E-Book
336,99 €

Nanotechnology in Environmental Science E-Book

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

0,0

336,99 €

Sammeln Sie Punkte in unserem Gutscheinprogramm und kaufen Sie E-Books und Hörbücher mit bis zu 100% Rabatt.

Mehr erfahren.

Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

An overview of the current state of nanotechnology-based devices with applications in environmental science, focusing on nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites.
The handbook pays special attention to those nanotechnology-based approaches that promise easier, faster and cheaper processes in environmental monitoring and remediation. Furthermore, it presents up-to-date information on the economics, toxicity and regulations related to nanotechnology in detail. The book closes with a look at the role of nanotechnology for a green and sustainable future.
With its coverage of existing and soon-to-be-realized devices this is an indispensable reference for both academic and corporate R&D.

Details

Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:

Android

iOS

von Legimi
zertifizierten E-Readern

Seitenzahl: 1692

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Bewertungen

0,0

Rezensionen(0 Rezensionen)

Leseprobe

Cover

Title Page

Preface

Part One: Introduction: Change in Perspective due to Nanotechnology for Environmental Techniques and Devices

Chapter 1: Nanomaterials for Environmental Science: A Recent and Future Perspective

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Aim and Objective of the Study

1.3 Scientific Vision and Cognizance in the Field of Nanotechnology

1.4 Frontiers of Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future

1.5 The Vision and Advancements in the Field of Nanotechnology

1.6 Recent Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

1.7 The Status of Environment Today

1.8 Environmental Sustainability: Its Vision for the Future

1.9 Technological Vision and Scientific Objective in the Field of Application of Nanomaterials

1.10 Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanomaterials and its Applications

1.11 The Avenues Ahead in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications

1.12 Scientific Cognizance and Scientific Sagacity of Environmental Engineering

1.13 Nontraditional Environmental Engineering Techniques

1.14 Future Trends and Scientific Doctrine of Novel Separation Processes

1.15 Recent Scientific Research Pursuits in Membrane Science

1.16 Future Trends in Research and Development in Nanomaterials

1.17 Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts and the Scientific Progress

1.18 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Atomic-scale Study of Fullerene Molecules on Semiconductor Surfaces

2.1 Introduction

2.2 STM Study of C60 Adsorption on Solid Surface

2.3 C60F18 on Si(111)

2.4 C60F18 on Si(100)-2 × 1

2.5 C60F36 on Si(111)-7 × 7

2.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Recent Advances in Nanostructured Catalysts for Vehicle Exhaust Gas Treatment

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

3.3 Diesel Particulate Filter

3.4 Three-Way Catalysts

3.5 Selective Catalytic Reduction

3.6 Lean NOx Traps

3.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Analytical Applications of Nanoscale Materials for Water Treatment: A Review

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Significance of Nanotechnology for Wastewater Purification

4.3 Classification of Nanoadsorbents

4.4 Analytical Applications

4.5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects

Abbreviations

Acknowledgment

References

Part Two: Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques

Chapter 5: Carbon Nanomaterials-based Nanocomposite as Emerging Field for Pollution Control

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Carbon Nanotubes

5.3 CNT Sensors

5.4 Graphene

5.5 Fullerene

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: Nanocarbons in Agricultural Plants: Can be a Potential Nanofertilizer?

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Organic Carbon-Based Fertilizer as “Biochar”

6.3 Nanocarbons in Plant Growth

6.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics onto Graphene–Soy Protein Aerogel Composites from Aqeous Solution

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Experiment

7.3 Results and Discussion

7.4 Conclusions

References

Part Three: Functionalized Nanomaterial for Environmental Techniques

Chapter 8: Photocatalysis: Activity of Nanomaterials

8.1 Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis

8.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis

8.3 Synthesis of Photocatalytic Materials

8.4 Phase Transition and Microstructure of Photocatalytic Materials

8.5 Optical and Magnetic Properties

8.6 Photocatalytic Activity

References

Chapter 9: Functionally Active Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Concept of Integral Environmental Pollutants

9.3 Purpose of Functionally Active Nanomaterials

9.4 Functionally Active Nanomaterials

9.5 Potential Methods for Environmental Remediation

9.6 Functionally Active Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Pollutants

9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 10: Functionalized Nanomaterial for Environmental Techniques

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nanomaterial-based Environmental Techniques

10.3 Limitations of Nanomaterials Used for Environmental Techniques

10.4 Methods of Nanomaterials' Functionalization

10.5 Nanomaterial–Functional Groups Bonding Types

10.6 Functionalization and Applications of Silica-based Nanomaterials

10.7 Functionalization and Applications of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials

10.8 Functionalization and Applications of Metal and Metal Compound Nanomaterials

10.9 Conclusions

References

Part Four: Nanoseparation Devices for Environment

Chapter 11: Comprehensive Treatment of Industrial Wastewater with Membrane Separation Technology: From Hybrid Process to Novel Devices

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Membrane and Membrane Process for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

11.3 Applications of Membrane Process for Wastewater Treatment and Comprehensive Recovery

11.4 Novel Devices for Process Intensification and Fouling Control

11.5 Conclusions and Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12: A Review on the Advancements of Nanomembranes for Water Treatment

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Separation Mechanisms in Nanofiltration

