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Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Serie: Nanotechnology Innovation & Applications
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

In three handy volumes, this ready reference provides a detailed overview of nanotechnology as it is applied to energy sustainability. Clearly structured, following an introduction, the first part of the book is dedicated to energy production, renewable energy, energy storage, energy distribution, and energy conversion and harvesting. The second part then goes on to discuss nano-enabled materials, energy conservation and management, technological and intellectual property-related issues and markets and environmental remediation. The text concludes with a look at and recommendations for future technology advances.
An essential handbook for all experts in the field - from academic researchers and engineers to developers in industry.

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Cover

Further Volumes of the Series “Nanotechnology Innovation & Applications”

Title Page

Dedication

Series Editor Preface

About the Series Editor

Foreword by Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Mult. Herbert Gleiter

Foreword by Prof. Dr. Joachim Maier

Foreword by Prof. C.N.R. RAO, F.R.S.

“Perspective” on the Book on Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy by Prof. Tu Hailing

A Way Forward by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan

Introduction by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan

Volume 1

Part One: Energy Production

Chapter 1: Fossil Fuels: The Effect of Zeolite Catalyst Particle Morphology on Catalyst Performance in the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons

1.1 Zeolites and Zeotypes as Nanocatalysts for Petroleum and Natural Gas

1.2 Modification of Porosity: Hierarchical Zeolites

1.3 Modification of Size and Morphology

1.4 Tools to Predict and Characterize Zeolite Morphology

1.5 Tailor-Made Catalysts for the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons (MTH) Reaction

1.6 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: Fossil Fuels: Nanotechnologies for Petroleum Reservoir Engineering

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Addition of Nanosized Colloidal Particles to Technological Fluids

2.3 Indigenous Nanocolloidal Particles in Native Petroleum Fluids

2.4 Conclusions

2.5 Appendix

References

Chapter 3: Fossil Fuels: Coke-Resistant Nanomaterials for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Fuels

3.1 Introduction to Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology

3.2 A Thermodynamic View of Catalyst Coking

3.3 Tuning of Active Sites to Resist Coking

3.4 Methods for Characterizing Carbon Deposits

3.5 Summary and Outlook

References

Chapter 4: Photovoltaics: Light Energy Harvesting with Plasmonic Nanoparticle Networks

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Light Absorption by a Single Particle

4.3 Light Absorption by a Collection of Particles

4.4 Upper Bound for Light Absorption in Nanoparticle Networks

4.5 Light Absorption Beyond the Dipolar Approximation

4.6 Design of Absorption Spectrum with Plasmonic Particles

4.7 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Photovoltaics: Role of Nanotechnology in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

5.1 Nanotechnology and Its Relevance

5.2 A Brief History on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

5.3 Construction and Working of DSSCs

5.4 Transparent Conducting Substrate

5.5 Semiconductor Materials

5.6 Nanotechnology vis–à–vis Renewable Energy Industry

5.7 Nanotechnology vis–à–vis Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

5.8 Sensitizer

5.9 Plasmonics

5.10 Counter Electrode

5.11 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Photovoltaics: Nanomaterials for Photovoltaic Conversion

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Photovoltaic Materials and Technologies: State of the Art

6.3 Nanomaterials for Photovoltaics

6.4 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 7: Photovoltaics: Light-Trapping in Crystalline Silicon and Thin-Film Solar Cells by Nanostructured Optical Coatings

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Crystalline Si Solar Cells

7.3 Nanostructured Coatings for Thin-Film Solar Cells

7.4 Other PV Applications of Resonant Nanostructures

7.5 Summary

References

Chapter 8: Photovoltaics: Nanoengineered Materials and Their Functionality in Solar Cells

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Functional Elements of a Solar Cell

8.3 Transparent and Conductive Front Electrodes

8.4 Nanostructured Contact Material

8.5 Nanostructured Absorber Materials

8.6 Back Electrodes and Intermediate Layer

8.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Nonselective Coatings for Solar Thermal Applications in CSP

