular sedimentation basins...

Figure 10-14 View of circular...

Figure 10-15 Square sedimentation basins...

Figure 10-16 Rectangular sedimentation basin...

Figure 10-17 Flow patterns for...

Figure 10-18 Typical configurations for...

Figure 10-19 Three common types...

Figure 10-20 Schematic of Actiflo...

Figure 10-21 Nonideal flow in...

Figure 10-22 Dissolved air flotation...

Figure 10-23 Effects of (a...

Figure 10-24 Plausible mechanisms for...

Figure 10-25 Views of typical...

Figure 10-26 Typical DAF saturator...

Figure 10-27 Alternative dissolved air...

Chapter 11

Figure 11-1 Typical dual-media...

Figure 11-2 Operation of a...

Figure 11-3 Classification of rapid...

Figure 11-4 Size distribution of...

Figure 11-5 Typical filter media...

Figure 11-7 Fixed and expanded...

Figure 11-8 Capture of spherical...

Figure 11-9 Differential element of...

Figure 11-10 Particle transport mechanisms...

Figure 11-11 Predictions of fundamental...

Figure 11-12 (a) Effect of...

Figure 11-13 Optimization of media...

Figure 11-14 Typical rapid granular...

Figure 11-15 Rapid granular filter...

Figure 11-16 Typical filter underdrains...

Figure 11-17 Typical filter washwater...

Figure 11-18 Pressure development within...

Figure 11-19 Typical pressure filters...

Figure 11-20 DOC removal by...

Figure 11-21 Impact of media...

Figure 11-22 Removal of aldehydes...

Figure 11-23 Typical slow sand...

Chapter 12

Figure 12-1 Schematic of separation...

Figure 12-2 Hierarchy of pressure...

Figure 12-3 Scanning electron microscope...

Figure 12-4 (a) Scanning electron...

Figure 12-5 Transmembrane pressure development...

Figure 12-6 Pressure-vessel configuration...

Figure 12-7 Full-scale membrane...

Figure 12-8 Submerged configurations for...

Figure 12-9 Feed-and-bleed...

Figure 12-10 Flow regimes in...

Figure 12-11 Captive bubble contact...

Figure 12-12 Chemical structure of...

Figure 12-13 Structure of an...

Figure 12-14 Determination of retention...

Figure 12-15 Mechanisms for rejection...

Figure 12-16 Fouling of a...

Figure 12-17 Mechanisms for fouling...

Figure 12-18 Variation in specific...

Figure 12-19 Equipment for bench...

Figure 12-20 Variation in flux...

Figure 12-21 Typical skid-mounted...

Chapter 13

Figure 13-1 Disinfectant use in...

Figure 13-2 Inactivation of poliovirus...

Figure 13-3 Watson plot of...

Figure 13-4 Graphical forms of...

Figure 13-5 Overview of disinfection...

Figure 13-6 Thought experiment: Dispersion...

Figure 13-7 Allowable dispersion for...

Figure 13-8 Reactor disinfection performance...

Figure 13-9 Effect of temperature...

Figure 13-10 Half-life of...

Figure 13-11 Overview of chlorine...

Figure 13-12 Effect of pH...

Figure 13-13 Control of chlorine...

Figure 13-14 Decay reactions of...

Figure 13-15 Factors that influence...

Figure 13-16 Formation of and...

Figure 13-17 Schematics of alternate...

Figure 13-18 Understanding ozone reaction...

Figure 13-19 Typical batch ozone...

Figure 13-20 Bench-scale continuous...

Figure 13-21 Ozone generation by...

Figure 13-22 Preparation system for...

Figure 13-23 Liquid oxygen (LOX...

Figure 13-24 Schematic of pressure...

Figure 13-25 Impact of contactor...

Figure 13-26 Impact of contactor...

Figure 13-27 Using computational fluid...

Figure 13-28 Controlling flow separation...

Figure 13-29 Schematics cross-sectional...

Figure 13-30 Conceptual impact of...

Figure 13-31 Impact of internal...

Figure 13-32 Location of the...

Figure 13-33 Ultraviolet sources and...

Figure 13-34 Common UV configurations...

Figure 13-35 Formation of thiamine...

Figure 13-36 Comparing action spectra...

Figure 13-37 Illustration of mechanisms...

Figure 13-38 Impact of low...

Figure 13-39 Performance of UV...

Figure 13-40 Schematic illustration of...

Figure 13-41 Collimated beam devices...

Figure 13-42 Experimental setup for...

Chapter 14

Figure 14-1 Schematic diagram for...

Figure 14-2 Schematic diagram for...

Figure 14-3 Relationship between partial...