12.3 Fabrication and Modification of Nanofiltration Membrane

12.4 Application to Water Treatment

12.5 Fouling

12.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 13: Manipulating Grouping Dynamics of Nanoscale Boron Particles as Basis for Environmentally Friendlier Combustion and Efficient Filtration

13.1 Boron Particles and Powders: A Review

13.2 Clustering of Particles in Oscillating Flow: From the Nanometric to the Hundred-micrometer Size Range

Acknowledgments

References

Part Five: Nano-Lab on Chip for Environment

Chapter 14: Nanosensor in Gas Monitoring: A Review

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Sensing Technologies in Petroleum Industries

14.3 Nanosensor Technology

14.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 15: Plasmonic Nanomaterials for SERS Detection of Environmental Pollutants

15.1 Introduction

15.2 About SERS

15.3 Environmental Pollution and SERS Detection

15.4 Plasmonic Materials for Raman Enhancement

15.5 Future Perspective

References

Part Six: Bionanomaterial-based Devices for Environment

Chapter 16: Bionanomaterials as Emerging Sensors in Environmental Management

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Electrochemical Sensors

16.3 Applications

16.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 17: Role of Bionanomaterial-Based Devices in Water Detoxification

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Classical Approaches of Metals

17.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles

17.4 Characterization Techniques

17.5 Wastewater Remediation

17.6 Future Perspectives of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles

17.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 18: Nanocellulose as Promising Material for Environmental Applications

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Analytical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

18.3 Connection of Analytical and Environmental Sciences

18.4 Nanocellulose

18.5 Different Formats of Nanocellulose-Based Sorptive Microextraction

18.6 Nanocellulose as Sensor of Contaminants

18.7 Promoting Crystallization in Gel Media

18.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 19: Functionalized Nanomaterials for Pollution Abatement

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Preparation of Functionalized Nanomaterials

19.3 Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Pollution Abatement

19.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 20: Biopolymers: A Natural Support for Photocatalysts Applied to Pollution Remediation

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Biopolymers: Introduction and Definition of Terms

20.3 Immobilization of Photocatalysts on Supports

20.4 Survey of Biopolymer-Supported Photocatalysts for Pollution Remediation

20.5 Conclusions

Ackowledgments

References

Chapter 21: Bioinspired Nanocomposites for Adsorptive and Photo-Assisted Decontamination of Wastewater

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Composite and Nanocomposite Materials

21.3 Bioinspired Nanocomposite Materials

21.4 Environmental Application of Bioinspired Nanocomposites

21.5 Summary and Prospects

Acknowledgment

References

Part Seven: Toxicity, Economy, Legalization of Nanotechnology

Chapter 22: Economic Aspects of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environment

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques

22.3 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Techniques

22.4 Nanoseparation Device for Environment

22.5 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Environment

22.6 Bionanomaterial-Based Devices for Environment

22.7 Nano-Lab on a Chip for Environment

22.8 Toxicity, Economy, and Legalization of Nanotechnology

22.9 Nanotechnology: A Green and Sustainable Vision

22.10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 23: Engineered Nanoparticles' Toxicity: Environmental Aspects

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Distribution of Nanoparticles Based on Composition

23.3 Common Methods of Engineering of Nanoparticles

23.4 Toxicity Based on Physicochemical Properties of NPs

23.5 Toxicity of Some Widely Used ENPs to Environmental Organisms

23.6 Effect of ENP Toxicity on Plants

23.7 Effect of ENP Toxicity on Humans

23.8 Metal Toxicity Mechanism

23.9 Conclusions and Future Perspective

Acknowledgment

References

Part Eight: Nanotechnology: A Green and Sustainable Vision

Chapter 24: Nanotechnology: Key for Sustainable Future

24.1 Introduction

24.2 History

24.3 Methods of Preparation

24.4 Application of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Future

References

Chapter 25: Nanotechnology: Greener Approach for Sustainable Environment

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Classification of Nanomaterials

