Obesity and Overeating E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Life Science Research Fundamentals
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 259

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

With the increasing worldwide incidence of obesity and the resulting increase in metabolic disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, an understanding of the multitude of factors that contribute to obesity is crucial for researchers to develop more effective treatments. This collection of overviews and protocols provides the reader with an introduction to the major features of obesity research, including the interplay between energy balance, hormones and neurobiological networks. An overview is provided which describes the animal models of obesity most commonly utilized in research. A standardized laboratory protocol for producing diet?]induced obesity (DIO) in both mouse and rat is provided as are protocols that describe how diet formulation can be modified to generate mouse models of human metabolic pathologies. Protocols are also provided for testing the effects of dietary manipulations, caloric restriction and potential therapeutics. This e-book -- a curated collection from eLS, WIREs, and Current Protocols -- offers a fantastic introduction to the field of obesity research for students or interdisciplinary collaborators.

Leseprobe

Obesity and Overeating: Research Fundamentals

Introduction

Energy Balance, Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes

Neurobiology of Overeating

Primary Hormones and Receptors Studied in Obesity Research

Obesity Hormones in Health and Disease

Central dopaminergic circuitry controlling food intake and reward: implications for the regulation of obesity

Protocols

Overview of Animal Models of Obesity

Diet-Induced Models of Obesity (DIO) in Rodents

Dietary Manipulation of Mouse Metabolism.

Further Reading

eLS

WIREs

Current Protocols

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ELS subject area: Biochemistry

How to cite: Daniel Lane, M (March 2009) Energy Balance, Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester.

DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0021317

Advanced article

Energy Balance, Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes

M Daniel Lane,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Energy balance is determined by caloric intake versus caloric expenditure. Complex control systems promote energy storage (primarily as adipose tissue fat) during periods of food surplus and mobilization of energy stores when food is scarce. These regulatory systems operate both locally within cells and between different body tissues and are mediated by circulating hormones and direct neural connection from the central nervous system to peripheral tissues. In modern society where lifestyles have shifted towards the excessive consumption of palatable ‘high energy’ foods and a sedentary life, these control mechanisms can be circumvented and in so doing lead to obesity and its pathological consequences. Prominent among these consequences are insulin resistance, i.e. the inability of cells to respond normally to insulin, and Type-2 diabetes. Approximately 30% of the inhabitants of the United States meet the criteria for obesity.

Key concepts

Animals possess complex control systems with which to regulate energy storage and expenditure.

The concept of energy balance.

How is blood glucose level regulated?

How do changes in blood glucose level alter the secretion of hormones that regulate energy metabolism?

What are the major physiological fuels that provide energy for different cell types and how do changes in hormone level affect fuel production and utilization?

Nature of interplay between tissues/organs through the production and utilization of circulating physiological fuels.

What is insulin resistance and what are its consequences?

What constitutes the obese state and how does obesity lead to insulin resistance and Type-2 diabetes?

how adipocytes develop from stem cells and the consequences of adipocyte hyperplasia.

How does persistent obesity lead to failure of the insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cell and the diabetic state?

Introduction

All animals possess control systems to regulate energy storage and expenditure. These systems promote energy storage during periods of food surplus and mobilization when food is scarce (Cahill, 2006; Wolfgang and Lane, 2006, 2008; Wahren and Ekberg, 2007). They function locally within cells and globally via circulating hormones and neural projections from the central nervous system to peripheral tissues including the liver, muscle and adipose tissue. When food is abundant, nutrient metabolites are stored as glycogen and as fat. When food is scarce, these stores are mobilized to meet energy needs (Cahill, ). Although these control mechanisms evolved to survive ‘feast and famine’ situations, in modern society lifestyle has shifted towards excessive consumption of high-energy foods and sedentary behaviour, which lead to obesity and its pathological consequences. Prominent among these outcomes are insulin resistance and Type-2 diabetes (Kahn, ; Muoio and Newgard, ). This article describes the systems that regulate energy balance and how, when overridden, result in obesity, insulin resistance and Type-2 diabetes.