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Materials

9.3 Fabrication Methods

9.4 Performance

9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonselective Overselective Coatings

9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives

9.7 Future Aspects

References

Chapter 10: Selective Surfaces for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion in CSP: From Multilayers to Nanocomposites

10.1 Introduction

10.2 State of the Art on Selective Surfaces for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion

10.3 W–SiC Multinanolayers as High-Temperature Solar Selective Coatings

10.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Nanobiotechnology Augmenting Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production and Its Improvement Using Nanoparticles

11.3 Gaseous Energy Extraction via Biomethanation Process and Improvement of Biomethanation Process Using Nanoparticles

11.4 BioH2 Production via Photofermentation and Role of Nanoparticles in the Improvement of H2 Production

11.5 Photocatalytic Conversion of Acetate in Spent Media to H2

11.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12: Nanotechnologies in Sodium-Cooled Fast Spectrum Reactor and Closed Fuel Cycle Sustainable Nuclear Energy System

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Nanomaterials for Nuclear Systems

12.3 Nanosensors, Surface Modification, and Coatings for Reactor and Reprocessing Applications

12.4 Surface Modification and Coating Technologies Based on Nanotechnology

12.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13: Nanotechnology and Applications for Electric Power: The Perspective of a Major Player in Electricity

13.1 The Context and Perspective of a Global Player in Electricity

13.2 The Issue of Nanotechnology for Electric Power

13.3 Main Subjects Studied

13.4 Social Acceptance and Health Risk

13.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Lightweight Nanostructured Materials and Their Certification for Wind Energy Applications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Property Requirements for Wind Energy Applications

14.3 Brief Overview on Materials for Wind Energy Applications

14.4 Properties of Bulk Ceramic Nanomaterials

14.5 Certification

14.6 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Volume 2

Part Two: Energy Storage and Distribution

Chapter 15: Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Anode-Active Materials

15.3 Cathode-Active Materials

15.4 Electrolytes

15.5 New Reactions

15.6 Safety

15.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16: Carbon Nanotube Materials to Realize High-Performance Supercapacitors

16.1 Introduction

16.2 CNI's Contributions

16.3 Sustainability

16.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 17: Recent Developments and Prospects of Nanostructured Supercapacitors

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Properties of Supercapacitors

17.3 Terminology and Electric Double Layer

17.4 Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

17.5 Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors

17.6 Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces

17.7 Design of Capacitive Energy Storage Devices through Electrode–Electrolyte Coupling

17.8 Future Outlook and Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 18: Nanostructured and Complex Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The “Weaker” Bonds Formed by Hydrogen

18.3 The “Stronger” Bonds Formed by Hydrogen

18.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: Nanotechnology for the Storage of Hydrogen

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Nanotechnology

19.3 Intermetallics-Based Hydrides with Nanostructure

19.4 Nanocomposite-Based Hydrides

19.5 Summary

References

Chapter 20: Phase Change Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Nanoenhanced PCMs

20.3 Nanostructured PCMs

20.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 21: Carbon Nanotube Wires and Cables: Near-Term Applications and Future Perspectives

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Carbon Nanotube Wires and Cables

21.3 Applications of CNT Wires and Cables

21.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part Three: Energy Conversion and Harvesting

Chapter 22: Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials: Current Research and Future Challenges

22.1 Introduction to Thermoelectricity

22.2 Challenges to Increase the Efficiency

22.3 Electronic and Phonon Properties

22.4 Current Researches: Thermoelectric Nano Materials materials and Their Performances

22.5 Future Challenges

22.6 Roadmap for the Future Researches

22.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 23: Nanostructured Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Thermoelectric Materials

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Key Parameters for Controlling ZT

23.3 Material Requirements

23.4 Nanostructure Engineering to Lower Thermal Conductivity

23.5 Band Engineering to Enhance the Power Factor

23.6 Development of Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials

23.7 Outlook and Future Challenge

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 24: Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Technology

