Nutrition and Development E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: British Nutrition Foundation
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1084

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This Task Force report reviews the evidence that the seeds of many adult diseases are sown in utero and in infancy. The report, written by experts in the field, summarises current knowledge in this area. It illustrates how early life nutrition can bring about changes in organ development and function, thus programming risk of disease in adult life. It also considers what might be done in early life to reduce the burden of future ill health.

Nutrition and Development: Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Health includes chapters on the history of this topic area, normal growth and development, and current recommendations and practice in relation to nutrition and diet in early life. Chapters exploring the possible mechanisms and pathways of critical windows for development cover the effects of diet and nutrition in early life on organ and skeletal development, the role of sex hormones in programming disease susceptibility, the establishment of gastrointestinal microbiota, and the impact of early life nutrition on cognitive and neurological development.

This new report:

• describes how development occurs and explores how changes in the fetal and postnatal environment, such as over- or under-nutrition, can result in permanent alterations in function;
• explains how diet and nutrition in early life can affect risk of adult disease, with specific chapters on allergic disease and asthma, bone health, cancer, cardiovascular disease, cognitive function, diabetes and obesity;
• includes a summary of the key points, as well as recommendations in each chapter to help fill the gaps in our knowledge;
• provides an overview of the main messages in a practical question and answer format suitable for lay readers.

Nutrition and Development is an important information resource for those involved in research and teaching in the health sciences sector and is also of value to those involved in making decisions about health policy. It will be of interest to a broad range of health professionals, the food industry and those who write and broadcast about the effects of food on health.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright page

Foreword

Terms of Reference

Task Force Membership

Chair

Members

Observer

Contributors

Editors

Secretariat

1: Introduction to Early Life and Later Disease

1.1 Environmental influences on development

1.2 Links between early life and adult disease

1.3 Biological mechanisms

1.4 Nutrition of mothers and children

1.5 Nutrition of young women today

2: Normal Growth and Development

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Prenatal development

2.3 Embryo development

2.4 Fetal development

2.5 Fetal development overview

2.6 Birthweight

2.7 Postnatal growth and development

2.8 Growth monitoring (growth charts)

2.9 Secular growth trends

2.10 Canalisation, catch-up and catch-down growth

3: Maternal Nutrition and Infant Feeding: Current Practice and Recommendations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Characteristics of pregnant women in the UK

3.3 Current practice and recommendations: pre-pregnancy

3.4 Current practice and recommendations: during pregnancy

3.5 Current practice and recommendations: lactation

3.6 Infant feeding: issues relating to evidence base

3.7 Current practice and recommendations: breastfeeding

3.8 Current practice and recommendations: formula feeding

3.9 Current practice and recommendations: weaning/complementary feeding

3.10 Allergy

3.11 Conclusions

Appendix 3.1: Historical perspective on breastfeeding and artificial feeding

4: Mechanisms and Pathways of Critical Windows of Development

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Embryo stages

4.3 Development of placenta

4.4 Nutritional programming: the effect of nutrition on fetal development

4.5 Potential mechanisms of nutritional programming

4.6 Conclusions

5: Perinatal Effects of Sex Hormones in Programming of Susceptibility to Disease

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Timing of masculinisation and its body-wide effects

5.3 Disorders of masculinisation

5.4 Male–female differences in disease risk: the potential role of perinatal androgens

5.5 Fetal growth, susceptibility to intrauterine growth restriction and its long-term consequences, including timing of puberty

5.6 Growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-I axis

5.7 Brain and behavioural effects

5.8 Sex differences in eating disorders, neuronal mechanisms and adipose tissue distribution

5.9 Cardiovascular disease/hypertension

5.10 Kidney disease/hypertension

5.11 The immune system

5.12 Lung development and disease risk

5.13 Effects of maternal diet/obesity and infant feeding choices

5.14 ‘Fetal programming’ and epigenetic mechanisms

5.15 Conclusions

6: Neurological Development

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The developing brain

6.3 Brain energy balance circuits and peripheral feedback signals

6.4 Nutritional influences on the developing brain

6.5 Programming mechanisms

6.6 Nutritional interventions

6.7 Conclusions

7: Establishing of Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Colonisation of the Gut in Early Life

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Acquisition of the gut microbiota

7.3 Factors affecting the infant gut microbiota (acquisition and development)

7.4 The gut microbiota of exclusively milk-fed infants

7.5 The effects of weaning on the infant gut microbiota

7.6 Potential long-term effects: implications for obesity

7.7 Conclusions

8: Nutrition and Development: Obesity

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Inadequate in utero nutrition: a risk factor for obesity in later life?

