Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 863

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Are you interested in using NOTES to treat your patients? Do you need a multimedia tool to guide you through all aspects of clinical management?  

Just as laparoscopic surgery revolutionized surgical practice in the 1980’s and 90’s, offering genuine competition to traditional open surgery, Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) presents a genuinely different alternative for surgeons and patients alike as we move forward in the 21st century.  Advantages over laparoscopic surgery include lower anesthesia requirements, faster recovery and shorter hospital stays, avoidance of transabdominal wound infections, less immunosuppression, better postoperative pulmonary and diaphragmatic function and of course, the potential for "scarless" abdominal surgery.

Combining high-level text with a superb companion website, Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES): Textbook and Video-Atlas provides you with a hands-on, in-depth and practical multimedia tool on this exciting breakthrough, to consult either on the ward or in surgery. Highlights include:

• Full coverage of the fundamentals of NOTES, its current clinical applications and techniques, and future perspectives
• Over 50 outstanding videos illustrating NOTES being performed by the experts
• Full-color throughout and superbly illustrated with over 250 figures
• Edited by global leaders and pioneers in the field, who have recruited a world-class contributor team

 As well being a valuable text for gastroenterologists, GI surgeons and general surgeons, Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES): Textbook and Video-Atlas will also appeal to urologists, urologic surgeons, gynecologists, gynecologic surgeons, thoracic and ENT surgeons.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Companion website

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

Section 1: Development of the NOTES Concept

1 History of NOTES

Prehistory of NOTES (from ancient times to the late twentieth century)

On the verge of NOTES (1980–2000)

The birth of NOTES (2000)

NOTES launching (2000–2004)

NOTES booming (2005–2008)

NOTES in human medicine (2009–2011)

NOTES offspring

Conclusion

2 Endoscopic Platforms for NOTES

Introduction

Critical features of an ideal NOTES platform

Multifunctional instrumentation

Available endoscopic platforms for NOTES

Disruptive concepts of endoscopic platforms for NOTES

Conclusions

3 Physiology of NOTES

Why should NOTES be different than laparoscopy?

Central and peripheral nervous systems

Respiratory system and acid-base disturbance

Cardiovascular system

Peritoneum

Gastrointestinal tract

Immunology

Infection

Conclusion

4 Infection Control in NOTES

Introduction

Transvaginal

Transgastric

Transcolonic

Transurethral

Transmediastinal and transthoracic

Review

5 NOTES Access Techniques

Introduction

Technical considerations for NOTES access

Oral route: transoral/transesophageal/transgastric/transduodenal access

Vaginal route: transvaginal access

Anal route: transrectal/transcolonic access

Urethral route: Transvesical access

Conclusion

6 NOTES Closure Techniques

Introduction

No closure

Traditional closure techniques

Endoscopic clips

Full-thickness closure clips

T-fastener closures

Flexible endoscopic suturing devices and systems

Stapling devices

Other closure concepts

Conclusion

7 Mini-laparoscopy in the Endoscopy Unit

Introduction

Indications

Contraindications

Investigation technique

Complications

8 Single-port Surgery

Introduction

Philosophy of single-port access

Potential benefits and hazards

Available instruments for single-port surgery

Cholecystectomy

Appendectomy

Upper gastrointestinal and bariatric surgery

Splenectomy

Single-site adrenalectomy

Single-port laparoscopic colorectal surgery

9 Computer-assisted NOTES: From Augmented Reality to Automation

Introduction

From medical image to augmented reality for NOTES

Robotics for NOTES

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Section 2: Current Clinical Applications and Techniques

10 NOTES for Peritoneal Exploration

Introduction

NOTES peritoneoscopy

Surgical technique

Future direction

Conclusion

11 NOTES Cholecystectomy

Introduction

Transgastric cholecystectomy

Transvaginal cholecystectomy

Discussion

Conclusions

12 NOTES Appendectomy

Introduction

Techniques of NOTES appendectomy

NOTES-related procedures

Single-incision appendectomy

Summary

13 NOTES Applications in Colorectal Surgery

Introduction

Conclusion

14 NOTES Applied for Rectal Surgery

Radical surgery for rectal cancer

Local excision of rectal cancer

Beyond laparoscopy: NOTES

Transanal colorectal surgery

NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection: animal studies

NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection: human cadaver experience

NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection: clinical experience

The future of NOTES transanal rectosigmoid resection

15 Bariatric NOTES Procedures

Introduction

Bariatric challenges for NOTES

Laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery as a bridge to bariatric NOTES

Technical considerations for bariatric NOTES

Experimental results of NOTES for existing bariatric procedures

Intralumenal therapy

Conclusion

16 Urologic Applications of NOTES

Transvaginal NOTES

Hybrid NOTES

Transvesical NOTES

Transgastric NOTES

Transurethral NOTES

Summary

17 Gynecologic Applications of NOTES

Introduction

Definition and history

Surgical techniques for gynecologic NOTES

Which gynecologic operations may benefit from NOTES?

Which patients are good candidate for gynecologic NOTES?

Conclusion

18 NOTES Thyroidectomy

Background

Rationale and history of transoral surgery

Technique of totally transoral video-assisted thyroidectomy (TOVAT)

Conclusion

Section 3: Perspectives on NOTES

19 POEM and Emerging NOTES Applications

Introduction

Emerging NOTES applications

NOTES thyroid and parathyroid surgery

Transrectal NOTES using single-port devices

Retroperitoneal NOTES

Per-oral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia

Future of emerging applications

20 NOTES Applications in Veterinary Medicine

Introduction

Advantages and disadvantages of NOTES in animals

Instrumentation

Pre-operative preparation

Anesthesia and postoperative analgesia

Access

Insufflation

Exposure and navigation

Closure

Complications

Veterinary procedures

Acknowledgments

21 NOTES and Pregnancy: Where We Are and Where We Could Go

Introduction

Maternal surgery (for maternal pathology)

Access to the fetus and to the placenta: intra-amniotic surgery

Fetal NOTES

Conclusion

22 Thoracic Cavity Application of NOTES

Introduction

Access to the thoracic cavity

Transesophageal thoracic surgery

Applications of thoracic NOTES

Flexible endoscopic thoracic procedures

Barriers to practice

The future of thoracic NOTES

Conclusion

23 Designing the NOTES Procedure Room

Introduction

General principles

Lighting

Fluoroscopy

NOTES (operating room) table

Sterilization

NOTES room air pressure

Laparoscopic equipment

Conversion from NOTES to laparoscopic or open procedures

Ergonomics of a NOTES room

Future thoughts

Conclusion

Disclosures

24 Evolution and Future Developments of Instrument Technology for NOTES

Introduction

Evolution of the modern endoscope

Flexible instruments as peritoneoscopes

Evolution of NOTES

Overcoming technical barriers

Access to peritoneal cavity

Closure, hemostatic, anastomotic, and suturing devices

Multitasking platform

Robotics

Magnetic anchoring and guidance system

Spatial orientation

Lasers

Training

Conclusion

25 Training the Gastroenterologist for NOTES

Introduction

Technical challenges

Instruments

Training

Assessment

Procedures

Conclusion

26 Training the Surgeon for NOTES

“See one, do one, teach one”

See many, teach many, do a few . . . 

27 Simulator-based Training of NOTES Procedures

Introduction

Clinical Interest in NOTES simulation

Skills sets of NOTES training

Assessment of competency using simulation models

Available NOTES simulation models

Team simulation of NOTES

Animal laboratory experience

VR-based NOTES simulation

28 NOTES: Possibilities for the Future

Introduction

The future

Index

Companion website

This book is accompanied by a website:

www.wiley.com/go/kalloo/notes

The website includes:

68 videos showing procedures described in the book

All videos are referenced in the text where you see this logo:

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) : textbook and video atlas / edited by Anthony N. Kalloo, Jacques Marescaux, Ricardo Zorron.

p. ; cm.

