Nanomaterials and Surface Engineering E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 560

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This book covers a wide range of topics that address the main areas of interest to scientists, engineers, and students concerned with the synthesis, characterization and applications of nanomaterials. Development techniques, properties, and examples of industrial applications are all widely represented as they apply to various nanostructured materials including nanocomposites and multilayered nanometric coatings. The book also illustrates a wide range of powerful methods of nanomaterial/nanostructure synthesis such as microwave-assisted methods, pulsed electrodeposition, ion beams, or glancing angle deposition. Techniques for the encapsulation and functionalization of nanoparticles, as well as the adhesion and mechanical characterization of nanostructured thin films, are also described and discussed. It is to be recommended to anyone working in the field of nanomaterials, especially in connection with the functionalization and engineering of surfaces.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Architecture of Thin Solid Films by the GLAD Technique

1.1. Introduction

1.2. The GLAD technique

1.3. Resulting properties

1.4. Conclusions and outlooks

1.5. Bibliography

Chapter 2: Transparent Polymer Nanocomposites: A New Class of Functional Materials

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Nanoparticle modifications

2.3. Nanoparticles and nanocomposites

2.4. Conclusion

2.5. Bibliography

Chapter 3: Nanostructures by Ion Irradiation

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Physical bases

3.3. Nanostructures produced in ballistic regime

3.4. Nanostructures produced in electronic slowing down regime

3.5. Conclusions

3.6. Appendix: basic formula of ion stopping

3.7. Bibliography

Chapter 4: Microencapsulation

4.1. Introduction

4.2. The processes of microencapsulation

4.3. Kinetics of release

4.4. Conclusion

4.5. Bibliography

Chapter 5: Decorative PVD Coatings

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Concept of color

5.3. Representation and measurement of color

5.4. Golden PVD coatings

5.5. Gray color PVD coatings

5.6. Black color PVD coatings

5.7. Blue color PVD coatings

5.8. PVD coatings with interferential color

5.9. Decorative PVD coatings and corrosion resistance

5.10. Bibliography

Chapter 6: Microwave Chemistry and Nanomaterials: From Laboratory to Pilot Plant

6.1. Introduction

6.2. General context

6.3. Microwave nanomaterials: from single oxides to metallic clusters

6.4. Microwave and inorganic condensation processes

6.5. The RAMO system and the MIT process

6.6. From laboratory to pilot

6.7. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Aluminum-Based Nanostructured Coatings Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering for Corrosion Protection of Steels

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Aluminum-based nanostructured coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering for corrosion protection of steels

7.3. Conclusion

7.4. Bibliography

Chapter 8: Nanolayered Hard Coatings for Mechanical Applications

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Towards an ultrahard coating - nanostructuring of transition-elements nitrides obtained by cathodic arc evaporation

8.3. Towards a low friction coefficient coating: nano structuring ofcarbon- and silicon-based materials elaborated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

8.4. Conclusion

8.5. Bibliography

Chapter 9: Plating of Nanocomposite Coatings

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Electrolytic co-deposition of metal/particles and modeling

9.3. Parameters of the electrolytic composite coatings

9.4. Characterization of the composite coatings

9.5. Domains of application of the composite coatings

9.6. Conclusion

9.7. Bibliography

Chapter 10: Nanostructured Coatings

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Nanomaterials

10.3. Applications

10.4. Nanopowders: instructions for use

10.5. Economical aspects

10.6. Conclusion

10.7. Bibliography

Chapter 11: Characterization of Coatings: Hardness, Adherence and Internal Stresses

11.1. Hardness

11.2. Coating adhesion

11.3. Residual stresses in coatings

11.4. Bibliography

Chapter 12: High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Nanocomposite Coatings

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Nanocomposite coating concept