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Nanomaterials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell and Fuel Cells Operating on Small Organic Molecules

24.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

24.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 25: Contributions of Nanotechnology to Hydrogen Production

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting Reaction

25.3 Nano Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting

25.4 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 26: Nanoenhanced Materials for Photolytic Hydrogen Production

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Basic Principle and Evaluation Methods for Photolytic H2 Production

26.3 Photolytic H2 Evolution Based on Nanoenhanced Materials

26.4 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 27: Human Vibration Energy Harvester with PZT

27.1 Introduction to Micro Energy Harvesting

27.2 Human Vibration Energy Harvester with PZT

27.3 Alternative Design of Cantilever Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

27.4 Stress Distribution Simulation for Different Surface Shapes

27.5 Variable Profile Thickness of the Metal Shim

27.6 Comparison of Stress Distribution for Various Surface Shapes and Profiles

27.7 Output Power Comparison of Various Profiles

27.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 28: Energy Consumption in Information and Communication Technology: Role of Semiconductor Nanotechnology

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Elements of Information Processing

28.3 Energy Consumption in Computing: From Bits to Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS)

28.4 Fundamental Physics of Binary Operations

28.5 Opportunities for Beyond the Current Information and Communication Technology Paradigm

References

Volume 3

Part Four: Nanoenabled Materials and Coatings for Energy Applications

Chapter 29: Nanocrystalline Bainitic Steels for Industrial Applications

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Design of Nanocrystalline Steel Grades: Scientific Concepts

29.3 Microstructure and Properties

29.4 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 30: Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Storage

30.1 Graphene Hits the Headlines

30.2 Graphene: Why All the Fuss?

30.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Energy Storage Devices

30.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Energy Generation Devices

References

Chapter 31: Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Nanoparticles at the Crossroad between Materials Science and Nanotechnology and Their Applications with Regard to Sustainability

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Synthesis and Structural Characterization

31.3 Doping Inorganic Fullerenes/Nanotubes

31.4 Applications

31.5 Fullerenes and Nanotubular Structures from Misfit Layered Compounds

31.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: Nanotechnology, Energy, and Fractals Nature

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Short Introduction to Fractals

32.3 Nanosizes and Fractals

32.4 Energy and Fractals

32.5 Toward Fractal Nanoelectronics

32.6 The Goldschmidt's Tolerance Factor, Clausius–Mossotti Relation, Curie, and Curie–Weiss Law Bridge to Fractal Nanoelectronics Contribution

32.7 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Additional References

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 7.1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 10.1