25.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles

25.4 Applications of Green Nanotechnology

25.5 Prospects

25.6 Conclusions

References

Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 14.5

Table 14.6

Table 15.1

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 20.1

Table 21.1

List of Illustrations

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Figure 8.19

Figure 8.20

Figure 8.21

Figure 8.22

Figure 8.23

Figure 8.24

Figure 8.25

Figure 8.26

Figure 8.27

Figure 8.28

Figure 8.29

Figure 8.30

Figure 8.31

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 13.9

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 15.8

Figure 15.9

Figure 15.10

Figure 15.11

Figure 15.12

Figure 15.13

Figure 15.14

Figure 15.15

Figure 15.16

Figure 15.17

Figure 15.18

Figure 15.19

Figure 15.20

Figure 15.21

Figure 15.22

Figure 15.23

Figure 15.24

Figure 15.25

Figure 15.26

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 18.5

Figure 18.6

Figure 18.7

Figure 18.8

Figure 18.9

Figure 18.10

Figure 18.11

Figure 18.12

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 19.6

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Figure 20.8

Figure 20.9

Figure 20.10

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 21.9

Figure 21.10

Figure 21.11

Figure 21.12

Figure 21.13

Figure 21.14

Figure 21.15

Figure 21.16

Figure 21.17

Figure 21.18

Figure 21.19

Figure 21.20

Figure 21.21

Figure 21.22

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 24.6

Figure 25.1

Scheme 25.1

Scheme 25.2

Scheme 25.3

Scheme 25.4

Figure 25.2

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Part 1

Chapter 1

Pages

iii

xxi

xxii

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

Nanotechnology in Environmental Science

Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ajay Kumar Mishra

Volume 1 & 2

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-34294-5

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-80884-7

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-80886-1

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-80887-8

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-80885-4

Preface

The use of nanotechnology in the environmental science discipline has become increasingly important in addressing vital global needs in the twenty-first century for reliable, sustainable, and efficient access to clean energy, water, and natural resources. It offers opportunities for the development of new technologies to produce new products, to substitute existing production equipment, and to reformulate new materials and chemicals with improved performance resulting in less consumption of energy and materials, reduced harm to the environment, and environmental remediation. Nanotechnology presents an opportunity to develop a new technology, and a new industry in a sustainable way from the outset. However, taking advantage of this new technology for health, environmental, and sustainability benefits, science needs to examine the environmental and health implications.

Technology at nanoscale has inspired the progress and use of novel and cost-effective techniques for catalytic degradation, adsorptive removal, and detection of pollutants in environment. Nanomaterials are the new avenues of modern scientific innovation and deep scientific reflection. Nanomaterials are employed in diverse fields such as electronics and photonics, catalysis, information storage, chemical sensing and imaging, drug delivery, and biological labeling. Also, these nanomaterials have been applied successfully for modern environmental devices and techniques both at research and industrial scale and show great promise toward next generation of advanced materials and have received increasing attention among researchers, scientists, and the industry. As a result, environmental science arena is invariably in today's world linked with research and development initiatives in nanotechnology.

Nanomaterials are nanosized structures and have extraordinary physical and chemical properties, such as the unique optical, electrical, thermal, and adsorption characteristics, due to their ultrasmall size. Large specific surface areas of nanomaterials can improve the detection sensitivity and miniaturize the devices in analytical procedures. Also, these nanomaterials of various compositions and morphologies can provide powerful tools for the environmental devices and techniques. Therefore, these nanomaterial-based devices and techniques can play vital roles in environmental science and technology. Moreover, freedom to functionalize these nanomaterials with various chemical groups can also increase their affinity toward target compounds, which is very much desirable for selective detection of target analytes in environmental complex matrices. However, till today the advanced comprehensive understanding and real-world applications of these nanomaterials in environmental field is still far off. This book summarizes the recent progresses of environmental techniques and devices using different types of nanomaterials at both experimental and theoretical model scales. Special attention is paid to those approaches that tend to be green and eco-friendly. In the end, the research trends and future prerspectives are also briefly discussed.

This book provides a wide-ranging exploration on the ongoing research and development events in environmental science by nanotechnology. A collective knowledge into viewpoint with traces of reality to envisage new ideas, the book is divided into several parts. Part One discusses the change in perspective due to nanotechnology for environmental techniques and devices. Part Two comprises solely of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) for environmental devices and techniques. Part Three is all about recent developments in various functionalized nanomaterials for environmental techniques. Part Four describes new trends like nanoseparation devices for environmental techniques. Moving on with modern trend the subsequent part elaborates on to a greater extent the nanoscale lab on chip and nano surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for environmental applications. Discussions on biobased nanomaterials, another promising direction of nanotechnology in environmental devices, are compiled in the next part. Then, future perspectives of nanotechnology as anticipated for the modern society, where toxicity and economy are important aspects for green and sustainable environment, are described. In the end, some concluding observations about the whole book are made. The selections of these topics are based on most recent research, teaching, and practical experience of editors and the philosophy that environmental techniques and devices are moving toward their future generation. The top class contributors are selected from across the world. The diversity of authors for each chapter and their disciplinary backgrounds reveal the interdisciplinary emphasis of this book. Due to multidisciplinary nature of topics, the reader can have entire knowledge in a single book.

We anticipate that this book will make noteworthy appeal to scientists and researchers working on the issues surrounding real-time applications of nanotechnology for environmental sciences. The expected audiences are environmentalists, scientists, researchers, consultants, regulators, and engineers. Moreover, advanced undergraduate and graduate students can find this book a source of up-to-date knowledge and guidelines for their studies. Overall, this book is planned to be a reference book for researchers and scientists who are searching for new and advanced materials, techniques, and devices in environmental sciences. The editors and contributors are among the world's high ranked scientists and researchers in academia and industry in their subject areas. On behalf of Wiley-VCH, we are very grateful to all contributors for their distinctive hard work in the making of this book. Special thanks to Dr. Martin Preuss, Executive Commissioning Editor, at Wiley-VCH, for support during this project.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ajay Kumar Mishra(Editors)

Part OneIntroduction: Change in Perspective due to Nanotechnology for Environmental Techniques and Devices

1Nanomaterials for Environmental Science: A Recent and Future Perspective

Sukanchan Palit1 and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain2

1University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Acres, Post-Office-Bidholi via Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India

