Oocyte Physiology and Development in Domestic Animals E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 618

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Oocyte Physiology and Development in Domestic Animals reviews the most recent advances in the research of physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying oocyte growth and development, providing readers with the fundamental understanding of these key processes and summarizing this important field of research. The book covers multiple molecular and physiological mechanisms including initiation of oocyte growth during folliculogenesis and in vitro follicle culture to support oocyte competence, that are critical to health and quality. Physiological process ranging from gene expression to metabolism will be covered with an eye toward using these factors to uncover biomarkers that will further advance the field. In addition, the text looks at the effects of in vitro maturation environments on oocyte quality and developmental outcome.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Oocyte Development before and during Folliculogenesis

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Germ Cell Cyst and Ovigerous Cord Formation

1.3 Meiotic Entry and Progression

1.4 Follicle Formation

1.5 Follicle Development

1.6 Steroid Hormone Signaling in Oocyte Development

1.7 Summary

References

Chapter 2: The In Vitro Culture of Ovarian Follicles: A Brief History and Current Considerations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 A Brief Historical Review of In Vitro Follicle Culture

2.3 State-of-the-Art In Vitro Follicle Culture

2.4 The Future of Ovarian Follicle Culture

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Regulation of Oocyte Meiotic Resumption by Somatic Cells

3.1 Meiotic Resumption Is Negatively Regulated in a cAMP-Dependent Manner

3.2 The Regulation of cAMP Level in Mouse Oocytes

3.3 The Expression and Roles of PDEs in both Cumulus Cells and Oocytes in Domestic Animals

3.4 Closure of Gap Junctional Communication

3.5 How to Activate the ERK1/2 Pathway in Cumulus Cells of COC

3.6 ERK1/2 in Cumulus Cells Is Required for Meiotic Resumption

3.7 Dynamic Changes of Kinase Activities within Oocytes

3.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Oocyte-Secreted Factors in Domestic Animals

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Historical Background

4.3 Localization and Specificity

4.4 Structure and Genetic Diversity of Gdf9 and Bmp15

4.5 Signalling Mechanisms of Gdf9 and Bmp15

4.6 Roles of Oocyte-Secreted Factors

4.7 Manipulation and Use in Reproductive Technologies

4.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5: MicroRNAs in Oocyte Physiology and Development

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Biogenesis of miRNA

5.3 Recognition and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Target mRNA by miRNA

5.4 miRNA in Germ Cell Differentiation and Oogenesis

5.5 Expression and Regulation of miRNA in Oocyte Development

5.6 miRNAs in Oocyte Maturation and Competence

5.7 miRNAs as Temporal Regulatory Cascades of Maternal mRNA Translation

5.8 miRNAs in Oocyte Development in Relation to Endocrine Control

5.9 miRNA Regulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Oocyte

5.10 Strategic Approaches and Challenges to Study the Role of miRNAs in Oocytes

5.11 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6: Bovine Oocyte Gene Expression: Identification of Functional Regulators of Early Embryogenesis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Potential Contribution of Oocyte-Specific Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulators to Bovine Oocyte Competence: Available Evidence and Gaps in Knowledge

6.3 Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Specific Basic Helix–loop–helix 1/2 and LIM Homeodomain Transcription Factor 8 (Sohlh1, Sohlh2 and Lhx8)

6.4 Maternal Oocyte-Derived Factors Required Specifically for Early Embryogenesis

6.5 Functional Genomics Studies of Bovine Oocyte Competence and Early Embryogenesis: Identification of Novel Mediators

6.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Epigenetic Modifications during Mammalian Oocyte Growth and Meiotic Progression

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Establishment of Epigenetic Modifications during Postnatal Oocyte Growth

7.3 Establishment and Maintenance of DNA Methylation during Oocyte Growth

7.4 Large-Scale Chromatin Remodeling during Meiotic Division

7.5 Environmental Effects Adversely Influencing the Female Gamete

7.6 Chromosome-microtubule Interactions in the Mammalian Oocyte

7.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Oocyte Calcium Homeostasis

8.1 Significance of Ca2+

8.2 Signaling by Ca2+

8.3 Ca2+ Signaling in Oocytes

8.4 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Oocyte Metabolism and Its Relationship to Developmental Competence

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Energy Substrates, In Vivo and In Vitro

9.3 Limitations of Oocyte Metabolism Assessment

9.4 Mitochondrial Function in the Oocyte

9.5 Cattle Oocyte Metabolism

9.6 Pig Oocyte Metabolism

9.7 Mouse Oocyte Metabolism

9.8 Oocyte Metabolism in Other Species

9.9 Oocyte Metabolism of Fatty Acids

9.10 Oocyte Metabolism Controls Meiosis: A View across Species

9.11 Oocyte Metabolism and Redox Balance

9.12 The Relationship between Oocyte Metabolism and Oocyte Quality

9.13 Maternal Diet and Disease Can Alter Oocyte Metabolism

9.14 Oocytes and the Warburg Effect

9.15 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Screening for Oocyte Competence