 NOTES

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-67103-0 (hardback : alk. paper)

 I. Kalloo, Anthony, 1955– II. Marescaux, J. (Jacques) III. Zorron, Ricardo. IV. Title: NOTES.

 [DNLM: 1. Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery–methods. 2. Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery–education. WO 505]

617'.057–dc23

2011048892

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Contributors

Woojin Ahn, PhDPostdoctoral Research Associate, Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM)Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear EngineeringJonsson Engineering Center 3205Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY, USA

Janyne Althaus, MDAssistant ProfessorDivision of Maternal Fetal MedicineDepartment of Gynecology and ObstetricsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA

Alexander Aurora, MDMIS General Surgery & BariatricsCase & Geauga Medical CentersUniversity HospitalsCleveland, OH, USA

Tahar Benhidjeb, MD, PhDChaiman, Department of SurgeryChief, Department of General SurgeryBurjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE;Director, The New European Surgical Academy(NESA), Berlin, Germany

Jörn Bernhardt, MD, PhDHead, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional EndoscopyKlinikum SuedstadtRostock, Germany;Department of SurgeryKlinikum SuedstadtRostock, Germany

Juliane Bingener, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of SurgeryDivision of Gastroenterologic and General SurgeryDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA

Eduardo A. Bonin, MD, MScResearch FellowDevelopmental Endoscopy UnitMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA

Nicolas Bourdel, MDDivision of Gastroenterology & HepatologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA

Géraldine Chauvin, MDCRES (Centre de Recherche et d’Etude de la Stérilité)Hôpital NATECIALyon, France

Bernard Dallemagne, MDDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Suvranu De, ScDDirector, Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM)Professor, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering (primary appointment)Department of Biomedical Engineering (joint appointment)Information Technology and Web Science (joint appointment)Jonsson Engineering Center 5002Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY, USA

Michel de Mathelin, PhDProfessor, University of StrasbourgCNRS (National Center for Scientific Research)IRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Michele Diana, MDDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Anthony R. Dixon DM, FRCS, FRCSEdConsultant Laparoscopic Colorectal & Pelvic Floor SurgeonNorth Bristol (Frenchay) & SPIRE Bristol HospitalsBristol, UK

Xavier Dray, MD, PhDDépartement Médico-Chirurgical de Pathologie DigestiveAPHP Hôpital Lariboisière & Université Paris 7Paris, France;Division of Gastroenterology & HepatologyThe Johns Hopkins HospitalBaltimore, MD, USA

Alex Escalona, MDPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileFaculty of MedicineDepartment of Digestive SurgerySantiago, Chile

Lynetta J. Freeman, DVMAssociate Professor of Small Animal Surgery & Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA

Katherine Gash, MBChB, MRCSNorth Bristol NHS TrustFrenchay HospitalBristol, UK

Denise W. Gee, MDAttending SurgeonMinimally Invasive SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA

Matthew T. Gettman, MDProfessor of UrologyDepartment of UrologyMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA

Christopher J. Gostout, MD, FASGE, FACGProfessor of MedicineDevelopmental Endoscopy UnitDivision of Gastroenterology & HepatologyDepartment of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA

Candace F. Granberg, MDDepartment of UrologyMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA

Jeffrey W. Hazey, MDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, USA

Arthur Hoffman, MD, PhDFirst Department of Internal MedicineJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzMainz, Germany

Mitchell R. Humphreys, MDAssociate Professor of UrologyDepartment of UrologyMayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenix, AZ, USA

Haruhiro Inoue, MDProfessor, Faculty of MedicineDigestive Disease CenterShowa University Northern Yokohama HospitalYokohama, Japan

Angela M. Johnson, MDDepartment of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA

Mouen A. Khashab, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDirector of Therapeutic EndoscopyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyJohns Hopkins HospitalBaltimore, MD, USA

Ralf Kiesslich, MD, PhDFirst Department of Internal MedicineJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzMainz, Germany

Seigo Kitano, MD, PhDDepartment of Gastroenterological SurgeryOita University Faculty of Medicine1-1 Idaigaoka, Yufu, Oita, Japan

Nitin Kumar, MDClinical GI Fellow, Gastroenterology DivisionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA, USA

Joël Leroy, MD, Hon FRCSDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Kaja Ludwig, MD, PhDProfessor of SurgeryHead, Department of SurgeryKlinikum SuedstadtRostock, Germany

Magnus J. Mansard, MS, DNB(GI Surg)Consultant Surgical GastroenterologistAsian Institute of GastroenterologyHyderabad, India

