Oil Spill Remediation E-Book

Ponisseril Somasundaran

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 708

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This book provides a comprehensive overview of oil spill remediation from the perspectives of policy makers, scientists, and engineers, generally focusing on colloid chemistry phenomena and solutions involved in oil spills and their cleanup.
• First book to address oil spill remediation from the perspective of physicochemical and colloidal science
• Discusses current and emerging detergents used in clean-ups
• Includes chapters from leading scientists, researchers, engineers, and policy makers
• Presents new insights into the possible impact of oil spills on ecosystems as well as preventive measures

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

1 Science-Based Decision Making on the Use of Dispersants in the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Brief History and Evolution of Dispersants for Oil

1.3 Dispersant Efficacy and Dispersion Effectiveness

1.4 Toxicity of Dispersants

1.5 Monitoring of Dispersants on the Surface and in the Deep Sea

1.6 Fate and Transport of Dispersants and Dispersed Oil

1.7 Future Oil Spill Research as a Result of Lessons Learned

1.8 Summary

References

2 Understanding and Properly Interpreting the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Blowout

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Background

2.3 Brief Summary of Gulf of Mexico Marine Ecosystems

2.4 Brief Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Overview

2.5 Existing Marine Oil Spill Paradigm

2.6 A New Conceptual Model for Deepwater Marine Oil Spills

2.7 New Spill Scenario: Oil Is Released at Significant Depth from a Hot, Pressurized Reservoir

2.8 The Need for an Integrative, Interdisciplinary Marine Oil Spill Oceanography

2.9 Conclusions

2.10 Future Research

References

3 Remediation and Restoration of Northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ecosystems Following the Deepwater Horizon Event

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Shoreline Protection during and Following the Spill

3.3 Advancement through Failure and Innovation

3.4 Conclusions

References

4 Challenges in and Approaches to Modeling the Complexities of Deepwater Oil and Gas Release

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Survey of Available Data

4.3 Descriptions of Physical Mechanisms

4.4 Generic Approaches for Multiphase Flow Models

4.5 Sample Model Results

4.6 Concluding Remarks

Acronyms

Notation

Greek Letters

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

5 Oil Films

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Crude Oil Composition

5.3 Oil Films

AcknowledgmentS

References

6 Remediating Oilfield Waste and Spills

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Particle-Stabilized Interfaces

6.3 Chemical Treatment to Enhance Solid-Stabilized Oil–Water Separation

6.4 Summary and Conclusions

References

7 Multipronged Approach for Oil Spill Remediation

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Microfibrous Sorbents for Oil Removal and Recovery

7.3 Oil Removal Using Froth Flotation Technique

7.4 Use of Greener Bio dispersants

7.5 Lipopeptide: Bacillus subtilis Biosurfactants and Lipopeptides

7.6 Structure–Property Relationships of Biosurfactants

7.7 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

8 Packed-Bed Capillary Microscopy on BP-Oil-Spill Oil in Porous Media

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Water–Oil Two-Phase Transport in Porous Media

8.3 How Bacteria May Access Porous-Entrapped Oil

8.4 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

9 Jameson Cell Technology for Organics Recovery

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Flotation and Water Treatment

9.3 The Jameson Cell for Oil Flotation

9.4 Jameson Cells in Solvent Extraction Treatment

9.5 Oil Sand Flotation

9.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

Reference

10 Development of Gelling Agent for Spilled Oils

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Discovery of Chiral Self-Assembly of Amphiphiles Derived from Optically Active Amino Acid

10.3 Development of Oil Gelling Agent to Treat Spilled Oil

10.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

11 Microstructures of Capped Ethylene Oxide Oligomers in Water and N-Hexane

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Results and Discussion

11.3 Conclusions

Appendix: Simulation Specifics

References

12 Some Colloidal Fundamentals in Oil Spill Remediation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Size and Hydrocarbon–Water Dispersions

12.3 Emulsions

12.4 Association Structures and Emulsions

12.5 Spontaneous Emulsification

12.6 Phase Diagrams and Spontaneous Emulsification

12.7 Solid Particles and Oil Film on Water

12.8 Microemulsions

12.9 Potential Future Research Areas

12.10 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

13 Physicochemical Properties of Heavy Oil–Water Interface in the Context of Oil Removal from Seawater by Froth Flotation

