One-Dimensional Metals E-Book

Siegmar Roth

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 622

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Low-dimensional solids are of fundamental interest in materials science due to their anisotropic properties. Written not only for experts in the field, this book explains the important concepts behind their physics and surveys the most interesting one-dimensional systems and discusses their present and emerging applications in molecular scale electronics. Chemists, polymer and materials scientists as well as students will find this book a very readable introduction to the solid-state physics of electronic materials.

In this completely revised and expanded third edition the authors also cover graphene as one of the most important research topics in the field of low dimensional materials for electronic applications. In addition, the topics of nanotubes and nanoribbons are widely enlarged to reflect the research advances of the last years.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

About the Authors

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Dimensionality

1.2 Approaching One-Dimensionality from Outside and from Inside

1.3 Dimensionality of Carbon Solids

1.4 Peculiarities of One-Dimensional Systems

References

Chapter 2: One-Dimensional Substances

2.1 A15 Compounds

2.2 Krogmann Salts

2.3 Alchemists' Gold

2.4 Bechgaard Salts and Other Charge Transfer Compounds

2.5 Polysulfurnitride

2.6 Phthalocyanines and Other Macrocycles

2.7 Transition Metal Chalcogenides and Halides

2.8 Conducting Polymers

2.9 Halogen-Bridged Mixed-Valence Transition Metal Complexes

2.10 Miscellaneous

2.11 Isolated Nanowires

2.12 Summary

References

Chapter 3: One-Dimensional Solid-State Physics

3.1 Crystal Lattice and Translation Symmetry

3.2 Reciprocal Lattice, Reciprocal Space

3.3 The Dynamic Crystal and Dispersion Relations

3.4 Phonons and Electrons Are Different

3.5 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Electron–Phonon Coupling and the Peierls Transition

4.1 The Peierls Distortion

4.2 Phonon Softening and the Kohn Anomaly

4.3 Fermi Surface Warping

4.4 Beyond Electron–Phonon Coupling

References

Chapter 5: Conducting Polymers: Solitons and Polarons

5.1 General Remarks

5.2 Conjugated Double Bonds

5.3 A Molecular Picture

5.4 Conjugational Defects

5.5 Solitons

5.6 Generation of Solitons

5.7 Nondegenerate Ground-State Polymers: Polarons

5.8 Fractional Charges

5.9 Soliton Lifetime

References

Chapter 6: Conducting Polymers: Conductivity

6.1 General Remarks on Conductivity

6.2 Measuring Conductivities

6.3 Conductivity in One Dimension: Localization

6.4 Conductivity and Solitons

6.5 Experimental Data

6.6 Hopping Conductivity: Variable Range Hopping vs. Fluctuation-Assisted Tunneling

6.7 Conductivity of Highly Conducting Polymers

6.8 Magnetoresistance

References

Chapter 7: Superconductivity

7.1 Basic Phenomena

7.2 Measuring Superconductivity

7.3 Applications of Superconductivity

7.4 Superconductivity and Dimensionality

7.5 Organic Superconductors

7.6 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 8: Charge Density Waves

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Coulomb Interaction, 4

k

F

Charge Density Waves, Spin Peierls Waves, Spin Density Waves

8.3 Phonon Dispersion Relation, Phase and Amplitude Mode in Charge Density Wave Excitations

8.4 Electronic Structure, Peierls–Fröhlich Mechanism of Superconductivity

8.5 Pinning, Commensurability, Solitons

8.6 Field-Induced Spin Density Waves and the Quantized Hall Effect

References

Chapter 9: Molecular-Scale Electronics

9.1 Miniaturization

9.2 Information in Molecular Electronics

9.3 Early and Radical Concepts

9.4 Carbon Nanotubes

References

Chapter 10: Molecular Materials for Electronics

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Switching Molecular Devices

10.3 Organic Light-Emitting Devices

10.4 Solar Cells

10.5 Organic Field Effect Transistors

10.6 Organic Thermoelectrics

10.7 Summary

References

Chapter 11: Even More Applications

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Superconductivity and High Conductivity