2New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA

1.1 Introduction

Chemical process engineering, environmental science, and materials science are moving toward newer challenges. Destruction of environment and loss of biodiversity have worried the scientific community to gear their efforts toward finding innovative technologies. This treatise, with cogent insight, discusses lucidly the application of nanomaterials in environmental protection. The vision and the challenge of human scientific endeavor are wide and versatile. The success of human civilization today stands amid a deep scientific introspection. Man's immense prowess, mankind's scientific rigor, and the civilization's urge for scientific progress will go a long way in true emancipation of environmental science. The immense potential of nanotechnology is elucidated in detail in this well-informed treatise. The success, the immense scientific and academic rigor, and the futuristic vision of environmental science are the torchbearers of a newer visionary era of science and engineering. In this treatise, the authors pointedly focus on the application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in environmental engineering science. Chemical process engineering and materials engineering are connected like an umbilical cord to environmental engineering and its challenges. The scientific sagacity and deep scientific understanding in the application of nanomaterials in environmental protection are ushering in a new era. The authors of this book focus on the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology to environmental engineering and pollution abatement.

1.2 The Aim and Objective of the Study

Human civilization today stands at twilight of scientific vision and understanding. The rigors of science and engineering are immense, as mankind is undergoing a wider realization of the sustainability of environment. The aim and the objective of this study is to discuss the greater vision of and challenges in the application of nanomaterials in environmental protection. The success and potential of environmental engineering science are inimitable. Today, environment is under a state of great distress as ecological imbalance and frequent man-made disasters are destroying the very fabric of our environment. The cause of biodiversity is crossing scientific frontiers. Civilization stands amid great scientific understanding as well as misdemeanor. The challenges of environmental engineering need to be readdressed in every possible way. Traditional and nontraditional environmental engineering techniques are veritable scientific endeavors. This treatise aims at the nontraditional techniques of environmental engineering and the novel separation processes of chemical process engineering and targets the immense potential of these techniques. Environmental sustainability and holistic sustainable development are the cornerstones of this research endeavor.

1.2.1 The Need, the Rationale, and the Scope of the Study

Science is a colossus with a vast vision of its own. Environmental engineering concerns are plaguing the world scientific community. Frequent environmental disasters and loss of biodiversity have goaded the scientists and engineers to work toward newer innovations and challenges. The immediate need and the challenge of science need to be readdressed and reenvisioned as scientific rigor moves toward a newer paradigm. In the crucial juxtaposition of science and technology today, environmental engineering science gains new heights. The paradigm of engineering science is targeted toward the protection of environment. Technological innovations and technological motivations are in a state of distress today as protection of environment is in a process of immense failure. In such a situation, new vision and innovation are the veritable need of the day. Environmental science is in the process of new scientific regeneration. Human civilization is also in the process of wide realization of environmental and energy sustainability.

The scope of this well-informed study goes beyond scientific imagination and understanding. The challenge of applications of nanotechnology, nontraditional environmental engineering techniques, and novel separation processes needs to be rebuilt and readdressed as scientific and academic rigor moves toward a visionary scientific avenue. The challenge of this research work is surpassing visionary frontiers as science and engineering overcomes one hurdle after another in chemical process engineering and environmental engineering science.

1.3 Scientific Vision and Cognizance in the Field of Nanotechnology

Scientific vision and cognizance in the field of nanotechnology are groundbreaking as science and engineering move from one paradigm to another. Today, nanotechnology is a visionary area of research pursuit. The scientific challenges is immense in the field of nanotechnology as science and engineering crosses one visionary boundary after another. Nanoscience and nanotechnology today are linked with the wide area of environmental engineering science. Technological vision is the order of the day today. Nanotechnology and groundwater remediation are the areas of science that are being challenged in today's scientific horizon. Chemical process engineering and materials engineering are witnessing futuristic challenges. Water shortages and global water crisis are paving the way for a newer vision for the future.

1.4 Frontiers of Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the visionary and far-reaching areas of science and engineering. Today, nanotechnology research has links with chemical process engineering and environmental engineering science. The success of application of nanotechnology to society and mankind goes beyond scientific imagination. Technological advancements today are in a state of immense shortcomings and unbelievable challenges. In a similar vein, nanotechnology and nanomaterials are facing immense challenges in their application domain. A scientist's defined prowess, science's immense rigor, and the futuristic vision are today leading a long way in true realization of environmental sustainability and sustainable development. Frontiers of nanotechnology are gaining new heights and revolutionary scientific outcomes. The success of science and engineering of nanomaterials are immense and unimaginable as human civilization moves from one chapter to another. Technology and engineering today are the boon to human civilization and human scientific endeavor. Today, environment stands in the midst of deep distress and wide introspection. The challenge of protecting environment needs to be addressed and deeply comprehended with each step of human life. Nanotechnology vision is the torchbearer of a greater visionary tomorrow in the research pursuit of science and engineering. The vision for the future in the vast and versatile domain of nanotechnology is far-reaching and crossing enigmatic scientific frontiers. This research treatise provides gainful insights into the pursuit toward environmental protection, chemical process engineering, and nanotechnology.

