Next Generation Wireless Communications Using Radio over Fiber E-Book

Nathan J. Gomes

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 664

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Taking a coherent and logical approach, this book describes the potential use of co-ordinated multipoint systems supported by radio over fiber. It covers an impressive breadth of topics, ranging from components, subsystem and system architecture, to network management and business perspectives. The authors show the importance of radio over fiber in eliminating or mitigating against the current, perceived barriers to the use of co-ordinated multipoint, and the drivers for standardisation activities in future mobile/wireless systems over the next few years.

The book brings together the system concept for centralized processing, including what is required for co-existence with legacy wireless systems, the algorithms that can be used for improving wireless bandwidth utilization at physical and MAC layers and the radio over fiber network and link design necessary to support the wireless system.  Other important research is also covered as the authors look at compensating for radio over fiber impairments and providing simple network management functions.  A study of service provision and the business case for such a future wireless system is also fully considered.

This book comes at an important time for future wireless systems with standardization of fourth generation wireless systems still ongoing. The content enables readers to make key decisions about future standardisation and their own research work. The business analysis also makes the book useful to those involved in deciding the future directions of telecoms organisations. This information will be core to their decision-making as it provides technical knowledge of the state-of-the-art but also system level assessments of what is possible in a business environment.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Foreword

References

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Background and Introduction

1.1 The Trends and Challenges to Achieving 4G Wireless

1.2 The FUTON Concept for Next-Generation Distributed and Heterogeneous Radio Architectures

1.3 Overview of this Book

References

Chapter 2: Trends in Wireless Communications

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Basic Transmission Problems and Solutions

2.3 Regulation and Standardization

2.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: System Concepts for the Central Processing of Signals

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Wireless Trends

3.3 Architecture Options

3.4 The Global Centralized Architecture

3.5 FUTON Scenarios

3.6 The Optical Infrastructure

3.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Introduction to Radio Over Fiber

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Concept of a Radio over Fiber System

4.3 Categories of Radio over Fiber Systems

4.4 Performance of Radio over Fiber Systems

4.5 Applications of Radio over Fiber Technology

4.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Radio Over Fiber System Design for Distributed Broadband Wireless Systems

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Radio over Fiber Link Design Issues

5.3 Example Link Design

5.4 Analog or Digital Transmission?

5.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Optical Network Architectures for the Support of Future Wireless Systems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Using PONs to Support Radio Over Fiber Services

6.3 Candidate Architectures

6.4 Power-Loss Budget Analysis

6.5 Comparative Economic Analysis

6.6 Support of Legacy Systems

6.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Optical Transmitters for Low-Cost Broadband Transport

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Basics of Semiconductor Lasers and Reflective SOAs

7.3 Semiconductor Lasers for Radio Over Fiber Applications

7.4 Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

7.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Algorithms for Coordinated Multipoint Techniques

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Basic Ideas About CoMP

8.3 CoMP in Cellular Systems: Benefits and Practical Design

8.4 Numerical Illustrations of CoMP Concepts

8.5 CoMP in the FUTON System Concept

8.6 The FUTON Prototype: CoMP with the FUTON RoF Architecture

8.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Low-Complexity Chunk-Based Resource Allocation for the Downlink

9.3 Modified MAC-Aware Per-User Unitary Rate Control Scheme

9.4 Channel Estimation Based on Superimposed Pilots

9.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Compensation of Impairments in the Radio over Fiber Infrastructure

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Compensation Techniques for RoF Links

10.3 RoF Link Model

10.4 Distortion Compensation Algorithms and Architectures

10.5 Distortion Compensation Analyses, Simulations and Measurements

10.6 Impact of Timing Delays in Centralized Distributed Antenna Systems

10.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Radio Over Fiber Network Management

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Overview of RoF Management Systems

11.3 RoF Manager Architecture

11.4 Interoperation of RoF Manager and Middleware

11.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: System-Level Evaluation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 System-Level Simulation of Wireless Networks and DAS

12.3 The FUTON System-Level Simulator

12.4 Radio Resource Management Implementation for the DBWS

12.5 Results of the Simulation

12.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 13: Business Evaluation and Perspectives

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Evolution of Services in Advanced Access Technologies

13.3 Business Model Description

13.4 Business Plan

13.5 Market Characterization

13.6 Modeling the Business Plan

13.7 Deployment Models

13.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 14: Summary and Conclusions

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Main Achievements of the FUTON Project

14.3 Technical Benefits

14.4 Business Benefits

14.5 Business Vision

References

Index

This edition first published 2012

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Next generation wireless communications using radio over fiber / Nathan J.