12.3. Methods for nanocomposite coating elaboration

12.4. Structural characterization

12.5. High temperature oxidation behavior

12.6. Conclusion

12.7. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2010 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adapted and updated from Nanomatériaux, traitement et fonctionnalisation des surfaces published 2009 in France by Hermes Science/Lavoisier © LAVOISIER 2009

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE LtdJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.27-37 St George’s Road111 River StreetLondon SW19 4EUHoboken, NJ 07030UKUSAwww.iste.co.ukwww.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2010

The rights of Jamal Takadoum to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nanomaterials and surface engineering / edited by Jamal Takadoum.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84821-151-3

1. Protective coatings--Materials. 2. Nanostructured materials. 3. Surfaces. I. Takadoum, Jamal.

TA418.76.N36 2010

620'.44--dc22

2010012624

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84821-151-3

Preface

Regarding their nanometric dimensions (i.e. a significant surface to volume ratio, typically in the order 108 m-1), nanomaterials present a very large specific surface (up to several thousand m2g-1), a very high reactivity and exceptional mechanical, optical and electronic properties.

When it is a question of carbon nanotubes, multi-element or oxide-based nanopowders or even porous nanomaterials, these new materials find numerous applications ranging from heterogenous catalysis to nanoelectronics, along with mechanical-chemical polishing, the pharmaceutical industry (particularly with the transport of medication) or even the protection of surfaces against wear or corrosion.

Today, different techniques make it possible to develop nanometric materials or structures. We could mention, by way of example, vacuum deposition methods, ion implantation, ion beam mixing, electrolysis or even mechanosynthesis.

The twelve chapters that make up this book have been thought out and composed to focus on a problem or particular aspect to do with the development, characterization or production of nanomaterials. The properties, performances and limits of numerous nanostructured materials, such as nanocrystalline materials, composites containing nanocrystals dispersed in an amorphous matrix or even multilayer coatings made up of a stack of films of nanometric thickness, are tackled and discussed.

Chapters 1, 5, 7, 8 and 12 discuss coatings developed by physical vapor deposition (PVD).

In Chapter 1, the authors present a variant of PVD (the GLAD: glancing angle deposition) technique which makes it possible to develop layers with an inclined columnar structure, a zigzag structure or helices. These new architectures give materials much sought-after properties in terms of surface micro structuring or mechanical or optical characteristics.

Chapter 5 is dedicated to coatings for decoration and esthetic applications. The different results given show clearly that mastering the deposition process makes it possible to obtain decorative films in a very large array of colors.

Chapters 7, 8 and 12 focus on the relationships between the nanometric size of the structures obtained and, on the one hand, their mechanical characteristics (Chapter 8) and, on the other hand, their resistance to corrosion (Chapters 7 and 12).

In Chapter 3, the author focuses on the support of ion irradiation in the field of nanometrials and nanotechnologies. This technique offers numerous possibilities in materials science, linked in particular to the nanometric size of the interaction volume of each ion with the target.

However, due to the high cost, ion irradiation is mainly used within the context of studies into the fundamental character or selection of nuclear materials, biomaterials or expensive electronic systems. Many examples of applications are presented and discussed.

Chapter 2 discusses transparent polymer nanocomposites. It particularly focuses on the importance of functionality of the surfaces of the nanoparticles in order to assure interfacial cohesion or optimum compatibility with the polymer matrix.

Polymers are also used as materials to encapsulate nanoparticles or active principles. This is the subject presented in Chapter 4 (dedicated to microencapsulation), along with the point of view of development processes of this for numerous applications.

The properties and performances of nanocomposite coatings, developed by electrolysis, make up the subject of Chapter 9, whereas in Chapter 6 the authors present an update on the development of nanomaterials through microwave heating.

Chapter 10 carefully presents the numerous industrial applications of nanomaterials. The fields concerned range from coatings for tribological applications, to bactericides, along with UV filters, the structural strengthening agent of polymers or even materials with “fire-retardant” properties.