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 19.4

Table 19.5

Table 19.6

Table 22.1

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Table 26.1

Table 26.2

Table 26.3

Table 26.4

Table 26.5

Table 27.1

Table 27.2

Table 27.3

Table 27.4

Table 27.5

Table 28.1

Table 28.2

Table 29.1

Table 29.2

Table 29.3

Table 29.4

Table 30.1

Table 30.2

Table 30.3

Table 30.4

Table 30.5

Table 30.6

Table 33.1

Table 34.1

Table 34.2

Table 34.3

Table 34.4

Table 34.5

Table 34.6

Table 34.7

Table 34.8

Table 34.9

Table 34.10

Table 34.11

Table 34.12

Table 34.13

Table 36.1

Table 36.2

Table 36.3

Table 36.4

Table 37.1

Table 37.2

Table 38.1

Table 38.2

Table 38.3

Table 39.1

Table 39.2

Table 39.3

Table 40.1

Table 40.2

Table 41.1

Table 41.2

Table 42.1

Table 42.2

Table 43.1

Table 43.2

Table 43.3

Table 43.4

Table 44.1

Table 44.2

Table 44.3

Table 44.4

Table 44.5

Table 44.6

Table 44.7

Table 45.1

List of Illustrations

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 1.20

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 5.23

Figure 5.24

Figure 5.25

Figure 5.26

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.23

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 13.9

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 13.12

Figure 13.13

Figure 13.14

Figure 13.15

Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17

Figure 13.18

Figure 13.19

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7

Figure 16.8

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Figure 17.9

Figure 17.10

Figure 17.11

Figure 17.12

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 19.6

Figure 19.7

Figure 19.8

Figure 19.9

Figure 19.10

Figure 19.11

Figure 19.12

Figure 19.13

Figure 19.14

Figure 19.15

Figure 19.16

Figure 19.17

Figure 19.18

Figure 19.19

Figure 19.20

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Figure 20.8

Figure 20.9

Figure 20.10

Figure 20.11

Figure 20.12

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 21.9

Figure 21.10

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 22.3

Figure 22.4

Figure 22.5

Figure 22.6

Figure 22.7

Figure 22.8

Figure 22.9

Figure 22.10

Figure 22.11

Figure 22.12

Figure 22.13

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 23.4

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

Figure 25.5

Figure 25.6

Figure 25.7

Figure 25.8

Figure 25.9

Figure 25.10

Figure 25.11

Figure 25.12

Figure 25.13

Figure 25.14

Figure 25.15

Figure 25.16

Figure 25.17

Figure 25.18

Figure 25.19

Figure 25.20

Figure 25.21

Figure 25.22

Figure 25.23

Figure 25.24

Figure 25.25

Figure 25.26

Figure 25.27

Figure 25.28

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

Figure 26.6

Figure 26.7

Figure 26.8

Figure 26.9

Figure 26.10

Figure 26.11

Figure 26.12

Figure 26.13

Figure 26.14

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Figure 27.4

Figure 27.5

Figure 27.6

Figure 27.7

Figure 27.8

Figure 27.9

Figure 27.10

Figure 27.11

Figure 27.12

Figure 27.13

Figure 27.14

Figure 27.15

Figure 27.16

Figure 27.17

Figure 27.18

Figure 27.19

Figure 27.20

Figure 27.21

Figure 27.22

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 28.3

Figure 28.4

Figure 28.5

Figure 28.6

Figure 28.7

Figure 28.8

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.10

Figure 28.11

Figure 28.12

Figure 28.13

Figure 28.14

Figure 28.15

Figure 28.16

Figure 28.17

Figure 28.18

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.2

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Figure 29.5

Figure 30.1

Figure 30.2

Figure 30.3

Figure 30.4

Figure 30.5

Figure 30.6

Figure 31.1

Figure 31.2

Figure 31.3

Figure 31.4

Figure 31.5

Figure 31.6

Figure 31.7

Figure 31.8

Figure 31.9

Figure 31.10

Figure 31.11

Figure 31.12

Figure 31.13

Figure 31.14

Figure 31.15

Figure 31.16

Figure 31.17

Figure 31.18

Figure 31.19

Figure 31.20

Figure 31.21

Figure 31.22

Figure 31.23

Figure 31.24

Figure 32.1

Figure 32.2

Figure 32.3

Figure 32.4

Figure 32.5

Figure 32.6

Figure 32.7

Figure 32.8

Figure 32.9

Figure 32.10

Figure 32.11

Figure 32.12

Figure 33.1

Figure 33.2

Figure 33.3

Figure 33.4

Figure 33.5

Figure 33.6

Figure 33.7

Figure 33.8

Figure 33.9

Figure 33.10

Figure 33.11

Figure 34.1

Figure 34.2

Figure 34.3

Figure 35.1

Figure 35.2

Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4

Figure 35.5

Figure 35.6

Figure 35.7

Figure 35.8

Figure 35.9

Figure 35.10

Figure 35.11

Figure 35.12

Figure 35.13

Figure 35.14

Figure 35.15

Figure 35.16

Figure 35.17

Figure 36.1

Figure 36.2

Figure 36.3

Figure 36.4

Figure 36.5

Figure 36.6

Figure 36.7

Figure 36.8

Figure 36.9

Figure 36.10

Figure 36.11

Figure 36.12

Figure 36.13

Figure 36.14

Figure 36.15

Figure 36.16

Figure 37.1

Figure 37.2

Figure 37.3

Figure 37.4

Figure 37.5

Figure 37.6

Figure 38.1

Figure 38.2

Figure 38.3

Figure 38.4