Gomes, Paulo Monteiro, Atílio Gameiro, editors.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-95339-5 (cloth)

1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Radio resource management (Wireless communications) 3. Optical fiber communication. I. Gomes, Nathan J. II. Monteiro, Paulo P. III. Gameiro, Atílio.

TK5103.4873.N49 2012

621.382'75—dc23

2012010710

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN (H/B): 9781119953395

List of Contributors

George AgapiouHellenic Telecoms (OTE), GreeceArtur ArsénioNokia Siemens Networks, PortugalRomain BrenotIII-V Lab, a Joint lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs France, Thales Research and Technology and CEA LetiDaniel CastanheiraUniversidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações, PortugalFabian DiehmTechnische Universität Dresden, GermanyGuanghua DuanIII-V Lab, a Joint lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs France, Thales Research and Technology and CEA LetiA. Manuel de Oliveira DuarteUniversidade de Aveiro and Instituto de Telecomunicações, PortugalGerhard FettweisTechnische Universität Dresden, GermanyAtílio GameiroUniversidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações, PortugalBodhisattwa GangopadhyayNokia Siemens Networks, PortugalNathan J. GomesUniversity of Kent, UKIlkka HarjulaVTT Technical Research Centre, FinlandAtso HekkalaVTT Technical Research Centre, FinlandMikko HiivalaVTT Technical Research Centre, FinlandMohamed KamounCEA, LIST, FranceVincent KotzschTechnische Universität Dresden, GermanyMika LasanenVTT Technical Research Centre, FinlandAarne MämmeläVTT Technical Research Centre, FinlandPaulo P. MonteiroUniversidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações and Nokia Siemens Networks, PortugalSilmar Freire PalmeiraTelefônica VIVO, BrazilSílvia PatoNokia Siemens Networks and Instituto de Telecomunicações, PortugalJoão PedroNokia Siemens Networks and Instituto de Telecomunicações, PortugalJarno PinolaVTT Technical Research Centre, FinlandVinay Uday PrabhuCarnegie Mellon University, USAVitor Simões RibeiroPortugal Telecom Inovação, PortugalRamiro Sámano-RoblesInstituto de Telecomunicações, PortugalCarlos SantiagoNokia Siemens Networks, PortugalDimitris ToumpakarisUniversity of Patras, GreeceGuilhem de ValicourtIII-V Lab, a Joint lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs France, Thales Research and Technology and CEA LetiFrédéric Van DijkIII-V Lab, a Joint lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs France, Thales Research and Technology and CEA LetiAngela Maria Ferro VenturiTelefônica VIVO, BrazilLuis VieiraUniversity of Kent, UK and Federal University of Technology (UFTPR), BrazilDavid WakeUniversity of Kent, UKHuiling ZhuUniversity of Kent, UK

Foreword

This book summarizes the results of the collaborative research carried out in the Fibre-Optic Networks for Distributed, Extendible, Heterogeneous Radio Architectures and Service Provisioning (FUTON) project in the Framework Program 7 of the European Commission by partners ranging from manufacturers, network operators, and small and medium enterprises to research centers and universities. The main objective of the FUTON project was to address concepts for the use of radio over fiber (RoF) as part of broadband mobile communication systems.

Mobile communication has been a great success story in the last few decades. Developed from analog systems for voice communication after 1980, digital signal-processing technology was introduced around 1990 in systems such as GSM and IS-95 CDMA, which were originally designed for voice communication. Digital communication systems allowed the extension to data services with Short Message Service (SMS) and by aggregation, for example, of time slots, as a further development of GSM in HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE, towards higher data rates and packet transmission. A similar development took place for IS-95 CDMA. Third-generation (3G) mobile communication systems increased the data rate through more wideband carriers and using CDMA technology in UMTS (WCDMA FDD and TDD), CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA. These systems were deployed after 2000. The connection to the backbone network could be provided by, for example, digital subscriber lines (DSL) or microwave links.