1.5 The Vision and Advancements in the Field of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology in today's world is moving at a rapid pace toward a newer scientific frontier. The challenge, the vision, and the potential of application of nanotechnology in environmental protection need to be readdressed as human civilization moves toward a newer realm. Nanotechnology has a wider vision as scientific vision and deep scientific understanding assumes immense importance in this century. Human scientific vision is powered by a definite scientific grit and determination. The true challenge that lies in the field of nanotechnology is its immense scientific potential, scientific vision, and deep scientific understanding. The success of the domain of nanotechnology has opened up new avenues of scientific challenges and scientific ingenuity in years to come.

1.6 Recent Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

The world of nanotechnology and environmental science are witnessing drastic changes. In today's scientific scenario, nanotechnology has an unsevered umbilical cord with environmental engineering science. This treatise goes beyond deep scientific imagination. The success and potential of nanotechnology are ushering in a new dawn of scientific endeavor and fortitude. The authors pointedly focus on the success of application of nanotechnology in environmental protection and environmental engineering science as a whole. The challenge and the scientific rigor need to be envisioned as human civilization moves toward a newer visionary age. This section widely observes the recent scientific research pursuit in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology with special emphasis on the application of nanotechnology in environmental protection.

National Nanotechnology Initiative Workshop [1] in a well-informed report delineates nanomaterials and the environment, instrumentation, metrology, and analytical methods. Nanotechnology holds immense promise of exciting new solutions and innovations to critical scientific, industrial, and commercial challenges through the engineering of application-specific nanomaterials. Questions are raised and technology remains challenged as potential risks and hazards from nanotechnology are of utmost importance. In order to foster a better scientific understanding, National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA, has made environmental health and safety research an essential component and a research imperative.

German Environment Agency Report [2] delved deep into current state of knowledge in the field of nanomaterials in the environment. The report delineates effects and behavior of materials in the environment, their release in the environment, and their behavior and persistence in the environment. This report deeply comprehends the success of application of nanomaterials in environment and the wide vision of the application of nanotechnology. It also throws light on the further development of legislation on chemical process safety.

European Commission Report [3] deeply comprehends nanomaterials' functionality. The “Science for Environment Policy” focuses pointedly on the challenges and scientific introspection in application domain of nanomaterials. Some of the wide visionary topics discussed in this treatise are pomegranate-inspired battery design, nanoscale manufacturing, low-energy water purification, quantum dot processes, solar cell efficiency, efficiency of photovoltaic cells, application of graphenes, 3D printing techniques, and van der Waal's heterostructures. The scientific success and the deep scientific introspection are the pallbearers of a greater emancipation of science of nanotechnology in years to come.

Danish Environmental Protection Agency Report [4] defines and delineates the environmental fate and behavior of nanomaterials in a well-observed and well-informed treatise. It deeply comprehends and envisions new knowledge on important transformation processes. This report widely observes the application of nanomaterials and provides an overview of the present knowledge regarding processes relevant for environmental fate and behavior of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Engineered nanomaterials are the buzzword of scientific potential today. First, this report targets and deeply comprehends the definition and selection of nanomaterials. ENMs are defined as manufactured materials with one or more external dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, used in applications due to their novel characteristics resulting from their size and other engineered properties. In that respect and in that scientific vision, ENMs (stemming from engineered/intentional processes) can be seen as part of a broader group of nanomaterials, which in addition can result from natural and anthropogenic (incidental) processes. The scientific success, the immense scientific potential, and the visionary avenues of science are the torchbearers of a greater emancipation of nanomaterial technology in near future.

CSIRO, an Australian report [5], discussed lucidly the fate of manufactured nanomaterials in the Australian environment. This report reviews the available literature on the fate of manufactured nanomaterials in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Seven classes of nanomaterials were considered: (i) metal oxides, (ii) carbon products (fullerenes and carbon nanotubes), (iii) metals, (iv) quantum dots, (v) nanoclays, (vi) dendrimers, and (vii) nanoemulsions. The challenges in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials need to be envisioned as human scientific mind and candor move toward a newer visionary age. The immense scientific potential, the visionary aisles of engineering science, and the transformation of technology are the pallbearers of a greater realization of the application of nanotechnology to environmental protection and the holistic sustainable development in the field of technology and engineering.

A German Federal Government report [6] dwelt lucidly into the wide domain of nanomaterials and environmental protection. This report gleans into the exposure of humans and environment as well as the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties and risks, in particular in connection with newer nanomaterials. This report discusses the opportunities and risks of nanotechnology within the framework of its high-tech strategy. This report observes three definite avenues: (i) opportunities for the environment and health, (ii) risks and safety research, and (iii) guidance document for responsible handling of nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials applications and scientific motivation in the field of nanotechnology are the technology drivers of today's science. Science is a colossus with a definite vision of its own. Nanomaterials technology and the concept of smart materials are changing the global scientific scenario. In today's scientific world, technology and science are visionary and far-reaching. Mankind's immense prowess and man's scientific ingenuity are the torchbearers of a wider realization of environmental engineering and material science today.

1.7 The Status of Environment Today

The status of environment today is at a state of immense distress. Global water crisis is challenging the scientific sphere and scientific domain. Environmental calamities, the grave concern of ecological imbalance, and the concern for environmental sustainability are going a long way in the true realization of nanotechnology and environmental engineering science. Science and engineering in this century are moving fast and surpassing visionary frontiers. Human civilization and environment are today standing in the midst of deep catastrophe. Scientific vision at such a crucial juncture is gaining immense heights as science and engineering moves toward a newerera. Scientific understanding and scientific cognizance are in a state of new regeneration. The fate of environmental protection stands in a state of immense scientific challenge and vision.