8.3 Breastfeeding and risk of obesity in later life

8.4 Maternal diabetes and obesity: early life determinants of offspring obesity?

8.5 Interventions to reduce offspring obesity?

8.6 Interventions in pregnant diabetic women

8.7 Interventions in obese pregnant women

8.8 Mechanisms underlying the early life origins of obesity; role of animal studies

8.9 A central role for disturbance in pathways of appetite regulation

8.10 Conclusions

9: Nutrition and Development: Type 2 Diabetes

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Relationships between birthweight and type 2 diabetes

9.3 Postnatal growth

9.4 Evidence for the role of early nutrition in humans influencing type 2 diabetes risk

9.5 Evidence for the role of early nutrition in animal models influencing type 2 diabetes risk

9.6 Conclusions

10: Nutrition and Development: Cardiovascular Disease

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Evidence-based on clinical endpoints

10.3 Postnatal growth

10.4 Programming of atherosclerosis

10.5 Programming of blood pressure

10.6 Animal models of nutritional manipulation in early life

10.7 Conclusions

11: Nutrition and Development: Cancer

11.1 Cancer incidence and trends

11.2 Cancer biology

11.3 Evidence linking early nutrition to cancer

11.4 Possible mechanisms linking early nutrition to cancer risk

11.5 Conclusions

12: Nutrition and Development: Bone Health

12.1 Early life origins of osteoporosis

12.2 Maternal nutrition in pregnancy

12.3 Postnatal calcium and vitamin D nutrition

12.4 Calcium and vitamin D nutrition in older children

12.5 Vitamin D: problems with defining normality

12.6 Physical activity and bone health in childhood

12.7 Conclusions

13: Nutrition and Development: Asthma and Allergic Disease

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Pathogenesis

13.3 Increasing prevalence of asthma and allergic disease

13.4 Impact of asthma and allergic disease

13.5 Importance of antenatal and early life influences on asthma and allergic disease

13.6 Maternal dietary food allergen intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding

13.7 Breastfeeding and childhood atopic dermatitis and asthma

13.8 Infant dietary food allergen intake

13.9 Early life nutrient intake

13.10 Obesity and childhood asthma and allergic disease

13.11 Conclusions

14: Nutrition and Development: Early Nutrition, Mental Development and Mental Ageing

14.1 The importance of mental development and ageing

14.2 Maternal diet during pregnancy

14.3 Breastfeeding

14.4 Post-weaning diet

14.5 Conclusions

15: Putting the Science into Practice: Public Health Implications

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Summary of the Task Force’s findings for various chronic conditions

15.3 Diet and lifestyle themes relevant to pregnancy and early life

15.4 Diet and lifestyle themes relevant to early feeding and weaning

15.5 Vulnerable groups

15.6 Diet and lifestyle recommendations

15.7 Role of health professionals

15.8 Recommendations

16: Conclusions of the Task Force

16.1 Chapter 1

16.2 Chapter 2

16.3 Chapter 3

16.4 Chapter 4

16.5 Chapter 5

16.6 Chapter 6

16.7 Chapter 7

16.8 Chapter 8

16.9 Chapter 9

16.10 Chapter 10

16.11 Chapter 11

16.12 Chapter 12

16.13 Chapter 13

16.14 Chapter 14

16.15 Chapter 15

17: Recommendations of the Task Force

17.1 Priorities for future research on current practice in relation to early life development

17.2 Priorities for future research on mechanisms and pathways of early life development

17.3 Priorities for future research: specific diseases

17.4 Recommendations to key stakeholders

18: Nutrition and Development: Answers to Common Questions

18.1 Nutrition and development

18.2 Developmental programming hypotheses

18.3 Normal growth

18.4 How development occurs and factors that can affect it

18.5 Influences of perinatal sex hormone exposure on programming of disease susceptibility

18.6 Cognitive and neurological development

18.7 Influences of gut microbiota on programming of disease susceptibility

18.8 Obesity

18.9 Diabetes

18.10 Cardiovascular disease

18.11 Cancer

18.12 Bone health

18.13 Allergic diseases and asthma

18.14 Mental health and cognitive behaviour

18.15 Dietary and lifestyle advice for early life

18.16 Policies relating to early life nutrition and development

Glossary

References

Index

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by the British Nutrition Foundation