Figure 38.5

Figure 38.6

Figure 38.7

Figure 38.8

Figure 38.9

Figure 38.10

Figure 39.1

Figure 39.2

Figure 39.3

Figure 39.4

Figure 40.1

Figure 40.2

Figure 40.3

Figure 40.4

Figure 40.5

Figure 40.6

Figure 40.7

Figure 40.8

Figure 40.9

Figure 40.10

Figure 40.11

Figure 41.1

Figure 41.2

Figure 41.3

Figure 41.4

Figure 41.5

Figure 41.6

Figure 41.7

Figure 41.8

Figure 41.9

Figure 41.10

Figure 41.11

Figure 41.12

Figure 41.13

Figure 41.14

Figure 42.1

Figure 42.2

Figure 42.3

Figure 42.4

Figure 42.5

Figure 42.6

Figure 42.7

Figure 42.8

Figure 42.9

Figure 42.10

Figure 42.11

Figure 42.12

Figure 42.13

Figure 42.14

Figure 42.15

Figure 42.16

Figure 42.17

Figure 42.18

Figure 42.19

Figure 42.20

Figure 42.21

Figure 42.22

Figure 43.1

Figure 43.2

Figure 43.3

Figure 44.1

Figure 44.2

Scheme 44.1

Figure 44.3

Scheme 44.2

Figure 44.4

Figure 44.5

Figure 44.6

Figure 45.1

Figure 45.2

Figure 45.3

Figure 45.4

Figure 45.5

Figure 45.6

Figure 45.7

Figure 45.8

Figure 45.9

Figure 45.10

Figure 46.1

Figure 46.2

Figure 46.3

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Part 1

Chapter 1

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Further Volumes of the Series “Nanotechnology Innovation & Applications”

Axelos, M. A. V. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Science

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527339891

Cornier, J., Kwade, A., Owen, A., Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

Innovation and Production

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340545

Fermon, C. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanomagnetism

Applications and Perspectives

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527339853

Mansfield, E., Kaiser, D. L., Fujita, D., Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology

Protocols and Industrial Innovations

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340392

Meyrueis, P., Sakoda, K., Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Micro- and Nanophotonic Technologies

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340378

Müller, B. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Human Health

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527338603

Puers, R., Baldi, L.,Van de Voorde, M., van Nooten, S. E. (eds.)

Nanoelectronics

Materials, Devices, Applications

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340538

Sels, B. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanotechnology in Catalysis

Applications in the Chemical Industry, Energy Development, and Environment Protection

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527339143

Edited by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan

Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published bythe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-34014-9

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-69614-7

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-69611-6

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-69612-3

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-69610-9

Thanks to my wife for her patience with me spending many hours working on the book series through the nights and over weekends.The assistance of my son Marc Philip related to the complex and large computer files with many sophisticated scientific figures is also greatly appreciated.

Marcel Van de Voorde

Series Editor Preface

Since years, nanoscience and nanotechnology have become particularly an important technology areas worldwide. As a result, there are many universities that offer courses as well as degrees in nanotechnology. Many governments including European institutions and research agencies have vast nanotechnology programmes and many companies file nanotechnology-related patents to protect their innovations. In short, nanoscience is a hot topic!

Nanoscience started in the physics field with electronics as a forerunner, quickly followed by the chemical and pharmacy industries. Today, nanotechnology finds interests in all branches of research and industry worldwide. In addition, governments and consumers are also keen to follow the developments, particularly from a safety and security point of view.

This books series fills the gap between books that are available on various specific topics and the encyclopedias on nanoscience. This well-selected series of books consists of volumes that are all edited by experts in the field from all over the world and assemble top-class contributions. The topical scope of the book is broad, ranging from nanoelectronics and nanocatalysis to nanometrology. Common to all the books in the series is that they represent top-notch research and are highly application-oriented, innovative, and relevant for industry. Finally they collect a valuable source of information on safety aspects for governments, consumer agencies and the society.

