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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INTELLIGENT FOOD PACKAGING This book is a state-of-the-art exposition of nanotechnology and food packaging which is undergoing rapid advancement. This book is specially designed with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art in nanotechnology and food packaging. It offers fascinating techniques for producing smart and active food packaging and also discusses its toxicity and the role that nanosensors play in detecting different pathogens in food packaging. The concluding chapters also explain recent developments concerning the incorporation of health supplements in food packaging and their future role in producing intelligent food packaging. The 16 chapters of this book were contributed by academic and industry experts working in their respective areas of research and are thoughtfully arranged in a systematic fashion that preserves the flow of knowledge. An attempt has been made to include all the information in a single monograph to better understand the topics and technologies involved in the application of nanotechnology in intelligent food packaging. Audience The book is aimed at researchers, industry scientists such as chemists, biologists, polymer technologists, food packaging industrialists, biotechnologists, health experts, quality/food safety officials, and policymakers. It will also be helpful to graduate students in the fields of materials science, polymer science, and biotechnology to better understand the fundamental concepts involved in food packaging in relation to extending shelf life.

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Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

1 Nanocomposite and Food Packaging

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nanocomposites Based on Biopolymers

1.3 Starch Nanocrystals

1.4 Nanocomposites Based on Protein

1.5 Food Packaging Matrix with Nano Reinforcements

1.6 Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Based on Zinc Oxide

1.7 Aspects of Food Packaging

1.8 Conclusion

References

2 Polymer-Based Nanostructures in Nanopackaging

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials

2.3 Classification of Nanomaterials

2.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials

2.5 Polymer-Based Nanostructures

2.6 Polymer Nanocomposites

2.7 Methods of Synthesis

2.8 Characterization of Polymeric Nanomaterials

2.9 Applications of Polymeric Nanomaterials

2.10 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

3 Role of Green Nanocomposites in Smart/Active Food Packaging

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Bionanocomposite/Green Nanocomposites

3.3 Biopolymers

3.4 Nanofillers

3.5 Types of Green Nanocomposites

3.6 Green Nanocomposite Preparation Methods

3.7 Green Nanocomposites for Applications of Food Packaging

3.8 Conclusion

References

4 Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials

4.3 Natural Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials

4.4 Conclusions

References

5 Novel Nanostructured Inclusions in Biopolymers to Form Advanced Materials for Packaging in the Food Industry

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Biopolymers and Biodegradability

5.3 Improvement of Biopolymers Using Nanostructured Materials

5.4 Concerns of Application of Nanostructured Inclusions in Biopolymers

5.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

6 Natural Biopolymeric Nanotechnology-Based Food Packaging Materials with Antimicrobial Properties

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Natural Antimicrobials Used in Packaging of Food Products

6.3 Types of Various Biopolymers with Antimicrobial Activities

6.4 Recent Patents in the Field of Nanocomposite Food Packaging Applications

6.5 Types of Structures

6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective

References

7 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging and Its Regulatory Aspects

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Properties of Nanomaterials

7.3 Nanomaterials for Food Packaging

7.4 Drawbacks of Existing Packaging Materials

7.5 Proactive Packaging

7.6 Mechanism of Packaging

7.7 Smart Packaging

7.8 Public Concerns and Regulations for Nanomaterials

7.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective

References

8 Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics in Food Packaging

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Nanomaterials for Encapsulation of Probiotics

8.3 Packaging Material for Nanoencapsulated Probiotics

8.4 Techniques Employed for Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics

8.5 Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics

8.6 Advantage and Disadvantage of Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics

8.7 Conclusion

References

9 Incorporation of Nanocarriers as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Packaging

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Need of Nanocarriers as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Packaging

9.3 Biopolymers and Their Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial Nanocarriers for Food Packaging

9.4 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers

9.5 Nature-Inspired Nanocarriers

9.6 Equipment-Based Synthesis of Nanocarriers

9.7 Nanostructured Materials

9.8 Conclusions

References

10 Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials Used in Food Packaging

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nanomaterials Employed in Food Packaging

10.3 Food Packaging Functionality

10.4 Current Market Scenario of Nanomaterials in Packaging Industry

10.5 Nanoparticle Migration in Food

10.6 Potential Routes for Exposure of NPs

10.7 Toxicological Studies of NPs Used in Packaging

10.8 Toxicological Effects of NPs

10.9 Challenge and Future Prospect

10.10 Conclusion

References

11 Recent Advances in Micro- and Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds and Their Food Applications

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Importance of Encapsulating Bioactive Compounds in Food Science

