Non-standard Antennas E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 508

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This book aims at describing the wide variety of new technologies and concepts of non-standard antenna systems – reconfigurable, integrated, terahertz, deformable, ultra-wideband, using metamaterials, or MEMS, etc, and how they open the way to a wide range of applications, from personal security and communications to multifunction radars and towed sonars, or satellite navigation systems, with space-time diversity on transmit and receive.

A reference book for designers in this lively scientific community linking antenna experts and signal processing engineers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Introduction

PART 1. EMERGING CONCEPTS

Chapter 1. Joint Diversity and Beamforming for Downlink Communications

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Space diversity versus beamforming

1.3. Signal model

1.4. Beamforming by SNR maximization

1.5. Combining transmit diversity and beamforming

1.6. Minimum variance criterion

1.7. Minimum BER criterion

1.8. Conclusion

1.9. Bibliography

Chapter 2. Acoustic Antennas for Biomedical and Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Basic ultrasonic transducers

2.3. Transducer arrays

2.4. Piezoelectric material issues

2.5. Modeling, design and characterization of ultrasonic antennas

2.6. High frequency (HF) acoustic antennas for biomedical microscanning applications

2.7. New acoustic antennas based on technology of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

2.8. Conclusion

2.9. Bibliography

Chapter 3. Space-time Exploration for Airborne Radars

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Colored space-time exploration

3.3. Interleaved scanning

3.4. Wideband GMTI

3.5. Conclusion

3.6. Bibliography

Chapter 4. Multifunction Antenna System Concepts: Opportunity for Ultra-wideband Radars?

4.1. Multifunction radio frequency (RF) systems

4.2. Multifunction RF systems and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radars

4.3. Conclusion

4.4. Bibliography

PART 2. TECHNOLOGIES

Chapter 5. From a Molecule to an Electro-optic Antenna

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Synthesis of the electro-optic polymer

5.3. Antenna design

5.4. Device fabrication and poling

5.5. Experimental setup

5.6. Results

5.7. Conclusion

5.8. Acknowledgments

5.9. Bibliography

Chapter 6. Terahertz Broadband Micro-antennas for Continuous Wave Imaging

6.1. Introduction

6.2. UWB THz antennas for superconducting hot electron bolometers

6.3. High-impedance THz antennas for semiconducting bolometers

6.4. Conclusion

6.5. Acknowledgments

6.6. Bibliography

Chapter 7. Dual Frequency Millimeter Feed

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Overview

7.3. Technology and first design

7.4. Optimization and final design

7.5. The whole antenna: horn + reflector

7.6. Comparison to measurements

7.7. Conclusion

7.8. Acknowledgment

7.9. Bibliography

Chapter 8. Reconfigurable Printed Antennas

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Active antennas

8.3. Active components used for reconfiguration

8.4. Printed antennas and compact antennas

8.5. Frequency reconfigurable antennas

8.6. Radiation pattern reconfiguration

8.7. Polarization agile antennas

8.8. Self-adjusting antennas

8.9. Conclusion

8.10. Acknowledgments

8.11. Bibliography

Chapter 9. Wideband Antennas and Artificial Magnetic Conductors

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Wideband antenna and metamaterial

9.3. How to characterize an artificial magnetic conductor?

9.4. Narrow bandwidth antenna above an AMC

9.5. Wideband antenna placed above an AMC

9.6. Very wideband antenna placed above an AMC

9.7. Conclusions

9.8. Acknowledgments

9.9. Bibliography

Chapter 10. High Impedance Surface Close to a Radiating Dipole

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Antenna study

10.3. Analysis of the phenomena

10.4. Phenomenological model of the radiating array

10.5. Conclusion

10.6. Bibliography

PART 3. DETECTION/LOCALIZATION

Chapter 11. Advanced Processing for DOA Estimation

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Observation model, problem formulation and standard MUSIC method

11.3. Non-selective advanced DOA estimation techniques

11.4. Selective advanced DOA estimation methods

11.5. Conclusion

11.6. Bibliography

Chapter 12. Multifunction Airborne Antennas

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Functions performed by the principal sensors of a fighter aircraft

12.3. Technique of active antennas

12.4. Multifunction antennas

12.5. Model for the antenna

12.6. Potential prospects

12.7. Conclusion

12.8. Bibliography

Chapter 13. Active Sonar: Port/Starboard Discrimination on Very Low Frequency Triplet Arrays

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Port/starboard beamforming on a triplet array