The titles of the volumes in the series are as follows:

Human-related nanoscience and nanotechnology

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Human Health

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Science

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in information and communication

Nanoelectronics

Micro- and Nanophotonic Technologies

Nanomagnetism: Perspectives and Applications

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in industry

Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability

Metrology and Standardization of Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology in Catalysis: Applications in the Chemical Industry, Energy Development, and Environmental Protection

The book series appeals to a wide range of readers with backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, from students at universities to scientists at institutes, in industrial companies and government agencies and ministries.

Ever since nanoscience was introduced many years ago, it has greatly changed our lives – and will continue to do so!

March 2016

Marcel Van de Voorde

About the Series Editor

Marcel Van de Voorde, Prof. Dr. ir. Ing. Dr. h.c., has 40 years' experience in European Research Organisations, including CERN-Geneva and the European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy, and management, especially in European research institutions.

He has been a member of many Research Councils and Governing Boards of research institutions across Europe, the United States, and Japan. In addition to his Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, he holds multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary professorships.

He is a senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, Salzburg, and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a member of the Science Council of the French Senate/National Assembly in Paris. He has also provided executive advisory services to presidents, ministers of science policy, rectors of Universities, and CEOs of technology institutions, for example, to the president and CEO of IMEC, Technology Centre in Leuven, Belgium. He is also a Fellow of various scientific societies. He has been honored by the Belgian King and European authorities, for example, he received an award for European merits in Luxemburg given by the former President of the European Commission. He is author of multiple scientific and technical publications and has coedited multiple books, especially in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Foreword

The variety of fields on which nanotechnology had and/or has a significant impact is remarkable. It ranges from health, environmental, and social issues to nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, and energy applications of nanotechnology. In the past decades, energy applications of nanotechnology have been recognized as one of the most promising and important facets of nanotechnology. In fact, even today, nanotechnology plays a key role in producing, storing, and distributing energy. The fast growth of nanotechnology in energy applications keeps rapidly expanding and diversifying our knowledge in that area. As a result, it becomes increasingly difficult to keep up with all of these developments. Similar situations in other fields indicate that an efficient way to overcome this difficulty is by means of reviews written by a team of internationally known experts discussing critically the present state of knowledge as well as conceivable visions and perspectives. This is the motivation and the approach used in this book on energy applications of nanotechnology.

If one looks at nanotechnology as a whole, it becomes evident that many of the key developments in nanotechnology – in basic science as well as in all kinds of technological applications – were initiated by discoveries or developments of new nanometer-sized structures. In turn, these new structures resulted in new properties that opened the way to new applications of nanotechnology.

Historically, the earliest examples – dating back to the fourth century – are Roman glasses containing nanometer-sized gold precipitates. In modern times, new properties were discovered when nanometer-structured materials were developed, for example, in the form of suspensions of colloidal crystals, in the form of buckyballs, or in the form of nanotubes. Basically, the same applies to solid materials with macroscopy external dimensions. About 40 years ago, solid materials consisting of nanometer-sized crystallites that are connected by grain or interface boundaries pioneered the field of nanocrystalline materials. Today, this field has expanded to more than 100 000 publications. All of the nanostructured materials that are available today are characterized by specific atomic arrangements such as the specific atomic arrangements in buckyballs, in nanometer-sized crystals of catalysts, or in nanocrystalline materials.

A world of nanometer-structured solids that have attracted little attention so far for applications in nanotechnology are nanostructured glassy solids. One reason may be that the methods available today to control the microstructure of glasses on a nanometer scale are very limited. However, the few studies of nanometer-structured glassy solids – called nanoglasses – have evidenced promising new features of nanoglasses such as unforeseen new magnetic, mechanical, or biological properties as well as the option to generate alloys in the form of nanoglasses that consist of components that are immiscible in crystalline materials. As already pointed out, the discovery of new kinds of nanostructured materials with new properties stood frequently at the beginning of new developments in nanotechnology. Hence, nanoglasses may represent the beginning of a family of new developments in the area of nanotechnology.