Around 2000, ITU-R started discussions on the further development of mobile communications for IMT-Advanced, with peak throughput rates of 100 Mbps for new mobile access and 1 Gbps for new nomadic or local area wireless access [1]. This initiated a huge development effort in the research community and international standardization bodies.

This was intended to further improve the performance of 3G systems from UMTS (3GPP) to HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, HSPA+; from CDMA2000 (3GPP2) to 1xEVDO; and from WLAN-type systems (IEEE) to WiMAX. It was also intended to develop new very wideband systems for IMT-Advanced based on OFDM-technology, such as the 3GPP-based LTE and LTE-A systems, the 3GPP2-based UMB concept, and the IEEE-based evolution of WiMAX.

By the end of 2011, the number of global mobile communication subscribers exceeded six billion [2] and there are more than 2.25 billion global Internet users [3]. Data traffic is growing rapidly in deployed 3G communication systems and its further evolutions. Predictions show continuing significant growth [4]. This growth in traffic and the limited amount of available frequency spectrum requires more advanced systems in order to use the frequency spectrum more efficiently and achieve economic system deployment. Future systems have to provide significantly higher throughput rates, even at cell edges, by reusing existing base station sites as far as possible.

This results in several challenges for future mobile communication systems. System capacity and interference reduction can be achieved by means of cooperative multipoint (CoMP) systems and distributed antenna systems (DAS), for example. CoMP is based on the centralized processing of signals from different neighboring base stations and DAS involves connecting a set of distributed antennas to a central base station for joint signal processing in order to improve coverage and mitigate interference. Both concepts require broadband links between the involved base stations and antennas.

In addition, broadband mobile communication systems require a very broadband backbone network to connect the base stations to the Internet and the overall network, which cannot be provided by DSL or standard microwave links. Broadband mobile communication systems with a peak throughput rate per base station site of several hundred megabits or more than a gigabit per second require different technologies. Several concepts for backbone connections (e.g. optical communication for baseband signals, relay-based concepts and microwave links up to 60–90 GHz frequency range for dense deployment) are applicable, each with a different impact on the economy of deployment. Radio over fiber systems are suited for DAS systems with centralized joint signal processing, allowing more economic deployment and coverage, in particular in micro- to femto-cell deployment. With the increasing importance of small cell systems for areas with high traffic demand [5], radio over fiber systems are an important, economic and future-proof solution for such deployments.

This book provides background information on the state of the art and new developments in radio over fiber systems and related topics. It will be beneficial to system designers and researchers in this field.

Dr Werner MohrHead of Research AlliancesNokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KGGermany

References

1. ITU(2003) Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000, Recommendation R M.1645. www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders&lang=e&parent=R-REC-M.1645.

2. ITU(2011) ICT Statistics Newslog: Mobile subscribers. www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/CategoryView,category,Mobile%2Bsubscribers.aspx.

3. Miniwatts Marketing Group(2011) Internet World Stats. www.internetworldstats.com.

4. Cisco(2011) Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2010–2015. www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360_ns827_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html.

5. Small Cell Forum. www.smallcellforum.org/.

Preface

Today's information age is dominated by the Internet, with the worlds of work, leisure and political change hugely influenced by Internet search engines and social media networking, for example. At the time of writing (2012), the global introduction of tablet PCs and smart phones and the new cloud paradigms for storage and computing has led to more and more people demanding Internet access on the move. Even in their own homes, connected by high-speed cable or optical-fiber systems, people increasingly access the Internet wirelessly, for example, through a WiFi ‘hub’ or router.

To satisfy the increasing demand for wireless data services that can provide video, voice and images on the move, operators have been deploying new networks, mainly based on the industry standards promoted by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for Long-Term Evolution (LTE). Although LTE will provide large increases in capacity compared to the widely deployed 3rd generation (3G) networks, to truly satisfy user requirements, operators are already looking towards true 4th generation (4G) networks, termed LTE-Advanced or LTE-A. The first standards for these networks are just being released by 3GPP. Achieving the large capacity demanded will require novel techniques, such as the use of distributed antennas. Radio over fiber, the particular technology addressed in this book, enables distributed antenna systems and has been used, in relatively niche applications (shopping malls, airports, sports venues, and some city centers), by mobile communications operators.