11.3 Electromagnetic Shielding

11.4 Field Smoothening in Cables

11.5 Capacitors

11.6 Through-Hole Electroplating

11.7 Loudspeakers

11.8 Antistatic Protective Bags

11.9 Other Electrostatic Dissipation Applications

11.10 Conducting Polymers for Welding of Plastics

11.11 Polymer Batteries

11.12 Electrochemical Polymer Actuators

11.13 Electrochromic Displays, Smart Windows, and Transparent Conducting Films

11.14 Electrochemical Sensors

11.15 Gas-Separating Membranes

11.16 Hydrogen Storage

11.17 Corrosion Protection

11.18 Holographic Storage and Holographic Computing

11.19 Biocomputing

11.20 Outlook

References

Chapter 12: Finally

Reference

Glossary and Acronyms

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1.1 Simultaneously with Herbert Marcuse's book “One-Dimensional Man” [1], which widely influenced the youth movement of the 1960s, Little's article on “Possibility of Synthesizing an Organic Superconductor” [2] was published, motivating many physicists and chemists to investigate low-dimensional solids.

Figure 1.2 An “external approach” to one-dimensionality. A man tries to draw a wire until it is thin enough to be regarded as one-dimensional. Metallic wires can be made as thin as 1 µm in diameter, but this is still far away from being one-dimensional. (By lithographic processes, semiconductor structures can be made narrow enough to exhibit one-dimensional properties.)

Figure 1.3 Electrons in small and large boxes and energy spacing of the eigenstates.

Figure 1.4 Experiments on individual chains are difficult to perform. But bundles of chains are quite common, for example, fibers of polyacetylene.

Figure 1.5 Crystal surface are excellent two-dimensional systems. The man above tries to improve the crystal face by mechanical polishing. The qualities achieved by this method are not sufficient for surface science. Surface scientists cleave their samples under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and use freshly cleaved surfaces for their experiments.

Figure 1.6 Open Fermi surfaces, analogous to merged soap bubbles, as a criterion of low-dimensionality. The Fermi surface belongs to a solid that is essentially two dimensional. The solid will have no electronic states contributing to electrical conductivity along the axial direction but will easily conduct radially, normal to the axis.

Figure 1.7 Diamond lattice.

Figure 1.8 Graphite lattice.

Figure 1.9 One-dimensional carbon: cumulene.

Figure 1.10 One-dimensional carbon: polycarbyne.

Figure 1.11 Polyethylene, shown at the top as we might imagine the polymerization of ethylene, shown at the bottom as we might imagine the arrangement of bonding.

Figure 1.12 Polyacetylene, the prototype polyene, the simplest polymer with conjugated double bonds.

Figure 1.13 Polyacetylene using a simplified notation.

Figure 1.14 A fullerene molecule. This is an example of a C

60

, but much larger cages can be made.

Figure 1.15 The fullerene crystal lattice: “fullerite.” These compounds have a rich chemistry. They can be doped by placing atoms between the balls, inside the balls, and so on.

Figure 1.16 A very important aspect of one-dimensionality is that obstacles cannot be circumvented.

Figure 1.17 Bond percolation demonstration on a two-dimensional grid, where bonds are successively cut in a random way. (After Zallen [19].)

Figure 1.18 Density of state function at the band edge in three-, two-, and one-dimensional electronic systems. Note the singularity which occurs in the one-dimensional case.

Figure 1.19 Haiku from the ICSM '86 closing ceremony session in Kyoto [23].

Chapter 2: One-Dimensional Substances

Figure 2.1 Little's superconductor [1]. Specially designed groups are attached to polyacetylene chains so that excitations in the substituent “pair” the electrons moving along the chain.

Figure 2.2 Suggestion for a substituent R in Little's superconductor and rearrangement of double bonds upon excitation [1].

Figure 2.3 Plot of annual numbers of publication on solitons laid over Katsushika Hokusai's wood carving “View of Mount Fuji from a wave trough in the open sea off Kanagawa.”