Nanotechnology for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics E-Book

Mikhail Y. Berezin

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1021

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Nanotechnology for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics: From Nanoparticle Design to Clinical Applications reflects upon the increasing role of nanomaterials in biological and medical imaging, presenting a thorough description of current research as well as future directions. With contributions from experts in nanotechnology and imaging from academia, industry, and healthcare, this book provides a comprehensive coverage of the field, ranging from the architectural design of nanomaterials to their broad imaging applications in medicine. Grouped into three sections, the book: * Elucidates all major aspects of nanotechnology and bioimaging * Provides comprehensive coverage of the field, ranging from the architectural design of nanomaterials to their broad imaging applications in medicine * Written by well-recognized experts in academia, industry, and healthcare, will be an excellence source of reference * With a multidisciplinary approach and a balance of research and diagnostic topics, this book will appeal to students, scientiests, and healthcare professionals alike

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication page

Contributors

Preface

Scope of the Book: Imaging and Nanoparticles

My Interest In This Field

Purpose of the Book and What the Reader Will Gain

Authors

Who Should Read This Book

Book Structure

Acknowledgments

1 Historical Perspective on Nanoparticles in Imaging from 1895 to 2000

1.1 Introduction

1.2 X-Ray and First Contrast Agents (1895–1930s)

1.3 Rise of the Nuclear Imaging Techniques (1940s–1950s)

1.4 Imaging with Liposomes (1960s–1970s)

1.5 Magnetic Imaging with Nanoparticles (1980s–2000)

1.6 Optical Imaging with Nanoparticles (1980s–2000)

1.7 Ultrasound Microbubble Contrast Agents (1970s–2000)

1.8 Maturity: Nanoparticles Surface Modifications (Late 1980s–early 2000s)

1.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Part I: Nanoparticle Design, Synthesis and Characterization

2 Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesized from THE Organic Solution Phase for Advanced Biological Imaging

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Nanomagnetism and MRI

2.3 Organic Solution Phase Syntheses of IOMNPs

2.4 Designs and Fabrications of IOMNPs as MRI Contrast Agent

2.5 Designs and Fabrications of Multimodality Imaging Agents Based on IOMNPs

2.6 Conclusion and Perspective

References

3 Lipid-Based Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers for Imaging Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 General Approaches for Loading Liposomes and Micelles with Contrast Agents

3.3 Special Considerations for Target Visualization via Contrast-Loaded Lipid Nanocarriers

3.4 Diagnostic Applications of Liposomal Imaging Agents

3.5 Diagnostic Applications of Micellar Imaging Agents

3.6 Concluding Remarks

References

4 Hollow Nanocapsules in Biomedical Imaging Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocapsules

4.3 Compartmentalization of Molecules in Hollow Nanocapsules

4.4 Biomedical Applications of Polymer Nanocapsules

4.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

5 Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic Imaging

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Optoacoustic Nanoparticles Based on Endogenous Chromophores

5.3 Exogenous Nonplasmonic Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic Imaging

5.4 Plasmonic Nanoparticles as Optoacoustic Contrast Agents

5.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

6 Nanoparticles for Bioimaging

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Elemental Analysis

6.3 Size Analysis

6.4 Surface Analysis Techniques

6.5 Radioactivity Measurement of Nanoparticles

6.6 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles

6.7 Optical Techniques

6.8 Miscellaneous Methods

References

Part II: Imaging Modalities: from Concepts to Applications

7 Radio-labeled Nanoparticles for Biomedical Imaging

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Biomedical Imaging

7.3 Radiolabeled Nanoparticle for SPECT Imaging

7.4 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for PET Imaging

7.5 Summary

References

8 MRI with Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Gadolinium as a Contrast Agent in MRI

8.3 Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles

8.4 Alternatives to Gadolinium for MRI

8.5 Conclusion

References

9

In Vivo

Molecular Fluorescence Imaging

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Basics of Fluorescence

9.3 General Behavior of Light in Biological Tissue

9.4 Diffuse Fluorescence Optical Imaging Instruments

9.5 Modeling of Light Propagation in Tissue

9.6 Imaging Algorithms

9.7 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

10 Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging with Nanosized Contrast Agents