The research work that is presented in this book was mainly carried out as part of the European Union's Integrating Project FUTON. In FUTON, the use of radio over fiber systems was brought into the design of 4G and beyond wireless communications in a way that went beyond what had been done previously. By specifying the optical infrastructure as part of the wireless system from the outset, new capabilities can be defined for the overall wireless system. This new wireless system architecture would enable the fulfillment of the objectives for hugely increased capacity required in future networks, as well as in access fairness and flexibility.

This book aims to summarize some of the key findings of the FUTON project. As 4G wireless communication systems are currently being standardized, we hope to bring to the debate a system description, with performance indications, that comprises a range of interrelated and interdependent aspects, from the specification and performance of wireless coding and resource-management algorithms to fiber-infrastructure design and performance to overall system performance evaluation. A methodology for a business evaluation is also outlined, with preliminary results indicating a promising outlook for the proposed architecture. This book should be of interest to all those engaged in the research and development of wireless, mobile and converged fixed or mobile communication networks, whether in academia, research institutes or industry. As it brings together two often distinct research areas, wireless and optical communications, review chapters are included to help those expert in one area to better understand the other area. This is vital as we believe that the next generation of networks will require cooperation in the design of the optical fiber and wireless transmission parts, in order to explore the synergies between these two technologies.

The book is divided into 14 chapters, the contents of which can be briefly summarized as follows:

Chapter 1: Background and Introduction. This chapter presents the trends for achieving 4G wireless communications and for convergence between wireless and fixed networks, the main concept and a brief overview of the FUTON project, and an overview of the book.Chapter 2: Trends in Wireless Communications. This chapter provides a general overview of the latest trends in wireless communications which aim to achieve high user data rates. A range of basic wireless transmission problems and solutions are covered, followed by an overview of regulation and standardization as they affect current and future systems.Chapter 3: System Concepts for Central Processing of Signals. This chapter presents the key concept at the heart of the book: the main features of the hybrid optical-radio infrastructure which acts as an enabler for key technologies, such as virtual-MIMO processing.Chapter 4: Introduction to Radio over Fiber. This chapter presents a review of radio over fiber research and commercial developments, covering the definition of the concept, categories and types of radio over fiber systems and their performance characterization and applications.Chapter 5: Radio over Fiber System Design for Distributed Broadband Wireless Systems. This chapter provides a description of the requirements for the optical transport of future broadband wireless systems and an outline design for radio over fiber links based on subcarrier multiplexing and intermediate frequency transmission.Chapter 6: Optical Network Architectures for the Support of Future Wireless Systems. This chapter presents the requirements for the whole optical distribution network for the transmission to and from multiple remote access units (RAUs), with wavelength division multiplexing used to separate transmissions to/from the different RAUs. It also takes account of overlay with legacy wireless systems and fixed network infrastructures.Chapter 7: Optical Transmitters for Low-Cost Broadband Transport. With the optical transmitter usually being the limiting component in the performance of a radio over fiber link, this chapter provides an overview of work carried out to improve transmitter performance. Two devices are examined: a distributed feedback (DFB) laser and a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA).Chapter 8: Algorithms for Coordinated Multipoint Techniques. This chapter presents descriptions of the algorithms that form one of the key advantages of the FUTON concept, the provision of centralized joint processing of signals enabling coordinated multipoint transmission.Chapter 9: Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling. This chapter discusses resource allocation and scheduling algorithms, which are key to ensuring quality of service and fairness, and the centralization inherent in the FUTON concept which lends itself to optimization across layers.Chapter 10: Compensation for Impairments in the Radio over Fiber Infrastructure. While the goal is to make the radio over fiber infrastructure as transparent as possible with low latency, impairments may arise. This chapter discusses the effects of nonlinearity and its compensation and the effects and mitigation of delay in the fiber transport.Chapter 11: Radio over Fiber Network Management. This chapter discusses issues in managing the proposed radio over fiber infrastructure and makes proposals for the organization and implementation of this management.Chapter 12: System-Level Evaluation. This chapter describes methods and models for the system-level simulation and evaluation of a distributed antenna system with centralized joint processing. Results are presented to validate the concept.Chapter 13: Business Evaluation and Perspectives. This chapter analyzes the evolution of services envisioned for future wireless networks, the market characterization and the most relevant business cases for the proposed hybrid wireless-optical architecture.Chapter 14: Summary and Conclusions. This chapter briefly presents the key achievements of the FUTON project, on which this book is based, and the main technical and business benefits of the concepts advocated.