11.3 Materials Utilized in Micro and Nanoencapsulation

11.4 Nano and Microencapsulation Techniques

11.5 Application to Nanoencapsulation for Producing Bioactive Food Ingredients

11.6 Conclusion

References

12 Applications of Nanosensors as Pathogen Detectors in Packaged Food

Abbreviation

12.1 Background

12.2 Package Foods (Ways of Packaging)

12.3 Packaged Food Pathogens

12.4 Conventional Detection Techniques for Packaged Food Pathogens

12.5 Nanosensors as Pathogen Detectors

12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

13 Nanotechnology in Packaging for Food Preservation

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Types of Packaging

13.3 Types of Nanomaterial and Their Advantages in Food Packaging

13.4 Advantages of Nanopackaging

13.5 Conclusion and Future Aspect

References

14 Food Science Nanotechnologies: Implementations, Recent Developments, and Prospects

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Food Processing and Nanotechnology

14.3 Food Packaging for Nanotechnology

14.4 Intelligent Food Packaging Systems

14.5 Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles

14.6 Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Nanoparticles

14.7 Nutraceutical Delivery and Bioavailability Applications

14.8 Food Technology and Nanoencapsulation

14.9 Mediated Delivery That is Specific to an Environmental Context

14.10 Nanomaterials in Food and Toxicological Aspects

14.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

15 Edible Film on Food With Smart Incorporation of Health-Friendly Supplements

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Advantages and Limitations of Edible Films

15.3 Consumer Acceptance

15.4 Functions and Property of Film Forming Substances

15.5 Film Forming Process

15.6 Film/Coat Formulation and Various Components Used in Coating

15.7 Applications of Edible Film/Coating

15.8 Use of Nanoparticles as Biopolymer and Nanolaminates

15.9 Conclusion

References

16 Future of Food Packaging: Intelligent Packaging

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Tools of Intelligent Packaging

16.3 Indicators

16.4 Tools for Protection Against Theft, Counterfeiting, and Tampering

16.5 Nanotechnology in Intelligent Packaging

16.6 Safety and Regulatory Issues

16.7 Future Trends

16.8 The Industrial Internet of Things

16.9 Real-Time Capabilities

16.10 Cybersecurity

16.11 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 The structure of chitosan and chitin.

Figure 1.2 The synthesis of polylactic acid.

Figure 1.3 The chemical structure of amylopectin and amylose.

Figure 1.4 The permeation of gas/vapor mechanism across the packaging film.

Figure 1.5 The application of bioplastics in the global market.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Classification of nanomaterials.

Figure 2.2 Methods for nanomaterial synthesis.

Figure 2.3 Techniques used to characterize polymer-based nanomaterials.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Innovative food packaging applications and its functions.

Figure 3.2 Conceptual repetition of active packaging system.

Figure 3.3 Conceptual framework of intelligent packaging systems.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The properties of food packaging materials.

Figure 4.2 (a) Total publications and (b) sum of times cited per year on polymer...

Figure 4.3 Classification of polymer nanocomposites according to their resources...

Figure 4.4 Oxygen permeability of PLA films coated by ink formulations: (a) clay...

Figure 4.5 (a) Oxygen permeability and (b) elongation at break (black) and tensi...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Fate of all plastic produced between 1950 to 2015. A total of 8300 mi...

Figure 5.2 (a) Pathways of degradation of polymers into its organic monomers or ...

Figure 5.3 (a) Desirable properties of eco-friendly food packaging materials. (b...

Figure 5.4 Fabrication of carbon nanomaterial based packaging material. (a) The ...

Figure 5.5 General preparation of AgNPs composite material. The AgNPs are made f...

Figure 5.6 (a) Fabrication of Silver coordination polymer incorporated soya bean...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Stimuli-responsive hydrogels.

Figure 6.2 Various steps for the formulation of hydrogels.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Nanomaterials used for packaging of food.

Figure 7.2 Roles of nanomaterials in the food industry.

Figure 7.3 Various types of food packaging.

Figure 7.4 Functions of packaging materials.

Figure 7.5 Various types and components of packaging materials.

Figure 7.6 Comparative view of active and intelligent packaging systems.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Enhancement of viability of probiotic microorganism by nanoencapsulat...

Figure 8.2 Nanomaterials for encapsulation of probiotics.

Figure 8.3 Packaging material for nanoencapsulated probiotics.

Figure 8.4 Application of nanoencapsulation in the field of probiotics.

Chapter 9

Scheme 9.1 Represents the nanocarriers as antimicrobial agents for food packagin...

Figure 9.1 Classification of biopolymers based on the natural and synthetic mode...

Figure 9.2 The inclusion complex formation of amylose.

Figure 9.3 The electrospinning technique used for the nanocarriers-matrix synthe...

Figure 9.4 The sonication technique of nanocarriers and matrix synthesis.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Key purpose of food packaging materials.

Figure 10.2 Exposure routes of NPs.