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Principles of PAT

10.3 PAT Modalities

10.4 Intrinsic Contrasts for PAT

10.5 Exogenous Contrasts for PAT

10.6 Conclusions

References

11 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Bioimaging

11.1 Overview

11.2 Introduction

11.3 Raman Instrumentation for Bioimaging

11.4

In Vitro

and

In Vivo

Raman-Based Bioimaging

11.5 Raman Reporters

11.6 Summary and Future Perspective

References

Part III: Nanotechnology in Biomedical Imaging and Beyond

12 Pandia®: Gold Nanorods and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy and

In Vivo

Imaging in Companion Animals and Their Potential Application to Humans

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Background

12.3 Photothermal Imaging and Therapy

In Vivo

12.4 Potential Applications in Humans

12.5 Summary

Acknowledgement

References

13 Imaging Genetic Information

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers for Disease

13.3 Antisense RNA Imaging

13.4 Reporter Systems for RNA Imaging

13.5 Recent Examples of Nanoparticle Antisense Imaging Agents

13.6 Conclusions

References

14 The Application of Plant Viral Nanoparticles in Tissue-Specific Imaging

14.1 Introduction

14.2 VNPs Labeled with Fluorescent Dyes for Optical Imaging

14.3 Interaction of CPMV with Cells and its Application for Intravital Imaging

14.4 Passive Targeting of Tumors Using Fluorescent VNPs

14.5 Molecular Targeted Fluorescence Imaging

14.6 VNPs as MRI Contrast Agents

14.7 PET Imaging

14.8 Future Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

15 Design and Development of Theranostic Nanomedicines

15.1 Theranostics for Personalized Nanomedicine

15.2 Solid Nanoparticle Systems

15.3 Colloidal Systems

15.4 Selected Polymeric Nanosystems

15.5 Pharmaceutical Aspects of Theranostics

References

16 Animal Models for Preclinical Imaging

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Ethics in Animal Research

16.3 Considerations in Animal Care

16.4 Choice of Animal Model

16.5 Companion Animal Disease Models

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Concentration of a contrast agent required for diagnostically significant tissue attenuation in various imaging modalities

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Imaging nanoparticles characteristics and most common analytical methods

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Commonly used SPECT radionuclides for nanoparticles

Table 7.2 Nuclear characteristics of selected PET radionuclides for nanoparticles

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Description of approved gadolinium-based contrast agents

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Biodistribution Data from Mouse Injected Gold Nanorods

Table 12.2 Patients from Ohio State University Trial, Breed, Age, Sex, and Weight

Table 12.3 List of Histopath Posttreatment for Seven Canines Used in the Study

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Representative liposomal hybrid nanoparticles for simultaneous imaging and Therapy of cancer

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Growth of the nanoparticle research in biomedical imaging. Solid arrows show the appearance of imaging techniques, and dotted arrows show the emergence of nanoparticles. A number of citations are given from PubMed database.

Figure 1.2 Timeline of the most important events in the development of nanoparticles for imaging and diagnostics covering the period from the twentieth century. The upper part corresponds to nanoparticles, and the lower part to the development of imaging modalities.

Figure 1.3 The

American X-Ray Journal

established in May 1897 was one of the first imaging journals. Launched by Dr. H. Robarts, a prominent radiologist from St. Louis, his biography is described in Ref. [2]. The journal existed until 1905.

Figure 1.4 First human PEN scanner PETT III (1974) located in the hall of the Department of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, where this scanner had been invented. The inventors had given the name “positron emission transaxial tomography” (PETT). The name was reduced to PET because transaxial was no longer the only plane used for image reconstruction.

Figure 1.5 Structure of a multilamellar liposome and of a typical lecithin component phosphatidylcholine. The latter is composed from choline and phosphate group, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acid. Lecithin was first isolated in 1846 by the French chemist and pharmacist Theodore Gobley.

Figure 1.6 Design of

131

I-albumin liposomes. [

3

H]Amyloglucosidase and

131

I-labeled albumin were entrapped into liposomes composed of phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate.

131

I-labeled albumin was also entrapped in [

3

H]cholesterol liposomes.

Figure 1.7 Formation of

99m

Tc liposomes via tin chloride method.

Figure 1.8 Amphipathic Gd complex with DTPA featuring hydrophobic tails. DTPA anhydride was reacted with stearyl amines and integrated into the lamellar phase of liposome particles. The in the liver increased by 180%.