Nathan J. GomesUniversity of Kent, UKPaulo P. MonteiroUniversidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações andNokia Siemens Networks, PortugalAtílio GameiroUniversidade de Aveiro and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal

Acknowledgments

Much of the research presented in this book was carried out under the auspices of the Fiber-Optic Networks for Distributed, Extendible, Heterogeneous Radio Architectures and Service Provisioning (FUTON) Large-Scale Integrating Project, partly funded by the European Union as part of the Information and Communication Technologies 7th Framework Programme (project FP7-ICT-2007-21533). Most of the contributing authors to this book were partners of this project and gratefully acknowledge this cofunding. They would also like to thank, in particular, the European Commission Project Officer, Andrew Houghton, for his helpful advice and support over the duration of the project.

Each of the contributing authors would also like to acknowledge the support of their institution or company for providing the time allowed for the preparation of the book. These institutions and companies are listed below:

III-V Lab, a Joint lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs France, Thales Research and Technology and CEA Leti

Carnegie Mellon University, USA

CEA, LIST, France

Hellenic Telecommunications Organization (OTE), Greece

Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil

Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal

Portugal Telecom Inovação, Portugal

Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

University of Kent, UK

University of Patras, Greece

Telefônica VIVO, Brazil

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland

List of Abbreviations

1FSingle-Fiber Connection1G1st Generation2FTwo-Fiber Connection2G2nd Generation3G3rd Generation3GPP3rd Generation Partnership Project3GPP23rd Generation Partnership Project Two4G4th GenerationA/DAnalog-to-DigitalACPAdjacent Channel Powerall-IPAll Internet ProtocolALMAAtacama Large Millimetre ArrayAM/AMAmplitude Modulation/Amplitude ModulationAM/PMAmplitude Modulation/Phase ModulationAMAmplitude ModulationAONActive Optical NetworkAPDAvalanche PhotodiodeARPUAverage Revenue per UserASEAmplified Spontaneous EmissionASN.1Abstract Syntax Notation – OneAWGNAdditive White Gaussian NoiseBERBit-Error RatioBLERBlock Error RatioBPFBand-Pass FilterBPSKBinary Phase-Shift KeyingBRSBuried Ridge StructureBSBase StationCAPEXCapital ExpenditureCCDFComplementary Cumulative Distribution FunctionCDFCommon Data FormatCDMACode Division Multiple AccessCESMCapacity Effective SINR MetricCFOCarrier Frequency OffsetCFTChannel Forwarding TableCMConfiguration ManagementCNCore NetworkCNRCarrier-to-Noise RatioCOCentral OfficeCoMPCoordinated MultipointCPCyclic PrefixCPRICommon Public Radio InterfaceCPUCentral Processing UnitCRRMCommon Radio Resource ManagementCSC_CUConversion Separation Combination CUCSIChannel State InformationCSMCombined Snapshot–Dynamic ModeCUCentral UnitCWContinuous WaveCWDMCoarse Wavelength Division MultiplexingD/ADigital-to-AnalogDASDistributed Antenna SystemDBWSDistributed Broadband Wireless SystemDFBDistributed Feedback (Laser)DFEDecision Feedback EqualizerDFTDiscrete Fourier TransformDLDownlinkD-MIMODistributed MIMODMLDirectly Modulated LaserDOCSISDigital-Over-Cable Service Interface StandardDPCDirty Paper CodingDSLDigital Subscriber LineDSPDigital Signal ProcessorDUTDevice Under TestDWDMDense Wavelength Division MultiplexingE/OElectronic–Optical ConverterEAMElectro-Absorption ModulatorEDFAErbium-Doped Fiber AmplifierEDGEEnhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutionEESMExponential Effective SINR MetricEPONEthernet-PONEVDOEvolution-Data Optimized (alternatively, Evolution-Data Only)EVMError Vector