Figure 14-4 Relationship between Henry...

Figure 14-5 Schematic of fountain...

Figure 14-6 Forced-draft multiple...

Figure 14-7 Natural draft coke...

Figure 14-8 Low-profile air...

Figure 14-9 Schematic of a...

Figure 14-10 Common diffused aeration...

Figure 14-11 Typical examples of...

Figure 14-12 Typical examples of...

Figure 14-13 Definition drawing for...

Figure 14-14 Operating line diagram...

Figure 14-15 Definition drawing for...

Figure 14-16 Operating line diagram...

Figure 14-17 Packed-tower design...

Figure 14-18 Dependence of relative...

Figure 14-19 (a) Determination of...

Figure 14-20 Gas pressure drop...

Figure 14-21 Generalized Eckert gas...

Figure 14-22 Common spray nozzles...

Figure 14-23 Number of transfer...

Figure 14-24 Typical example of...

Chapter 15

Figure 15-1 General flow scheme...

Figure 15-2 Impact of mass...

Figure 15-3 Pore size distributions...

Figure 15-4 Scanning electron micrographs...

Figure 15-5 Surface functional groups...

Figure 15-6 Single-solute isotherms...

Figure 15-7 The BET isotherm...

Figure 15-8 Schematic model of...

Figure 15-9 Correlation of aqueous...

Figure 15-10 Trichloroethene and chloroform...

Figure 15-11 Percent removal of...

Figure 15-12 Sketch of CMFR...

Figure 15-13 Concentration profiles and...

Figure 15-14 Comparison of adsorption...

Figure 15-15 Atrazine isotherms for...

Figure 15-16 MIB remaining in...

Figure 15-17 Floc blanket reactor...

Figure 15-18 Mechanisms involved in...

Figure 15-19 HSDM calculations for...

Figure 15-20 Schematic of GAC...

Figure 15-21 Utilized capacity for...

Figure 15-22 Specific throughput versus...

Figure 15-23 Operation of two...

Figure 15-24 Operation of three...

Figure 15-25 TOC concentration history...

Figure 15-26 Liters of water...

Figure 15-27 Axial transport mechanisms...

Figure 15-28 (a) Minimum Stanton...

Figure 15-29 Breakthrough curves of...

Figure 15-30 Solid-phase concentration...

Figure 15-31 Influence of preloading...

Figure 15-32 Relative Freundlich ...

Figure 15-33 Comparison of RSSCTs...

Figure 15-34 Comparison of TOC...

Figure 15-35 Impact of backwashing...

Chapter 16

Figure 16-1 Schematic framework of...

Figure 16-2 Major steps involved...

Figure 16-3 The Na...

Figure 16-4 Full-scale ion...

Figure 16-5 Air and water...

Figure 16-6 UPCORE countercurrent ion...

Figure 16-7 Bayer–Lewatit...

Figure 16-8 Schematic of Calgon...

Figure 16-9 Photograph of ion...

Figure 16-10 Schematic process flow...

Figure 16-11 Ion exchange system...

Figure 16-12 Schematic of small...

Figure 16-13 Pilot-scale ion...

Figure 16-14 Pressure drop curves...

Figure 16-15 Filter bed expansion...

Figure 16-16 Generalized saturation loading...

Figure 16-17 Generalized regeneration curves...

Figure 16-18 Efficiency and column...

Figure 16-19 Typical saturation and...

Figure 16-20 Pilot plant effluent...

Chapter 17

Figure 17-1 Schematic of separation...

Figure 17-2 Typical reverse osmosis...

Figure 17-3 Array configurations of...

Figure 17-4 Schematic of typical...

Figure 17-5 Construction of spiral...

Figure 17-6 Photograph of spiral...

Figure 17-7 Microphotographs of asymmetric...

Figure 17-8 Diffusion sketch for...

Figure 17-9 (a) Osmotic pressure...

Figure 17-10 Osmotic pressure of...

Figure 17-11 Preferential-sorption capillary...

Figure 17-12 Effect of feed...

Figure 17-13 Schematic of concentration...

Figure 17-14 Concentration polarization factors...

Figure 17-15 Determination of modified...

Figure 17-16 Scanning electron micrograph...

Figure 17-17 Differential slice of...

Figure 17-18 Typical reverse osmosis...

Chapter 18

Figure 18-1 Basic components of...

Figure 18-2 Comparison of model...

Figure 18-3 UV reactor used...

Figure 18-4 Comparison of pseudo...

Figure 18-5 Comparison of predicted...

Figure 18-6 Impact of H...

Figure 18-7 Comparison of EE...

Figure 18-8 Schematic diagram of...