13.3. Adaptive beamforming on a triplet array for reverberation reduction

13.4. Bibliography

Chapter 14. Airborne High Precision Location of Radiating Sources

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Problem formulation

14.3. Description of lab experiment

14.4. Conclusion

14.5. Bibliography

Chapter 15. Ground-based Deformable Antennas

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Impact of antenna distortions on radar systems

15.3. Instrumentation of deformable antennas

15.4. Compensation with knowledge of the antenna shape

15.5. Experimentation on a deformable antenna mock-up

15.6. Conclusion

15.7. Bibliography

Chapter 16. Automatic Take-off and Landing System

16.1. Introduction

16.2. State of the art

16.3. MAGIC ATOLS main features

16.4. Radar features

16.5. MAGIC ATOLS processing for low elevation measurement

16.6. On the field experimental results

16.7. Conclusion

16.8. Bibliography

Chapter 17. Anti-jamming for Satellite Navigation

17.1. Satellite navigation principles

17.2. Vulnerability of the GNSS signals

17.3. GNSS antennas

17.4. Anti-jamming principles

17.5. Antenna and associated electronics integration

17.6. New functions associated with the antenna array

17.7. Conclusion

17.8. Bibliography

PART 4. ULTRA-WIDEBAND

Chapter 18. Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems

18.1. Introduction

18.2. The principles implemented through two applications

18.3. The ultra-wideband antennas

18.4. Limitations of a mono-source device: implementation of multi-source devices with optoelectronic excitation

18.5. Pulse antenna systems in high power microwaves

18.6. Conclusion

18.7. Bibliography

Chapter 19. Co-design of the Antenna with LNA for Ultra-wideband Applications

19.1. The interest in co-design

19.2. Low noise amplifier

19.3. The antenna

19.4. Co-design methodology

19.5. Protocols and measurement results

19.6. Bibliography

Chapter 20. Vector Spherical Harmonic Modeling of 3D-antenna Radiation Function or an UWB-RT Simulator

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Deterministic channel model based on ray tracing

20.3. Antenna vector function description via VSH

First published 2011 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2011

The rights of François Le Chevalier, Dominique Lesselier and Robert Staraj to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Non-standard antennas / edited by François Le Chevalier, Dominique Lesselier, Robert Staraj. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.    ISBN 978-1-84821-274-9   1. Antennas (Electronics) I. Le Chevalier, François. II. Lesselier, D. III. Staraj, Robert.    TK7871.6.N65 2011    621.382'4--dc22

2011003668

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Introduction1

Antennas technologies and concepts are moving forward rapidly, in relation to different factors:

– evolution of primary technologies, such as metamaterials, or MMIC;

– continuous evolution of signal processing, both in terms of algorithms and computing power, opening the way to the implementation of new sensor concepts, or to smart exploitation of low-cost sensors (deformable antennas, for instance);

– evolution of requirements and applications, i.e. with the advent of multifunction antennas, terahertz antennas, or satellite reception on the move.

In order to review and discuss those recent advances, a workshop was organized in January 2009 by SEE and Groupement de Recherche “Ondes” (Research Group “Waves”) from CNRS, in France. This book, prepared after these exchanges, surveys the areas of new concepts and systems, emerging technologies, applications and processing techniques for detection and localization, and ultra-wideband systems. Though obviously not exhaustive, this review deals with most of the current problematics in this lively technical and scientific domain, at the core of future sensor design.

This wide field of activity will be explored here from four different perspectives, which have been organized into separate parts. Though somewhat arbitrary, this variety of view points will hopefully provide a global insight in the essential issues and advances, with the following chapters:

Part 1. Emerging Concepts: different transmit/receive architectures considered from the spatial exploration perspective, in radio-communication, acoustics, detection and localization:

– Joint Diversity and Beamforming for Downlink Communications;

– Acoustic Antennas for Biomedical and Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging,

– Space-time Exploration for Airborne Radars,

– Multifunction Antenna System Concepts, as an Opportunity for Ultra-wideband Radars.

Part 2. Technologies: some core technologies for optimization and integration of antennas:

– From a Molecule to an Electro-optic Antenna;

– Terahertz Broadband Micro-antennas for Continuous Wave Imaging;

– Dual Frequency Millimeter Feed;

– Reconfigurable Printed Antennas;

– Wideband Antennas and Artificial Magnetic Conductors;

– High Impedance Surface Close to a Radiating Dipole.