MagnitudeFCAPSFault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, SecurityF-DASFiber Distributed Antenna SystemFDDFrequency Division DuplexFDMFully Dynamic ModeFDMAFrequency Division Multiple AccessFFTFast Fourier TransformFIFOFirst-In, First-OutFM/PMFrequency/Phase ModulationFMFault ManagementFMFrequency ModulationFPFabry–PerotFPGAField Programmable Gate ArrayFSANFull Service Access NodeFSKFrequency Shift KeyingFTPFile Transfer ProtocolFTTHFiber-to-the-HomeFTTxFiber-to-the-xFWHMFull Width at Half MaximumGbit/sGigabit per secondGbpsGigabit per secondGPONGigabit-PONGPRSGeneral Packet Radio ServiceGSMGlobal System for Mobile CommunicationsHDTVHigh-Definition TelevisionHFHigh FrequencyHFCHybrid Fiber–CoaxHSCSDHigh-Speed Circuit-Switched DataHSDPAHigh-Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPAHigh-Speed Packet AccessHSPA+Evolved High-Speed Packet AccessHSUPAHigh-Speed Uplink Packet AccessI/QIn-phase/Quadrature-phaseICIIntercarrier InterferenceICICIntercell Interference CoordinationIDFTInverse Discrete Fourier TransformIEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETFInternet Engineering Task ForceIFIntermediate FrequencyIFDMAInterleaved FDMAIFFTInverse Fast Fourier TransformIMIntensity ModulationIMDDIntensity Modulation – Direct DetectionIMSIP Multimedia SubsystemIMTInternational Mobile TelecommunicationsIMT-2000International Mobile Telecommunications – 2000IMT-AInternational Mobile Telecommunications – AdvancedIoTInternet-of-ThingIPInternet ProtocolISIInter-symbol InterferenceISOInternational Organization for StandardizationITUInternational Telecommunications Union (originally International Telegraph Union)ITU-RInternational Telecommunication Union – Radio SectorJPAJoint Processing AreaJPUJoint Processing UnitKPIKey Performance IndicatorLANLocal Area NetworkLDPCLow-Density Parity CheckLELinear EqualizerLEDLight-Emitting DiodeLESMLogarithmic Effective SINR MetricLLMSLinear Least-Mean-SquareLMSLeast-Mean-SquareLOLocal OscillatorLOSLine-of-SightLSLeast SquaresLSLILink-to-System Level InterfaceLTELong-Term EvolutionLTE-ALong-Term Evolution – AdvancedLUTLook-up TableM2MMachine-to-MachineMACMedium Access ControlMAIMultiple Access InterferenceMAPMaximum A-Posteriori ProbabilityMBEMolecular Beam EpitaxyMbit/sMegabit per secondMbpsMegabit per secondMCSModulation and Coding SchemeMERModulation Error RatioMIBManagement Information BaseMIESMMutual Information Effective SINR MetricMIMOMultiple-Input Multiple-OutputMISOMultiple-Input Single-OutputMLMaximum LikelihoodMLSDMaximum Likelihood Sequence DetectorMMFMultimode FiberMMSEMinimum Mean-Squared ErrorMRCMaximum Ratio CombiningMRTMaximum Ratio TransmissionMTMobile TerminalMUIMultiuser InterferenceMZMMach–Zehnder ModulatorNENetwork ElementNGANext-Generation AccessNGMNNext Generation Mobile NetworkNGOANext-Generation Optical AccessNGPONNext-Generation PONNLOSNon-Line of SightNMSNetwork Management SystemNMSENormalized Mean Square ErrorNMTNordic Mobile TelephoneNPVNet Present ValueO/EOptical–Electronic ConverterOADMOptical Add–Drop MultiplexerOBSAIOpen Base Station Architecture InitiativeOCOptical CirculatorODNOptical Distribution NetworkODSB-SCOptical Double-Sideband Suppressed-CarrierOFDMOrthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOFDMAOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOIDObject IdentifierOIPLLOptical Injection Phase-Locked LoopOLIOpen Lambda InitiativeOLTOptical Line TerminalONUOptical Network UnitOPEXOperational ExpenditureOPLLOptical Phase-Locked LoopOSIOpen Systems Interconnection, ISO Reference Model forOSSBOptical Single SidebandOTIOptical Transmission InfrastructurePAPower AmplifierPANPersonal Area NetworkPAPRPeak-to-Average Power RatioPDPredistorterPERPacket Error RatioPIFAPlanar Inverted-F AntennaPM/FMPhase/Frequency ModulationPMPerformance ManagementPMPhase