The characterization of the adherence of coatings to their substrate and the experimental determination of their mechanical properties are the subject of Chapter 11. The different models enabling us, during a hardness test, to free ourselves, under a weak charge, from the indentation size effect (ISE) and, under a strong charge, from the substrate effect, are presented and compared.

Jamal TAKADOUM

Chapter 1

Architecture of Thin Solid Films by the GLAD Technique1

1.1. Introduction

It is currently difficult to count the precise number of applications generated by thin films deposited by vacuum processes. For over 20 years, the development of physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques has led to their use in areas as diverse as electronics, optics, mechanics, decoration, and so on. We can now claim that some technologies are completely dependent on the whole properties of thin films, especially their micro- and nanostructures. From the first experimental studies, done by Movchan and Demchishin [MOV 69] and also by Thornton [THO 74], to the recent structural models developed by simulations [MAL 96, ABE 97, TRO 03, WEI 00], the majority of these works was mainly focused on the operating conditions affecting the morphology and structure of deposited films under normal incidence. Very few have been devoted to thin films prepared using an oblique incidence of the particles [DON 96, TAI 92, MBI 95, DIT 91, HOD 98]. However, in 1959 Young and Koval [YOU 59] showed that fluorite films with a helical structure exhibit an anisotropic optical activity depending on the angle of incidence of evaporated particles and periodicity of the film microstructure. At the same time, Smith [SMI 59] established that the orientation of permalloy films plays a fundamental role in their magnetic properties. A few years later, Nieuwenhuizhen and Haanstra [NIE 66] observed that the orientation of the columnar structure of aluminum coatings is related to the angle of incidence of evaporated particles by an empirical law known as “the tangent rules”. Later, other authors resumed and improved these geometric rules to easily predict the influence of the direction of the vapor flux on the final arrangement of columnar grains [TAI 92, LEA 78, KNO 59, LIN 03b].

All these works focused on coatings prepared under oblique incidence converge to the same conclusion: a widening spectrum of physico-chemical properties of materials including their state of stress, their density, their optical, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, etc. We must finally await investigations by Brett and Robbie’s team for the preparation of thin films under oblique, fixed or mobile substrate, so that the GLAD (Glancing Angle Deposition) technique should take its full dimension and be able to finally emerge. In recent years, the extensive dissemination of their work in leading journals has demonstrated the strong interest generated by nanostructured thin films prepared with this method. Moreover, the originality of the properties generated in the field of photonics, mechanics, catalysis or biology, explains the growing interest shown by many researchers from academia and industry.

In this chapter, after describing the basic principle of the GLAD technique using a fixed and/or mobile substrate, the resulting properties will be presented in terms of structural characteristics and surface morphologies produced at the micro- and nanoscales. Mechanical performances as well as optical and electronic behaviors of such coatings will be presented especially showing the correlations with the dimensions, shapes and geometry of produced architectures. Finally and by way of perspective, a non-exhaustive review of potential applications of these structured thin films will be proposed.

1.2. The GLAD technique

When the first evaporated or sputtered atoms arrive and condense on a substrate, several physical and chemical processes can influence the early stages of the thin film growth. Nature, crystallography, temperature and surface conditions of the substrate, energy of the condensed particles, interactions with the substrate, and so on have a decisive role in the growth mode of the coating. After these initial stages, the growth of the film becomes dominant. Shadowing phenomena at the atomic scale and distribution of surface atoms become dominant. However, the size, crystallinity and density of nucleation sites are the source of the final structure of the layer and thus indirectly influence the growth progression. For low substrate temperatures (in first approximation, a few tenths of the melting temperature of the material), the surface diffusion of incident atoms is reduced. They condense on the nearest sites of nucleation or in the vicinity to form a conventional columnar structure.

1.2.1. Deposition with an oblique angle

When the flux of the atomic vapor comes up according to a non-perpendicular angle to the substrate surface, the nucleation sites intercept the incident particles. It creates a shadowing effect and there is a tilted grain growth of columnar shape ().