Figure 18-9 Purifics Photo-Cat...

Chapter 19

Figure 19-1 Cumulative distribution profile...

Figure 19-2 Impact of bromide...

Figure 19-3 Relative formation of...

Figure 19-4 THM and HAA5...

Figure 19-5 NDMA formation after...

Figure 19-6 Factors influencing NDMA...

Figure 19-7 Formation of NDMA...

Figure 19-8 Pathways for ozone...

Figure 19-9 Effect of (a...

Figure 19-10 Effects of (a...

Chapter 20

Figure 20-1 Predominance diagram for...

Figure 20-2 The

E

...

Figure 20-3 Forms of iron...

Figure 20-4 Oxidation rate of...

Figure 20-5 Impact of temperature...

Figure 20-6 Forms of manganese...

Figure 20-7 Comparison of impact...

Figure 20-8 Distribution of hard...

Figure 20-9 Solubility of CaCO...

Figure 20-10 Solubility of Mg...

Figure 20-11 Distribution of carbonate...

Figure 20-12 Process flow diagrams...

Figure 20-13 Schematic of DINIPOR...

Figure 20-14 Schematic of bench...

Figure 20-15 Schematic of typical...

Figure 20-16 Dutch and American...

Figure 20-17 Distribution of uranium...

Figure 20-18 Rejection diagram for...

Chapter 21

Figure 21-1 Typical water treatment...

Figure 21-2 Buchner funnel test...

Figure 21-3 Relationship between suspended...

Figure 21-4 Variation in sludge...

Figure 21-5 Effect of concentration...

Figure 21-6 Dry sludge production...

Figure 21-7 Typical waste washwater...

Figure 21-8 High-rate clarification...

Figure 21-9 Two-stage reverse...

Figure 21-10 Schematic diagram of...

Figure 21-11 Schematic of solar...

Figure 21-12 Schematic of forced...

Figure 21-13 Schematic of typical...

Figure 21-14 Unit operations and...

Figure 21-15 Typical mechanical gravity...

Figure 21-16 Section through typical...

Figure 21-17 Typical sludge storage...

Figure 21-18 Typical sludge-drying...

Figure 21-19 Blending diagram for...

Figure 21-20 Typical installation for...

Figure 21-21 Schematic diagram of...

Figure 21-22 Schematic view of...

Figure 21-23 Belt filters for...

Figure 21-26 Dewatered sludge is...

Figure 21-24 Typical centrifuges used...

Figure 21-25 Schematic diagram of...

Chapter 22

Figure 22-1 Dynamics of corrosion...

Figure 22-2 Pipe material in...

Figure 22-3 Photomicrographs of (a...

Figure 22-4 Idealized corrosion cell...

Figure 22-5 The

E

...

Figure 22-6 Pourbaix diagrams for...

Figure 22-7 Apparatus used to...

Figure 22-8 Polarization plot for...

Figure 22-9 Stern’s...

Figure 22-10 Polarization curves for...

Figure 22-11 Modes of corrosion...

Figure 22-12 Bacteria attacking copper...

Figure 22-13 Polarization diagrams for...

Figure 22-14 Formation of hydrated...

Figure 22-15 Polarization curves for...

Figure 22-16 Types of surface...

Figure 22-17 Solubility of principal...

Figure 22-18 Formation of autocatalytic...

Figure 22-19 Definition sketch for...

Figure 22-20 Effect of solution...

Figure 22-21 Effect of pH...

Figure 22-22 Metallurgical layers in...

Figure 22-23 Illustration of difference...

Figure 22-24 Loss of zinc...

Figure 22-25 Corrosion of galvanized...

Figure 22-26 Shikorr experiment. After...

Figure 22-27 Effect of orthophosphate...

Figure 22-28 Ives–Rawson...

Figure 22-29 Profile of a...

Figure 22-30 Impact of zinc...

Figure 22-31 Corrosion potential versus...

Figure 22-32 Processes associated with...

Figure 22-33 Copper solubility as...

Figure 22-34 Contour plots of...

Figure 22-35 Correlation of calcium...

Figure 22-36 Alumino-silicate deposits...

Figure 22-37 Schematic structure of...

Figure 22-38 Leroy model for...

Figure 22-39 Isopleths of buffer...

Figure 22-40 Measuring corrosion of...

Chapter 23

Figure 23-1 Flow diagram for...

Figure 23-2 Flow diagrams for...

Figure 23-3 Typical variations in...

Figure 23-4 Definition sketch for...

Figure 23-5 Generalized process flow...

Figure 23-6 Examples of AWTF...

Figure 23-7 Process flow diagram...