Kai Matthes, MD, PhDDirector, Developmental EndoscopyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterStaff AnesthesiologistChildren’s Hospital BostonClinical Assistant ProfessorHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA

Peter N. Nau, MD, MSDepartment of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, USA

Stéphane Nicolau, PhDIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)University Hospital of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France

Karine Pader, DVMResident, Large Animal SurgeryPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA

Pankaj Jay Pasricha, MDProfessor of Medicine, and by courtesy,Surgery Chief,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA, USA

Silvana Perretta, MDDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Jeffrey L. Ponsky, MDOliver H. Payne Professor and Chairman, Department of SurgeryCWRU School of MedicineSurgeon in ChiefUniversity Hospitals, Case Medical CenterCleveland, OH, USA

G.V. Rao, MS, MAMS, FRCSDirector and Chief of Surgical Gastroenterology & Minimally Invasive SurgeryAsian Institute of Gastroenterology,Hyderabad, India

D. Nageshwar Reddy, DM, DSc, FAMS, FRCPChairman and Chief of Gastroenterology & Therapeutic EndoscopyAsian Institute of Gastroenterology,Hyderabad, India

Erwin Rieder, MDMinimally Invasive Surgery ProgramLegacy Health SystemPortland, OR, USA

Homero Rivas, MD, MBAAssistant Professor of SurgeryDirector of Innovative SurgeryStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA, USA

Ganesh Sankaranarayanan, PhDResearch Assistant ProfessorCenter for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM)Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear EngineeringJonsson Engineering Center 5007Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY, USA

Sylke Schneider-Koriath, MDDepartment of SurgeryKlinikum SuedstadtRostock, Germany

Luc Soler, PhDDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Michael Stark, MDPresident, The New European Surgical Academy (NESA)Berlin, Germany

Holger Steffen, MDDepartment of Diagnostic und Interventional EndoscopyKlinikum SuedstadtRostock, Germany;Department of SurgeryKlinikum SuedstadtRostock, Germany

Lee L. Swanstrom, MDDivision of GI and MIS SurgeryThe Oregon ClinicPortland, OR, USA

Patricia Sylla, MDAssistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School;Assistant in Surgery, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA

Christopher C. Thompson, MD, MSc, FACG, FASGEDirector of Therapeutic EndoscopyGastroenterology DivisionBrigham and Women’s HospitalAssistant Professor of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA

Brian G. Turner, MDWeil Cornell Medical CollegeDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyNew York, NY, USA

Michel Vix, MDDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

James Wall, MD, MSEDepartment of Digestive and Endocrine SurgeryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Antoine Watrelot, MDCRES (Centre de Recherche et d’Etude de la Stérilité)Hôpital NATECIALyon, France

Arnaud Wattiez, MD, PhDDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgIRCAD (Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer)Strasbourg, France

Kazuhiro Yasuda, MD, PhDDepartment of Gastroenterological SurgeryOita University Faculty of Medicine1-1 Idaigaoka, Yufu, Oita, Japan

Preface

The use of natural body orifices as the primary portal of entry for peritoneal or thoracic interventions challenges conventional surgical and endoscopic principles. NOTES is the evolutionary merger of endoscopy and surgery, using their basic principles while challenging the dogma of both fields. NOTES evolved because of the quest to seek less invasive surgical interventions and will have the added benefit of improved cosmesis. Both of these benefits will be attractive to patients much like laparoscopic surgery was at its beginning.

NOTES has already impacted our current endoscopic and surgical practices. Procedures such as per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), submucosal endoscopy and single port laparoscopy arose because of NOTES and are addressed in detail in this book. Improved instrumentation, robotization of flexible instruments and new endoscopic platforms are some of the downstream benefits of NOTES research, are also all delineated here.

Since the first human application in 2004, there has been tremendous progress in the understanding of the physiologic mechanisms created by NOTES. As a result of the work of many of our authors and others, we now have a large body of information that is the basis for this textbook. Furthermore, there is an ever-growing arena of clinical applications extending beyond digestive diseases.