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nutrition and development : short- and long-term consequences for health / report of a British Nutrition Foundation Task Force chaired by Thomas A. B. Sanders ; edited by Laura Wyness, Sara Stanner, Judith Buttriss.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4443-3678-8 (softback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-54111-1 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-54122-7 (eMobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-54123-4 (ePDF)

 I. Wyness, Laura. II. Stanner, Sara. III. Buttriss, Judith. IV. British Nutrition Foundation. [DNLM: 1. Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. 2. Human Development. 3. Nutrigenomics–methods. QU 145]

 613.2–dc23

2013001801

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design by Workhaus

The British Nutrition Foundation would like to thank the copyright holders acknowledged in the text for permission to reproduce data and fi gures in this book. Every effort has been made to contact all copyright holders and to acknowledge the sources of copyright material. Any inadvertent omissions will be rectifi ed in any future reprinting or edition of this work. We are also grateful to Hilary Bamforth for her help with proofreading.

Foreword

The concept, that early growth and development determines health in animals, has been known to nutritional scientists for more than 70 years. However, the realisation that this concept has major implications for human health is much more recent. The importance of considering the effect of diet on the whole life-cycle, rather than focusing on middle-aged and older adults, is increasingly recognised, particularly when the seeds of adult disease may be sown in utero and in infancy.

There is now a considerable body of evidence to link risk of developing type 2 diabetes and raised blood pressure to patterns of fetal and infant growth, alongside emerging evidence that obesity, bone health, gut microbiota, immunity, lung function, mental health and risk of cancer may be influenced by events in early life. British researchers have played a leading role in these discoveries.

The pioneering work by Sir John Hammond at Cambridge showed how piglets fed different diets during early life could determine their relative size and proportions of fat to lean tissue. Professor RA McCance and Dame Elsie Widdowson took this work further and with Professor John Dobbing coined the term ‘vulnerable phases of development’. The vulnerability of the human brain in early pregnancy explains why iodine deficiency in pregnancy, a major global problem, causes endemic deaf mutism and cretinism.

In the late 1950s the vulnerability of the fetus to ‘toxic insults’ in early pregnancy was highlighted, following the use of the drug thalidomide. More recent studies show that excessive intakes of a form of vitamin A (retinoic acid) also causes birth defects. Exposure to heavy metals, such as mercury and lead, in pregnancy may have long-term effects on intellectual capacity. On the positive side, Professor Richard Smithells was the first to show that high intakes of folic acid could prevent neural tube defects.

The ground-breaking work of Professor David Barker deserves special mention because it took research on the developmental origins of human disease onto another level. Professor Barker had been unable to find any relationship with current diet and risk of cardiovascular disease in his studies in the UK. However, he was able to show that low birthweight and the pattern of infant growth strongly predicted risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, in adult life. He introduced the concept of ‘developmental programming’ of adult disease. His work sparked off enormous interest and spawned many other studies, which we have attempted to summarise.

Recent advances in molecular biology have also provided insights into how cells in the body can be programmed. It would seem that this is to prepare us for the environment into which we are born and that problems arise if that environment is different to that expected.

This Task Force set out to summarise current knowledge on early life and later disease for a broader non-specialist audience and tried to identify gaps in knowledge where further research is needed. We have also attempted to try to translate the implications of these findings with regard to practical dietary advice for the population.

I am extremely grateful to the members of the Task Force for all their hard work and contributions and to Professor Judy Buttriss and her team at the British Nutrition Foundation for their patience and help putting the report together.

Professor Thomas A. B. Sanders

Chair of the Task Force

Terms of Reference

The Task Force was invited by the Council of the British Nutrition Foundation to:

1. Review the present state of knowledge of the importance of diet during early development.

2. Prepare a report and, should it see fit, draw conclusions, make recommendations and identify areas for future research.