1.8 Environmental Sustainability: Its Vision for the Future

Sustainable development with respect to energy and environment is the need of the hour for the progress of human civilization. The challenge and the boon of human civilization today are the immense scientific endeavor in sustainable development and its definite scientific vision. Human scientific rigor in the field of environmental and energy sustainability are today crossing visionary frontiers. The vision for the future of environmental protection and environmental sustainability is vast and versatile. The success of civilization's rigor and scientific research pursuit lies in the hands of scientists and engineers . Global concerns for environmental sustainability are today ushering in a new eon. With such a wide vision in mind, nanotechnology and environmental science are paving the way for science and engineering today.

1.9 Technological Vision and Scientific Objective in the Field of Application of Nanomaterials

Technological vision and scientific motivation are the buzzwords of nanotechnology today. Nanotechnology in today's visionary scientific world is gaining new heights in its application in environmental protection and environmental engineering science. Nanomaterials are the eco-materials of today. Scientific objectives in the application of nanomaterials in environmental science are far-reaching. Environmental engineering science and its research pursuits need to be reenvisioned as human civilization moves toward a visionary realm. Application of nanomaterials and global water crisis are veritably linked by an unsevered umbilical cord. The technological vision of ecomaterials and its applications needs to be rebuilt and revamped as science and engineering move toward the threshold of a new era.

1.10 Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanomaterials and its Applications

Scientific research pursuit in the field of nanomaterials and its applications including environmental protection are surpassing wide scientific boundaries. Research pursuits and forays in the field of environmental engineering science are gaining new heights. The challenge and the vision of science and engineering, the scientific urge to excel, and the wide scientific rigor will all lead a long way in the true realization of environmental engineering applications and sustainability. In this section, the authors stress upon the recent advances in the field of nanomaterials and the forays into environmental protection.

Stone et al. [7] discussed with a wide view nanomaterials for environmental studies and their classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physicochemical characterization. The authors discuss in this treatise projects especially in relation to human health effects. The physicochemical characterization information identified as important for environmental studies included measures of aggregation/agglomeration/dispersibility, size, dissolution (solubility), surface area, surface charge, and surface chemistry/composition, with the assumption that the chemical composition would be known. Nanotechnology involves the production of a diverse array of nanomaterials (NMs), which include nanoobjects and nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomaterials have one dimension less than 100 nm, whereas nanoobjects have two dimensions less than 100 nm (e.g., carbon nanotubes), and nanoparticles are defined as particles with three dimensions less than 100 nm. Today, nanoscience and nanotechnology are moving very fast crossing wide and visionary boundaries. The challenge of application of nanotechnology to environment is growing and groundbreaking. This treatise gleans and gives glimpses of the present and future trends of the application of nanotechnology. The immense scientific potential, the visionary applications of science, and the ever-growing areas of nanomaterials will go a long way in the true realization of environmental engineering science today.

Baun et al. [8] discussed with cogent insight ecotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials to aquatic invertebrates in a brief review and highlighted recommendations for future toxicity testing. Based on a literature review and an overview of toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles in aquatic invertebrates, this paper widely delineates a number of recommendations for the developing field of nanoecotoxicology by highlighting the importance of invertebrates as sensitive and relevant test organisms. The scientific cognizance and scientific vision needs to be reenvisioned as the world of nanotechnology enters into a new phase of immense scientific potential. This treatise gleans into the newer developments and innovations in the field of engineered nanomaterials.

Kreyling et al. [9] discusses with deep and cogent insight a complementary definition of nanomaterial. In the wake of fast developments taking place in nanotechnologies and nanosciences, the need for an internationally agreed definition of a “nanomaterial” has gained immense importance. Human civilization and human scientific endeavor are in the path of immense scientific regeneration. In this treatise, definitions are made mainly based on size parameters, and fall short in terms of applicability to particulate materials that have a size fraction in the nanoscale. Scientific fortitude, scientific forbearance, and deep scientific introspection are the torchbearers of a newer development and a newer innovative era in the field of nanomaterials.

Lowry et al. [10] delves deep into the unknown world of nanomaterials. This treatise highlights environmental occurrences, behavior, fate, and ecological effects of nanomaterials. This treatise is a widely observed special series on nanomaterials. The release of ENMs into the biosphere will increase as industries find new and useful ways to utilize these materials. Scientists, engineers, and the wider scientific domain are beginning to assess the material properties that determine the fate, transport, and effects of ENMs; however, the potential impacts of released ENMs on organisms, ecosystems, and human health are widely unknown. The authors of this treatise pointedly focus on the scientific success and the immense scientific potential of engineered nanomaterials in the furtherance of the success of nanotechnology. Technological motivation and definite scientific objectives are the tools and drivers of science today. Scientists and engineers are facing extraordinary challenges as the world of nanoscience and nanotechnology enters into a visionary era. This treatise highlights the immense importance of engineered nanomaterials in the avenues of difficult scientific hurdles in years to come.