In conclusion, this book gives an overview of research results on structural and functional materials in the wide field of energy technology and is likely to become an important source of information for students, researchers, and industrialists. Moreover, it highlights the needs for nanomaterials research in the field, provides roadmaps for innovation, and pinpoints toward new nanofabrication techniques. Hence, the book is expected to be a stimulus for the further developments of the energy technology for the benefit of industry and economy and the world society.

Distinguished Fellow, Honorary Advisor Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Mult. Herbert Gleiter

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany)

Director, Herbert Gleiter Instítute of Nanoscience

Nanjing University of Science and Technology (China)

Fellow, Institute for Advanced Studies, City University of Hong Kong

Karlsruhe, March 21, 2016

Foreword

The exploration of the nanoworld in recent decades has truly led to a phase transformation in both scientific understanding and technology. The driver has been the much augmented impact of interfacial zones owing to their greater volume fraction, as well as the fact that many nanostructures show mesoscopic behavior, that is, a qualitatively different behavior from the macroscopic bulk. Furthermore, not only local properties can vary, even mechanistic changes can appear.

There is almost no field in science and technology that remains untouched by such phenomena. Referring to energy technologies is highly relevant in this context, not only because this is a field of major relevance, but also because it is particularly rich in nanoscale effects. The whole of Volume I is devoted to energy “production,” Volume II deals with energy storage, distribution, and conversion, and Volume III includes special materials issues and related issues referring to environment and society.

Apart from its relevance, this three-volume book also comes at the right time: The saying (ascribed to Dyson) that a book that intends to cover the time up to (t0: present time) will be outdated at stresses the point that a field must have reached a certain degree of maturity, should it be worth to be treated comprehensively and sustainably. Even though still a hot topic, nanoscience has reached a degree of maturity that allows one to identify major directions in the scientific treatment. Equally, nanotechnology has provided advanced tools in terms of preparation and analysis and has opened the pathway for various applications.

A representative example is offered by the influence on electrical properties, be it the field of nanoelectronics that is affected or be it – the author's favorite – the field of nanoionics. What the first has achieved in terms of information technology is expected for the latter in terms of energy technology.

In both fields, size reduction can lead to variations by orders of magnitude and, in a variety of cases to qualitative changes as far as transport or storage properties are concerned.

All in all, this book provides a collection of pertinent contributions by well-known experts on nanomaterials with strong emphasis on energy and environmental aspects.

The author wishes the book not only many buyers but also many readers.

Director, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Professor Joachim Maier Stuttgart, Germany Stuttgart, July 2016

Foreword

Nanoscience is one of the main thrust areas of science today, and the way the subject has blossomed in the last two decades is truly impressive. One of the reasons for the fast development of this field is the variety of applications of nanomaterials. Some of the important applications are in nanomedicine followed by electronics. While the developments in nanomedicine are truly impressive, applications in the area of energy devices are equally noteworthy. A large number of papers have been published in the last few years on the use of nanomaterials in various energy devices.

Among the nanomaterials, special mention must be made of carbon nanotubes that have found many uses. Two-dimensional materials have been widely used in the last few years because of their unique properties. One of the important two-dimensional materials is graphene that has found many applications, although not in pure form but in a state where it is doped suitably or functionalized in an appropriate manner. Inorganic analogues of graphene such as molybdenum disulfide and related chalcogenides have found a variety of possible applications in energy devices and other areas. These materials, unlike graphene, have a band gap.

In battery R&D, nanomaterials have been employed to improve or modify performance. This is specially true of lithium and sodium batteries. Two-dimensional nanomaterials have yielded excellent results in the area of supercapacitors. Thus, graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene have shown good performance as supercapacitor electrodes. Borocarbonitrides, BxCyNz, are also very good supercapacitor materials. In the case of fuel cells, several 2D materials have been found to be good catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Specially noteworthy is the performance of borocarbonitrides.