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Materials and Methods

13.3 Results and Discussion

13.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

14 Measurement of Interfacial Tension in Hydrocarbon/Water/Dispersant Systems at Deepwater Conditions

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Experimental Methodology

14.3 Results and Discussion

14.4 Summary

14.5 Practical Implications

Acknowledgments

References

15 Surfactant Technologies for Remediation of Oil Spills

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Phase Behavior of Surfactant–Oil–Water (SOW) Systems

15.3 Surfactant Remediation Technologies for Spills in Open Waters

15.4 Surfactant Remediation Technologies for Spills on Land

15.5 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

16 Role of Structural Forces in Cleaning Soiled Surfaces

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Organic Pollutant Removal from a Solid Surface

16.3 Oil Removal from a Solid Surface

16.4 Outlook

References

Index

Eula

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1 Decision context, key science questions, and anticipated outcomes from EPA’s research strategy

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Significant marine oil spills

a

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 BP spill-related data from various sources

Table 4.2 Simulation details of oil–gas plume separation in a laboratory-scale experiment

Table 4.3 Large-scale oil/gas simulation details

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Historical oil spill with oil persisting for 5 years or longer 

a

Table 8.2 System parameters for displacement experiments conducted by Cottin et al. (2010)

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Synthesis of N-acyl-l-amino acids by Schotten–Baumann method

a

Table 10.2 Gel properties with l-LGDB and types of oils versus gel hardness and pour point

a

Table 10.3 Solubility of l-LGDB to organic oils

a

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Properties and composition of crude oil and water used in this study

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Salinities of the aqueous fluids used in this study

Table 14.2 Physical properties of MC252 crude oil

Table 14.3 Conditions of pressure and temperature specific to various water depths

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 HLD parameters for selected surfactants

Table 15.2 Equivalent alkane number for selected oils

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Surfactants used in the study

Table 16.2 Summary of light scattering experiments

Table 16.3 Efficiency of pyrene removal for different surfactant formulations

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Conceptual diagram of monitoring efforts on the surface and in the deep sea.

Figure 1.2 Dispersed Alaska North Slope crude oil droplet size subjected to (a) physical dispersion, (b) dispersion by Corexit 9500, and (c) dispersion by Dispersit SPC 1000. Open circles are for droplets dispersed under regular nonbreaking waves, and solid circles are under breaking wave conditions (from Li et al., 2009).

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 DWH Macondo blowout daily hydrocarbon release and applied aerial and subsurface dispersant application rates from April to July 2010. This data was used to parameterize the much-discussed Oil Budget Calculator (Oil Budget Calculator Science and Engineering Team, 2010). Daily dispersant application data were compiled from the National Incident Command by USGS and kindly provided by the S. Bristol and the USGS. Records do not clearly distinguish between Corexit 9,500A and 9,527A, and so dispersant data here are combined. Oil release rates decline overtime in responses to lessening pressures inside the Macondo formation. Changes in oil flow correspond to the following: day 1 riser falling to the seabed, day 43 riser cut to facilitate recovery efforts boosting flow by approximately 4%, and day 82 stacking cap installed. All hydrocarbon flow into the Gulf ceased on day 84, but a static condition was not declared until day 87. Subsurface dispersant application near the wellhead began on day 9 and then was stopped until day 14 but still not continuously applied until day 25.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Conventional oil spill cleanup technology. Top left to right: manual cleanup, polypropylene-filled sorbent boom, and oil skimmer. Bottom left to right: containment boom, in situ burning, and chemical dispersant.

Figure 3.2 The distribution and intensity of oiling in northeastern Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Shoreline was categorized and identified for remediation according to the extent of oiling. Shoreline “K” in Bay Jimmy is host to ongoing studies of shoreline remediation and recovery.

Figure 3.3 Aggressive remediation of oiled shoreline in Bay Jimmy (Barataria Bay, Louisiana). Left: cleanup crews manually cutting oiled vegetation (Zengel and Michel, 2013). Right: mechanical removal of oiled material.

Figure 3.4 Two BPWS Integrated Systems installed on the D&L Salvage spud barge The Splash (left) and four BPWS Integrated Systems installed on Edison Chouest platform supply vessel ELLA G (right).