This book is intended to be an in-depth resource of information on NOTES. The early chapters focus on basic principles and techniques such as access and closure techniques as well as infection control issues. Later chapters review current clinical applications such as appendectomy and cholecystectomy. The final chapters are dedicated to more up-and-coming and perhaps controversial topics such as veterinarian medicine and spinal interventions. We hope that these later chapters will lay a foundation and stimulate further research into these burgeoning areas. The video library should significantly enhance the knowledge base of this book by augmenting the detailed written descriptions of the various procedures. Our hope is that you will be both excited and inspired by the videos.

We thank our publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for taking a chance on pioneering a textbook about this emerging field. We would especially like to thank Elisabeth Dodds at Wiley-Blackwell for her gentle persistence, eye for detail and great sense of humor in dealing with three editors from three different continents and authors from all over the world. Most of all, we are grateful to each of our authors who are esteemed experts in their fields and were able to dedicate significant time to this textbook, including the creation of videos, in a short period of time.

Anthony N. KallooJacques MarescauxRicardo ZorronJanuary 2012

1 Development of the NOTES Concept

1

History of NOTES

Xavier Dray1,2 & Anthony N. Kalloo2

1APHP Hôpital Lariboisière & Université Paris 7, Paris, France

2The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an endoscopic technique whereby surgical interventions can be performed with a flexible endoscope passed through a natural orifice (mouth, vulva, urethra, anus) then through a translumenal opening of the stomach, vagina, bladder, or colon [1]. NOTES has the potential to provide no scarring, reduced pain, and faster patient recovery compared to open and laparoscopic surgical procedures [1]. We present herein the landmarks in the history of NOTES, from the early stages of endoscopy and laparoscopy to its current development.

Prehistory of NOTES (from Ancient Times to the Late Twentieth Century)

It is difficult to date when people started to have a look into human bodies, and even harder to credit one individual with the invention of endoscopy. The earliest descriptions of endoscopy are by Hippocrates (460–375 BC), who described a rectal speculum. A three-bladed vaginal speculum was found in the ruins of Pompeii, demonstrating that Roman medicine also involved primitive endoscopic tools. At this time, nothing but ambient light was used, and only rigid instruments were available. Major technological developments leading to modern endoscopy and to modern laparoscopy were born in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries [2].

A Brief History of Endoscopy [3]

The first issue faced by the pioneers of endoscopy was the illumination problem. The first gastroscopy was reported by Kussmaul in 1868 [4]. Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison invented the incandescent electric light bulb in 1878, but this technology was incorporated into endoscopes only at the beginning of the twentieth century [3].

The second and more challenging problem was flexibility. Articulated lenses and prisms were proposed by Hoffmann in 1911 [5] and improved in 1932 by Wolf and Schindler, who developed a semi-flexible gastroscope [6]. However, the light source consisted of a distal light bulb that provided poor illumination and produced color distortion. In 1930, Lamm showed that bundles of glass fibers could be used as a conduit for a light source, and that this bundle could be bent with no effects on light transmission [7]. “Coherent” bundles, ordered in such a way that the position of a fiber at one end mirrors its position at the other end, provided a real image of internal organs [8]. An external light source transmitted through flexible and coherent fiber bundles could therefore illuminate internal organs.

Flexibility and illumination were combined by Harold Hopkins in 1954: the flexible fiber imaging device he invented was made of a tube of glass with thin lenses of air [9]. In 1958, Larry Curtiss and Basil Hirschowitz improved this system by using a highly transparent optical quality glass to give birth to a flexible fiberoptic endoscope [10].

In the late 1970s, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was incorporated into an endoscope [11]. This development heralded the modern era of endoscopy. The CCD allowed the display of endoscopic images on television screens and the connection of endoscopes and computers. From this major shift started a two-decade period described by Sivak as “the golden era of gastrointestinal endoscopy” [3]. Major achievements, which have since become routine procedures, were reported: endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (1968), colonoscopic polypectomy (1969), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (1970), endoscopic sphincterotomy with bile duct stone removal (1974), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (1980), endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (1980), endoscopic ultrasonography (1980), electronic CCD endoscope (1983), endoscopic control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (1985), and endoscopic variceal ligation (1990) [3]. Modern endoscopy was born.

A Brief History of Minimally Invasive Surgery