Gottschalk et al. [11] deeply comprehend the science of engineered nanomaterials. They modeled environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, and fullerenes) for different reasons. Engineered nanomaterials are already used in many products and consequently released into environment. In this study, the authors calculated predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) based on probabilistic material flow analysis. The authors challenged the scientific notions in the endeavor in ENMs. Technology needs to be envisioned as scientific endeavor enters into a new world of challenges and vision.

Klaine et al. [12] give a lucid insight into the behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects of nanomaterials in the environment. Nanoscience and nanotechnology applications are widening as nanomaterials are entering into a visionary era. The recent forays in nanotechnology and the corresponding increase in the use of nanomaterials in products in every avenues of society have resulted in uncertainities regarding environmental impacts. This treatise effectively and pointedly focuses on the deep uncertainities of environmental protection and the interlinked world of nanotechnology.

1.11 The Avenues Ahead in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications

Nanotechnology applications are changing the scientific scenario and the vast scientific fabric. The avenues ahead in the field of science and engineering are wide and bright. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are revolutionizing the entire scientific fabric. Global water crisis and global water technology initiatives are drastically changing the wide scientific horizon. The authors in this treatise repeatedly point out the immense need of nanotechnology in environmental protection. Human civilization is in the path of new glory as mankind evolves into a new scientific regeneration. Mankind's immense scientific prowess, the wide scientific journey, and the effective scientific progress will all lead to an effective way in the true emancipation of sustainable development. Today, nanotechnology and other visionary avenues of science are veritably linked with energy and environmental sustainability. One of the visionary avenues of science today is the application of nanotechnology to the provision of basic needs such as water and the worldwide concern for groundwater remediation. The success, the potential, and the scientific rigor will lead a long way in true realization of environmental engineering applications and sustainable development.

1.12 Scientific Cognizance and Scientific Sagacity of Environmental Engineering

Environmental engineering science in today's scientific scenario is moving fast at a rapid pace. Global concerns for environmental protection are drastically changing the scientific horizon. Nanotechnology is the other side of the visionary coin of environmental engineering science. Nanomaterials or eco-materials are the smart materials of today. The challenge and the vision of science need to be readdressed and reenvisioned with each step of scientific and academic rigor. The challenge of science, scientific cognizance, and scientific ingenuity are the pallbearers of a greater vision of tomorrow in the field of environmental engineering science. The greatest concern for human civilization is the protection of environment and biodiversity. The success of research endeavor in environmental engineering is latent yet immense. Nanomaterials and eco-materials are the technology drivers of today. Scientific vision needs to reenvisaged as mankind steps into a new era.

1.13 Nontraditional Environmental Engineering Techniques

Nontraditional environmental engineering techniques are the torchbearers of today's environmental engineering science. The potential of applications of environmental engineering techniques such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are immense and far-reaching. The efficiency, the effectiveness, and the vision of AOPs and integrated AOPs are changing the future scientific horizon. The authors in this treatise pointedly focus on the vast importance of AOPs today. Nontraditional environmental engineering techniques are changing the scientific firmament of the new scientific order. Advanced oxidation processes and membrane science needs to be rebuilt and reenvisaged with each step of today's scientific regeneration. Advanced oxidation processes such as ozonation today are at the helm of scientific vision and scientific regeneration. Technology and engineering science today are paving the way for a visionary scientific endeavor.

1.13.1 Scientific Doctrine of Advanced Oxidation Processes

The scientific doctrine of advanced oxidation processes is groundbreaking in today's world of technological vision and deep scientific objectives. A scientist's vision and an environmental engineer's perspective are emboldened as science steps into a newer innovation. Advanced oxidation processes are well suited for recalcitrant chemicals that cannot be degraded by traditional techniques. Technological innovations are the order of the day. Science, technology, and engineering are ushering in a new chapter in the field of technological and scientific motivation.

Advanced oxidation processes are in the path of newer scientific regeneration. Andreozzi et al. (1999) discuss lucidly AOPs for water purification and recovery. All AOPs are characterized by a common chemical feature: the capability of exploiting the high reactivity of HO radicals in driving the oxidation processes that are suitable for achieving the complete abatement and degradation of recalcitrant pollutants. This treatise intuitively observes different AOPs according to their specific features with real applications of water pollution abatement. The success of AOP science needs to be reenvisioned and reenshrined with each step of scientific endeavor.

Mondal et al. [13] discuss textile wastewater treatment by advanced oxidation processes. Textile effluent is an abundant source of colored pollutants. It increases environmental danger and enhances deep environmental concerns. This work discusses scientific objectives in all possible treatment methods for removing dyestuff from textile effluents by AOPs.

Pera-Titus et al. [14] provide a detailed and well-informed review of the degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes. AOPs constitute a promising technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing not easily removable organic compounds. Science and technology of advanced oxidation processes are changing the visionary scenario of environmental engineering techniques. Chlorophenols (CPs) are a group of special importance due to their high toxicity and low biodegradability. Data concerning the degradation of CPs by means of AOPs reported during the period 1995–2002 are evaluated in this work of high importance. Among the AOPs, the following techniques are studied: processes based on hydrogen peroxide, photolysis, and photocatalysis and processes based on ozone. This comprehensive treatise delves deep into the chemistry of advanced oxidation process and delineates the wide gamut of scientific endeavor.