The hydrogen evolution reaction has assumed great importance because of the wide interest in hydrogen economy. Photochemically induced generation of hydrogen has been achieved by using heterostructures of semiconducting nanomaterials or by dye sensitization employing nanosheets of two-dimensional MoS2 and other materials. Photoelectrochemical generation of hydrogen using nanomaterials has also been accomplished. Electrochemical hydrogen evolution generally employs a platinum catalyst and there have been recent efforts to substitute platinum by nonmetallic materials. Borocarbonitrides and a few other materials are found to be effective for this purpose. Production of hydrogen by employing a solar thermochemical cycle based on nanoparticles of metal oxides (e.g., Mn3O4) is an attractive possibility. In photovoltaics, there has been much progress in recent years, particularly in organic PVs, and there are aspects where nanoscience has made a difference.

The story of nanoenergy goes on, and the subject has become a vital component of nanosc1ence and technology. Clearly, some of the important solutions to the energy problem will emerge by the application of nanomaterials.

The book by Dr. Baldev Raj, Prof. Marcel Van de Voorde, and Dr. Yashwant Mahajan is a comprehensive knowledge base for students, academicians, industries, and policymakers to look at the totality and to understand current status and search for opportunities in a broad spectrum of energy domains. Nanotechnologies can play an important evolutionary or paradigm change contributions to clean energy realization. These volumes cover all energy sources and allied subjects such as storage and environment.

Professor C. N. R. Rao, F. R. S.

National Research Professor

Linus Pauling Research Professor & Honorary President

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research

Jakkur Campus, Jakkur

Bangalore, India Jakkur, July 2016

“Perspective” on the Book on Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy

Since the dawn of the twenty-first century, the human society has been experiencing the global transformation and facing the grand challenges of the population increase and unprecedented growth in energy demand. Substantial reduction in fuel consumption and environmental pollution, and harnessing the renewable energy are vital to people's well-being worldwide. Nanotechnology is one of the enabling approaches to tackle these issues and can be widely employed to improve energy sustainability.

This three-volume book covers a variety of topics on nanotechnology and sustainable energy, and contains many recent research findings, achievements, and industrial applications contributed by the scientists and researchers from nearly 20 different countries. Nanotechnology fundamentally represents a convergence of many sciences and technologies at the nanometer scale. Its multidisciplinary nature draws from physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering, and has the potential to address the problems of reliance on fossil energy, pollution damage to the environment, and reduction of the cost of renewable energy.

The introductory section of the book provides an overview of nanotechnology for conventional and renewable energies by the world-renowned scientists, namely, Prof. Herbert Gleiter, a pioneer in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and Prof. Dr. Joachim Maier, who is credited with developing a new scientific field, nowadays termed as nanoionics. Additionally, Prof. C.N.R. Rao, a mentor of chemistry and materials science and engineering, has been working on nanotechnology for many years and has already delivered a well-rounded presentation of various aspects of nanomaterials in his monograph entitled Nanocrystals published in 2007. As we all know, hydrogen energy is a perspective clean energy with a bright future and beneficial to the human society, this time Rao shares his vision on foreseeable future directions of nanotechnology in hydrogen energy applications.

The first part of Volume 1 is on energy production. Global warming and air pollution are the direct impact of combustion of fossil fuels resulting in degradation of plant growth and threatening human health. This part is devoted toward the development of cost-effective nanotechnologies for efficient utilization and storage of the existing traditional energy along with the novel approaches for usage of nonfossil and renewable resources. The effect of the nanoparticle catalysts on enhancing the efficiency of petroleum recovery, refining, and natural gas conversion backs up the theme of nanotechnology for sustainable energy. It is apparent that the understanding and application of nanomaterials have made considerable progress in upgrading of traditional enterprises and economy escalation.