ModulationPMDPolarization-Mode DispersionPONPassive Optical NetworkPRBPhysical Resource BlockPSPhase ShiftPSKPhase Shift KeyingPSTNPublic Switched Telephone NetworkPtPPoint-to-PointPU2RCPer-User Unitary Rate ControlQAMQuadrature Amplitude ModulationQDQuantum DashQoEQuality of ExperienceQoSQuality of ServiceQPSKQuadrature Phase Shift KeyingQWQuantum WellRAMRandom-Access MemoryRATRadio Access TechnologyRAURemote Access Unit (alternatively, Remote Antenna Unit)RCERelative Constellation ErrorRFRadio FrequencyRINRelative Intensity NoiseRLSRecursive Least SquaresRNCRadio Network ControllerRoFRadio over FiberRoFnetRadio over Fiber NetworkRRMRadio Resource ManagementRSOAReflective Semiconductor Optical AmplifierRTTRound-Trip TimeSASoftware AgentSCSingle CarrierSC-FDMASingle-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSCHSeparate Confinement HeterostructureSCMSubcarrier MultiplexingSDMSpace Division MultiplexingSDMASpatial Division Multiple AccessSDRSoftware-Defined RadioSEMScanning Electron MicroscopeSFDRSpurious-Free Dynamic RangeSINRSignal-to-Interference and Noise RatioSISOSingle-Input Single-OutputSLAService-Level AgreementSLSSystem Level SimulatorSMFSingle-Mode FiberSMSShort Message ServiceSMSRSide-Mode-Suppression RatioSNMPSimple Network Management ProtocolSNRSignal-to-Noise RatioSOASemiconductor Optical AmplifierSONSelf-Organizing NetworkSSCSpot Size ConverterSTOSymbol Timing OffsetTDDTime Division DuplexingTDMTime Division MultiplexingTDMATime Division Multiple AccessTDOATime Difference of ArrivalTD-SCDMATime Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple AccessTETransverse ElectricalTHPTomlinson–Harashima PrecodingTTITransmission Time IntervalULUplinkUMBUltra Mobile BroadbandUMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUTRANUMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkUWBUltra-WidebandVAAVirtual Antenna ArrayVCSELVertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting LaserVHOVertical HandoverVLBIVery-Long Baseline InterferometryV-MIMOVirtual MIMOVNAVector Network AnalyzerVoDVideo on DemandVoIPVoice over IPVSAVector Signal AnalyzerVSGVector Signal GeneratorWARCWorld Administrative Radio ConferenceWCDMAWideband CDMAWDMWavelength Division MultiplexingWiFiWireless FidelityWiMAXWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWirelessMAN-AdvancedWireless Metropolitan Area Network – AdvancedWLANWireless Local Area NetworkWRCWorld Radio ConferenceZFZero ForcingZFBZero-Forcing Beamforming

Chapter 1

Background and Introduction

Paulo P. Monteiro1, Atílio Gameiro2 and Nathan J. Gomes3

1Universidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações and Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal

2Universidade de Aveiro and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal

3University of Kent, UK

‘Anything, anyhow, anywhere’ – this statement is often used to express the desire that communications will connect all types of device (from subscriber terminals to sensors) through an array of different technologies wherever they are required. ‘Anywhere’ is certainly an expression of the need for wireless, mobile connectivity. A mere 10 years or so before the end of the last millennium, a ‘killer app’, in this case short-message service (SMS) text messaging, was required to launch the mobile telephony boom. In the first decade of this millennium, there has been demand for many forms of data communication using mobile telephones and the introduction of ‘smart phones’ has now made it clear that current networks (what are termed 3G and 3.5G networks) cannot satisfy user demand. The new networks currently being rolled out, called 3G long-term evolution (LTE), may prove to be only a stop-gap; a new generation of mobile, wireless networks is required to satisfy the increasing demand for all forms of data on the move.