Esplugas et al. [15] made a comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for phenol degradation. Advanced oxidation processes for degradation of phenol in aqueous solution have been studied in earlier works. In this treatise, a comparison of these techniques is undertaken: pH influence, kinetic constants, stoichiometric coefficient, and optimum oxidant/pollutant ratio. According to the research pursuit, Fenton reagent was found to be the fastest one for phenol degradation. The researchers widely observed the different scientific challenges in the application of AOPs and found it to be highly successful.

Oller et al. [16] reviewed combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination. Advanced oxidation processes are considered a highly competitive water treatment technology crossing visionary boundaries. The challenge, the vision, and the worldwide wastewater treatment issue have changed drastically the scenario of scientific research. AOPs are a competitive technology for the removal of those organic pollutants not treatable by conventional techniques due to their high chemical stability and/or low biodegradability. The success of AOPs is enormous as science and engineering tread a visionary avenue. This paper reviews recent research combining AOPs and bioremediation technologies for the removal of a wide range of synthetic and industrial wastewater.

Badawy et al. [17] investigated advanced oxidation processes for the removal of organophosphorus pesticides from wastewater. The immense scientific potential and scientific vision of AOPs are challenged in this early period of this century. The combinations of the Fenton reaction, UV/hydrogen peroxide and the photo-Fenton process in the degradation of organophosphorus-containing substrates were investigated in detail.

This paper on nanomaterials and environmental protection goes beyond scientific imagination and scientific fortitude. Human scientific endeavor today is in the state of veritable distress. The success of human civilization today needs to be reenvisioned and reorganized as science steps into a new era.

1.14 Future Trends and Scientific Doctrine of Novel Separation Processes

Novel separation processes such as membrane science are ushering in a new eon of challenge and vision. Scientific vision and scientific forbearance are reenvisaged as human civilization and human scientific endeavor crosses wide scientific boundaries. In today's scientific world, global water challenges and membrane science are the two opposite sides of a visionary coin. The challenges of science are increasing and the wide scientific rigor overwhelming as scientific progress witnesses drastic challenges. The success of scientific endeavor, the futuristic vision of scientific validation, and the immense scientific rigor will go a long and visionary way in the true emancipation of environmental engineering science. Novel separation processes such as membrane science are revolutionizing the scientific scenario and the wide world of scientific forbearance and vision. The scientific doctrine needs to be rebuilt as human civilization gears toward a new avenue of engineering science, chemical process engineering, and material science. The futuristic vision, the future of the application of nanomaterials, and the visionary road ahead are changing the global water scenario. The scientific boundaries need to be redrawn as human civilization gears toward a newer visionary and innovative era [18].

1.15 Recent Scientific Research Pursuits in Membrane Science

Global water initiatives are in a state of immense catastrophe. Novel separation processes, the success of membrane science, and the wide world of global water challenges are paving the way for a newer visionary eon in the field of environmental engineering science. Today, scientific validation is the order of the day. The scientific success, the vision of scientific validation, and the world of true realization of environmental sustainability are the torchbearers of a greater visionary future.

Strathmann et al. [19] in a well-researched treatise gave a cogent insight into membrane development in future. This treatise deeply comprehends historical and key developments of membranes and membrane processes. The key issues addressed are advantages and limitations of membrane processes, cost considerations and environmental impact, the membrane-based industry, the membrane market and its future development, and the future of membrane science and technology. It then goes on to discuss in detail principles of membrane separation processes. The authors touch upon the principles of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Gas separation, pervaporation, dialysis, electrodialysis, and membrane contactors/membrane reactors are delineated. The vast and versatile field of membrane separation process and design are intuitively discussed along with large application domain. The other wide scientific frontier touched is the field of concentration, polarization, and membrane modules. The authors wind up the treatise with membranes and membrane process applications. The challenge, the potential, and the wider imperatives of science are reenvisioned at each step of this scientific research pursuit.

Franken et al. [20] in a well-researched treatise discussed wetting criteria for the applicability of membrane distillation. The success of membrane distillation is such that it can be applied only on liquid mixtures that do not wet a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The advantages of membrane distillation are that the distillation process takes place at moderate temperature and that a relatively low temperature difference between the two liquids contacting the microporous hydrophobic membrane gives relatively high fluxes. Because entrainment of dissolved particles is avoided, a permeate with a high purity is obtained. The target of this research treatise is far-reaching as science gears forward toward a newer visionary domain.

Hong et al. [21] gives a lucid insight into the chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. The role of chemical and physical interactions in NOM fouling of nanofiltration membranes is investigated and discussed in detail. The success of application of NF technology requires efficient control of membrane fouling. This is a decisive factor in the success of membrane separation phenomenon. Dissolved naturally occurring organic substances are considered a major cause of fouling in membranes. A major fraction of dissolved natural organic matter in aquatic environments is contributed by humic substances. The technology of membrane fouling and membrane separation phenomenon till today remains unanswered. The authors of this treatise go beyond scientific imagination and scientific cognizance in a decisive effort toward worldwide research and development initiative in membrane science.

Elimelech et al.