Part 3. Detection/Localization: specific analysis of a wide range of applications, from communications to automatic landing and navigation:

– Airborne High Precision Location of Radiating Sources;

– Multifunction Airborne Antennas;

– Active Sonar: Port/Starboard Discrimination on Very Low Frequency Triplet Arrays;

– Advanced Processing for DOA Estimation;

– Ground-based Deformable Antennas;

– Automatic Take-off and Landing System;

– Anti-jamming for Satellite Navigation.

Part 4. Ultra-wideband (UWB): techniques and methods for ultra-wideband antenna systems design:

– Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems;

– Co-design of Antenna and LNA for Ultra-wideband Application;

– Vector Spherical Harmonics Decomposition of Antenna Radiation Function for Fast Implementation in UWB Propagation Channel RT Simulation Tools.

This survey should illustrate the wide variety of technologies, just emerging now or already mastered, based on different physical principles, which can now be combined together by the system designer and provide access to a wide range of functionalities.

This range of technologies opens the way to a wide variety of concepts, from integrated antenna systems to multifunction systems, relying on sophisticated information processing algorithms, often adaptive and increasingly spatio-temporal, on transmit and/or receive. These new techniques will be implemented in multiple applications, from body area networks or personal security to space remote sensing or airborne multifunction systems.

This domain of “non-standard” antennas can thus be seen as a melting-pot for incoming breakthroughs, relating environmental physics, core technologies, modern information processing and the wide spectrum of application areas, at the heart of a lively and innovating scientific and technical community.

1 Introduction written by François LE CHEVALIER.

PART 1Emerging Concepts

Chapter 1Joint Diversity and Beamforming forDownlink Communications1

1.1. Introduction

Mobile communication systems must be able to cope with fading and multi-user interference. Since the introduction of GSM until today, these problems have been considered from different angles and several approaches have been proposed to mitigate impairments.

Digital processing of the signal coming from an array of antennas (called smart antenna techniques) [JAK 74, RAP 01, YAC 93] has played a very important role in the progress achieved in this area so far. Among the novel techniques in this area, we can cite beamforming, diversity and MIMO (multiple input multiple output) techniques as the most successful. Smart antenna techniques can be applied either at the base station or at the mobile, and on the downlink or uplink. For technological and economical reasons, it is often more advantageous to only have an array of antennas at the base station, and a single antenna at the mobile. For the sake of simplicity, but without loss of generality, in this chapter we will consider the downlink of a mobile system with an antenna array at the base station and a single antenna at the mobile.

The main goal of beamforming is to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the desired mobile and to reduce the interference generated toward other mobiles present in the system. This is done by directing the radiated signal towards the receiver. The chosen direction does not necessarily match the geographical direction, but can correspond to the main path of the electromagnetic waves traveling from the base station to the receiver.

Figure 1.1.Beamforming directs the radiated signal towards the desired mobile

By forming a beam in the direction of the mobile, the transmit power (PTX) can thus be reduced in order to maintain the same bit-error rate (BER). The amount of transmit power saved in the process is called antenna gain. In fact, the effect of beamforming can be seen as a shift of the BER curve to the left.

Figure 1.2.The antenna gain provided by beamforming allows us to obtain the same BER for a reduced transmit power (PTX). The performance curve is thus shifted to the left

The diversity approach treats the same problem from a different perspective. When looking closer at the propagation channel between the base station and the mobile receiver, we notice that this channel is generally formed by the sum of several smaller paths (called multipaths). Each multipath is characterized by its attenuation, delay and relative phase. These parameters vary in time due to the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver, but also due to the movement of all reflectors and obstacles present in the surroundings.

Hence, the overall propagation channel seen by the receiver is the result of the sum of all the multipaths, which translates into a time variation of the signal power at the receiver. This effect is the so-called fading. When the phases of the multipaths are such that they lead to a destructive combination (a strong attenuation of the transmit power), we talk about deep fading.

In practice, the performance of the mobile systems is highly degraded by the presence of deep fadings. The mitigation of these deep fadings is thus the main goal of the diversity techniques. The central idea is to exploit the fact that the channel shows a low correlation to send copies of the same signal, which will suffer uncorrelated attenuations. Thus, the probability that all these copies encounter a deep fading is very low. Therefore, by combining these copies at the receiver, we can drastically reduce the probability that the received signal is in deep fading and, even in the rare cases when it occurs, the duration of the fading is also diminished.