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Concept of Oocyte Competence

10.3 Influence of Follicular Parameters on Oocyte Competence

10.4 Morphological Changes of the COC Associated with Competence

10.5 Biochemical Changes within the COC Associated with Competence

10.6 The Use of Coasting to Induce Competence in Large Mammals

10.7 The Use of Genomic/Gene Expression in Follicular Cells to Assess Oocyte Competence

10.8 The Use of Genomic/Gene Expression in Cumulus Cells to Assess Oocyte Competence

10.9 Signaling Pathways Involved in Competence Stimulation

10.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: In Vitro Maturation Environment Affects Developmental Outcome

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Oocyte Maturation in Vivo

11.3 In Vitro Embryo Production

11.4 Improving Oocyte Competence before Removal from the Follicle

11.5 Improving Oocyte Competence after Removal from the Follicle

11.6 Effect of Oocyte Environment on Embryo Gene Expression

11.7 Use of IVM in Practice in Cattle

11.8 Long-Term Consequences of in Vitro Maturation

11.9 Concluding Comments

References

Abbreviations

Index

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This book is dedicated to my parents, Frederick and Mary Ellen Krisher, for their unwavering support, belief and willingness to allow me to pursue discovery of all kinds.

Contributors

Mourad AssidiCentre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, CanadaClaudia BaumannDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USARabindranath De La FuenteDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USARobert B. GilchristResearch Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, AustraliaJason R. HerrickNational Foundation for Fertility Research, Lone Tree, CO, USAMd M. HossainInstitute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany and Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, BangladeshJoshua JohnsonYale School of Medicine, Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USARebecca L. KrisherNational Foundation for Fertility Research, Lone Tree, CO, USAPat LonerganSchool of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, IrelandZoltan MachatyDepartment of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USADavid G. MottersheadResearch Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, AustraliaMelissa PeplingDepartment of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USAKarl SchellanderInstitute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyMasayuki ShimadaLaboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, JapanMarc-André SirardCentre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, CanadaGeorge W. SmithLaboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Genomics, Departments of Animal Science and Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USADawit TesfayeInstitute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyJeremy G. ThompsonResearch Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, AustraliaSwamy K. TripuraniLaboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USAMaria M. ViveirosDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USAJianbo Yao Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

Preface

The oocyte is a fascinating cell. It is the foundation of embryonic growth, from a newly fertilized single cell zygote to a fully formed and functioning multicellular organism capable of independent survival. As such, it is incredibly complex. The growth and maturation of the oocyte is itself a highly coordinated process, which can ultimately have long-term consequences for both female fertility and the health of resulting offspring. Our challenge has been and continues to be to understand oocyte physiology, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control oocyte developmental competence.

We have come a long way in this endeavor, as the information presented within the chapters of this book clearly demonstrates. We have made great strides in understanding the biochemical mechanisms at play within the oocyte, from early oocyte growth following follicular activation to communication between the oocyte and the follicle cells, control of nuclear maturation, regulation of gene expression, metabolic requirements, activation, and coordination of subsequent embryonic development. With this knowledge come advances in biomarker discovery to identify high-quality oocytes. We are also learning to appreciate on a molecular and systems biology level the considerable stress placed on this delicate balancing act when we attempt to complete these processes in vitro. This knowledge has substantial implication for assisted reproductive technologies in livestock species, both for agricultural production and biomedical application. In addition, much of what we learn in domestic and laboratory models has direct application to improvements in human medicine.

One of the aims of this book is to present a comprehensive overview that summarizes our current scientific knowledge of oocyte physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Last, but certainly not least, it is my hope that this information will stimulate conversation, collaboration, and critical thinking among current and future scientists, consequently encouraging development and advancement in this exciting field of research.

Acknowledgments

I am first and foremost very grateful to the authors who have contributed to this book. They have provided an excellent array of historical information as well as cutting-edge thought and theory in multiple focus areas of oocyte physiology and across many species. They have been gracious and patient with me as a first-time volume editor. I feel honored to be the coordinator of such an in-depth, significant examination of the mammalian oocyte. The final product is, I believe, a great addition to the scientific knowledge in the field, and I am indebted to the contributors for sharing their expertise.

I am also grateful to Justin Jeffryes, my editor at Wiley-Blackwell, without whom this book would not have come to fruition. He has fielded a mountain of inquiries and carefully guided me throughout the editorial process. He has been incredibly patient, understanding, and supportive, and most importantly encouraging. Justin has always believed in the timeliness and importance of this book. As I see the book coming together in its final form, I am convinced he was right.