British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition and Development: Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Health Task Force Membership

Chair

Professor Thomas A. B. Sanders, Professor of Nutrition & Dietetics

Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH

Members

Professor Judith L. Buttriss

Director General

British Nutrition Foundation

Imperial House

15–19 Kingsway

London

WC2B 6UN

Professor Graham S. Devereux

Professor of Respiratory Medicine

Child Health

University of Aberdeen

Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital

Aberdeen

AB25 2ZG

Professor Paul Haggarty

Head of Lifelong Health

University of Aberdeen

Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health

Greenburn Road

Bucksburn

Aberdeen

AB21 9SB

Dr Nicholas C. Harvey

Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Rheumatologist

MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit

University of Southampton

Southampton General Hospital

Southampton

SO16 6YD

Dr Alison M. Lennox

Principal Investigator Scientist

MRC Human Nutrition Research

Elsie Widdowson Laboratory

120 Fulbourn Road

Cambridge

CB1 9NL

Professor Harry J. McArdle

Deputy Director of Science

University of Aberdeen

Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health

Greenburn Road

Bucksburn

Aberdeen

AB21 9SB

Dr Anne L. McCartney

Senior Research Fellow

Microbial Ecology & Health Group

Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences

University of Reading

Reading

RG6 6AP

Professor Julian G. Mercer

Theme Leader, Obesity and Metabolic Health

University of Aberdeen

Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health

Greenburn Road

Bucksburn

Aberdeen

AB21 9SB

Dr Susan E. Ozanne

Reader in Developmental Endocrinology

Institute of Metabolic Science

Metabolic Research Laboratories

University of Cambridge

Box 289, Level 4

Addenbrooke’s Hospital

Cambridge

CB2 0QQ

Professor Lucilla Poston

Head of Division of Women’s Health

Women’s Health Academic Centre

King’s College London

10th Floor, North Wing

St Thomas’ Hospital

Westminster Bridge Road

London

SE1 7EH

Professor Marcus Richards

Programme Leader, Medical Research Council and Professor of Psychology in Epidemiology

Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care

University College London

MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing

33 Bedford Place

London

WC1B 5JU

Dr Siân Robinson

Principal Research Fellow

MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit

University of Southampton

Southampton General Hospital

Southampton

SO16 6YD

Professor Richard M. Sharpe

Principal Investigator

MRC Centre for Reproductive Health

The Queen’s Medical Research Institute

University of Edinburgh

47 Little France Crescent

Edinburgh

EH16 4TJ

Dr Paul D. Taylor

Senior Lecturer in Developmental Programming

Division of Women’s Health

King’s College London

Women’s Health Academic Centre

10th Floor, North Wing

St Thomas’ Hospital

1 Westminster Bridge

SE1 7EH

Observer

Rachel Marklew

Department of Health

133-155 Wellington House

Waterloo Road

London

SE1 8UG

Contributors

Professor Cyrus Cooper

Director and Professor of Rheumatology

MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit

University of Southampton

Southampton General Hospital

Southampton

SO16 6YD

Dr Alan Dangour

Registered Public Health Nutritionist

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Room 137

Keppel Street

London

WC1E 7HT

Professor Elaine Dennison

Professor of Musculoskeletal Epidemiology and Honorary Consultant in Rheumatology

MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit

University of Southampton

Southampton General Hospital

Southampton

SO16 6YD

Dr Lorraine Gambling

Research Fellow

University of Aberdeen

Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health

Greenburn Road

Bucksburn

Aberdeen

AB21 9SB

Professor Steven Darryll Heys

Head of Division of Applied Medicine and Co-Director of the Institute of Medical Sciences

Institute of Medical Sciences

Polwarth Building

Foresterhill

Aberdeen

AB25 2ZD

Dr Nanda Prabhu

Research Fellow

Child Health

University of Aberdeen

Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital

Aberdeen

AB25 2ZG

Dr Vicki Quincey

Registrar in Rheumatology

MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit

University of Southampton

Southampton General Hospital

Southampton

SO16 6YD

Professor Ricardo Uauy

Professor of Public Health Nutrition

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Room 182

Keppel St

London

WC1E 7HT

Editors

Professor Judith L. Buttriss

Director General

British Nutrition Foundation

Imperial House

15–19 Kingsway

London

WC2B 6UN

Sara A. Stanner

Science Programme Manager

British Nutrition Foundation

Imperial House

15–19 Kingsway

London

WC2B 6UN

Dr Laura A. Wyness

Senior Nutrition Scientist

British Nutrition Foundation

Imperial House

15–19 Kingsway

London

WC2B 6UN

Secretariat

Helena J. Gibson-Moore

Research Assistant

British Nutrition Foundation

Imperial House