Figure 10.3 Potential routes of exposure of nano-enabled food packaging material...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 The interesting aspect of nanoencapsulation to improve their applica...

Figure 11.2 The difference between microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Various packaging materials. (a) Glass. (b) Metal. (c) Plastic [18] ...

Figure 12.2 Packaged food related pathogens [25, 30, 36, 37].

Figure 12.3 Conventional methods used in detecting foodborne pathogens [39, 43, ...

Figure 12.4 The application of gold nanoparticles in pathogen recognition [56, 6...

Figure 12.5 An illustration of pathogenic bacteria identification using immuno-m...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Application of NPs in food packaging.

Figure 13.2 Nanomaterial used in food packaging and their properties.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Nanoparticles of different sizes used in food science nanotechnologi...

Figure 14.2 Nanotechnology in food science and technology.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Sources of edible films and coating residues [21].

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Functions of packaging [25].

Figure 16.2 Intelligent system components [28].

Figure 16.3 Intelligent jar of spaghetti sauce [46].

Figure 16.4 Radio frequency identification system elements [26].

Figure 16.5 The working principles of an RFID system [26].

Figure 16.6 Schematic representation of the RFID System [27].

Figure 16.7 Some common types of barcodes used in the intelligent food packaging...

Figure 16.8 Intelligent microwave oven system [2].

Figure 16.9 Traceability system in food supply chain [49].

Figure 16.10 Application matrix of nanotechnology in food science and technology...

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Dependence of structural properties on factors—temperature and acid tr...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Different types of carbon-based nanomaterials.

Table 2.2 Nanomaterials derived from natural polymers.

Table 2.3 Nanomaterials derived from synthetic polymers.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Examples of antimicrobial packaging of green nanocomposites.

Table 3.2 Examples of antioxidant packaging of green nanocomposites.

Table 3.3 Examples of green nanocomposites as freshness indicators.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Summary of different nanostructured inclusions in the biopolymer matri...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Potential antimicrobials for the food packaging.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Nanomaterials that can be utilized for the nanoencapsulation of variou...

Table 8.2 Techniques employed for the nanoencapsulation of probiotics.

Table 8.3 Advantages and disadvantages of nanoencapsulation formulations [65].

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Nano-packaging material available in current market.

Table 10.2 Migration studies of NPs from food contact material in different cond...

Table 10.3 Research highlights of toxicity studes of various NPs used in food pa...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Commonly used materials for encapsulation of food applications [7, 9,...

Table 11.2 Some methods widely used for encapsulating food bioactive.

Table 11.3 Nanoencapsulated bioactive ingredients for food products.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Packaging materials and their properties.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Nanotechnology in packaging for food preservation.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Food quality and safety indicators used in intelligent packaging [26]...

Table 16.2 Radio frequency of a RFID system [30].

Table 16.3 Comparison between RFID and barcodes [30].

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J

Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ([email protected])

Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Nanotechnology in Intelligent Food Packaging

Edited by

Annu

Department of Applied Sciences, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Tanima Bhattacharya

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, China

and

Shakeel Ahmed

Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Mendhar, India

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-81895-3

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

Nanotechnology is well accomplished with its vast application in various fields of science and technology. Over the past few years, one of the facile applications of nanotechnology has been in food packaging. Different biopolymeric nanocomposite materials have been developed, which are especially designed for food packaging. Such materials mainly possess significant barrier properties for gas exchange, in addition to an enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against various microbes or bacteria that degrade food ingredients. Besides which, there are different methods of nanoencapsulation that also increase the shelf life of food packaging material.

This book is specially designed with an emphasis on the state of the art in nanotechnology and food packaging. It offers fascinating techniques for producing smart and active food packaging and also discusses its toxicity and the role that nanosensors play in detecting different pathogens in food packaging. The concluding chapters also explain recent developments concerning the incorporation of health supplements in food packaging and their future role in producing intelligent food packaging.

The 16 chapters of this book were contributed by experts working in their respective areas of research and are thoughtfully arranged in a systematic fashion that preserves the flow of knowledge. An attempt has been made to include all the information in a single monograph to better understand the topics and technologies involved in the application of nanotechnology in intelligent food packaging.

We hope this book will be a useful reference for academicians, scientists, researchers, chemists, biologists, polymer technologists, food packaging industrialists, biotechnologists, health experts, quality/food safety officials, and policymakers. It will also be helpful to undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of materials science, polymer science, and biotechnology to better understand the fundamental concepts involved in food packaging in relation to extending shelf life. The editor and contributors of this book are experts in their research domain and are researchers and scientists of academia and industry.

We are very thankful to the contributing authors for their enthusiastic efforts toward completing this book. We also greatly appreciate the whole team at Wiley-Scrivener for their help with the book.

Annu, Tanima Bhattacharya and Shakeel AhmedMay 2022