Figure 23-8 Process flow diagram...

Figure 23-9 Relationship between pH...

Figure 23-10 Posttreatment with lime...

Figure 23-11 Methods of recharging...

Figure 23-12 Geologic cross section...

Figure 23-13 Surface water storage...

Figure 23-14 The AEMED Model...

Figure 23-15 The upper RO...

Figure 23-16 Examples of CCPs...

Guide

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Foreword

About the Authors

Begin Reading

Appendix A Conversion Factors

Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air

Appendix C Physical Properties of Water

Appendix D Standard Atomic Weights 2001

Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the Stantec Website for This Textbook 1897

Index

End User License Agreement

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Preface

Making water safe to drink is complicated. A myriad of constituents can be present in natural waters, with different concentrations, different physical and chemical properties, and representing different hazards. Removing them requires integrating unit processes into a process train, in which each process may remove specific constituents or help another process work more effectively. This book has a rich history of helping students and professional engineers understand the fundamental principles of water treatment and provides a pathway to successful treatment plant design.

Some early practitioners of water treatment engineering relied on trial-and-error, and then replicating designs that were found to be successful. Others recognized that separation processes obey fundamental scientific principles. One in the latter camp was James M. Montgomery, who founded James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc. (JMM) in 1945. With the underpinning of Mr. Montgomery's scientific and engineering talents, the firm grew to be one of the leading environmental engineering firms in the United States and was widely respected as an innovator of the art, science, design, and engineering of water treatment systems.

Recognizing the exceptional expertise of the firm and wanting to honor their founder's devotion to training other engineers, the company's leadership set about to write a textbook that could serve as a resource to engineers throughout the rapidly growing – and rapidly changing – field of water treatment engineering. Over a period of several years, more than 50 employees contributed as authors or reviewers, led by Dr. Michael C. Kavanaugh, Dr. Susumu Kawamura, Dr. Carol Tate, Dr. R. Rhodes Trussell, and William W. Aultman. The first edition of Water Treatment Principles and Design was published in 1985 and quickly became the most prominent and respected resource for water treatment engineering among practitioners and students alike.

The 1980s and 1990s were a period of rapid change following the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1974. Within a decade, portions of the first edition were becoming dated and processes such as ozonation, adsorption, advanced oxidation, and reverse osmosis were becoming strategies for achieving more complex water treatment goals. In the mid-1990s, recognizing that an update was necessary, the company (then named Montgomery Watson, following a 1990 merger with the firm Watson Hawksley from the United Kingdom) embarked on writing a revision. Unfortunately, the challenges of engaging many experts within the company drove up the cost and dragged out the schedule, and after several years the effort was abandoned.

With efforts to write a revision with internal experts stymied and fearing the book would become obsolete, Dr. R. Rhodes Trussell convinced Montgomery Watson's leadership to engage a select group of outside experts to assist him in updating the original text. Drs. John C. Crittenden, George Tchobanoglous, David W. Hand, and Kerry J. Howe (a former JMM employee) were retained. By then, more time had passed and more new processes needed to be incorporated into the text. In the end, the new authors completely restructured the contents, and the second edition of Water Treatment Principles and Design emerged as an entirely new book while retaining the original book's (and James Montgomery's) commitment to grounding water treatment plant design on fundamental principles. The second edition was published in 2005, under the corporate logo of Montgomery Watson Harza (MWH), following the 2001 merger between Montgomery Watson and Harza Engineering Company.

As the water treatment industry continued to evolve, a third edition quickly became necessary. The authors, with support from James H. Borchardt of MWH, completed MWH's Water Treatment Principles and Design, 3rd. edition in 2012. Simultaneous with the 3rd edition, an abridged version of the text was prepared, trimmed to include only the essential principles that could be covered in a one-semester college course in water treatment. Principles of Water Treatment, weighing in at only 650 pages compared to the larger book's 1900 pages, was also published in 2012.

In 2016, MWH Global (which had grown to 6,800 employees) was acquired by Stantec, a Canadian engineering firm started by environmental engineer Dr. Don Stanley in 1954. The combined firm, with 22,000 employees, offers top-tier design services to water clients around the world from offices in over 400 locations. During the time of the acquisition, important changes were taking place in the water treatment industry and the world. In the industry, water scarcity was becoming an important driver of water treatment projects, and many communities began exploring alternative water sources like seawater desalination and potable reuse. Although desalination was already covered in the 3rd edition, the complexities of advanced treatment trains for potable reuse now warrant significant coverage. Another trend was the growing prominence of online resources and content as a way of learning and sharing information. Having acquired the legacy of MWH's Water Treatment Principles and Design