Optical CDMA Networks E-Book

Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 714

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This book focuses heavily on the principles, analysis and applications of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) techniques in optical communication systems and networks. In this book, the authors intimately discuss modern optical networks and their applications in current and emerging communication technologies, evaluating the quality, speed and number of supported services. In particular, principles and fundamentals of optical CDMA techniques from beginner to advanced levels are heavily covered. Furthermore, the authors concentrate on methods and techniques of various encoding and decoding schemes and their structures, as well as analysis of optical CDMA systems with various transceiver models including advanced multi-level incoherent and coherent modulations with the architecture of access/aggregation networks in mind. Moreover, authors examine intriguing topics of optical CDMA networking, compatibility with IP networks, and implementation of optical multi-rate multi-service CDMA networks. Key features: * Expanded coverage of optical CDMA networks, starts from principles and fundamentals * Comprehensive mathematical modelling and analysis from signal to system levels * Addresses the applications of modern optical networking in the current and emerging communication technologies * Greater focus on advanced optical multi-level incoherent and coherent modulations, spreading codes, and transceiver designs * Detailed hardware specifications, system-level block diagrams, and network nodes' functionalities This book appeals to researchers, practicing engineers, and advanced students. It is a practical resource for readers with an interest in optical communications and networks.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction to Optical Communications

1.1 Evolution of Lightwave Technology

1.2 Laser Technologies

1.3 Optical Fibre Communication Systems

1.4 Lightwave Technology in Future

1.5 Optical Lightwave Spectrum

1.6 Optical Fibre Transmission

1.7 Multiple Access Techniques

1.7.1 Wavelength Division Multiple Access (WDMA)

1.7.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

1.8 Spread Spectrum Communications Techniques

1.8.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)

1.8.2 CDMA and DS-SS

1.8.3 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)

1.8.4 CDMA and FH-SS

1.9 Motivations for Optical CDMA Communications

1.10 Access Networks Challenges

1.11 Summary

References

Chapter 2: Optical Spreading Codes

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Bipolar Codes

2.2.1 m-Sequence Codes

2.2.2 Gold Sequences

2.2.3 Walsh–Hadamard Codes

2.3 Unipolar Codes: Optical Orthogonal Codes

2.4 Unipolar Codes: Prime Code Families

2.4.1 Prime Codes

2.4.2 Modified Prime Codes (MPC)

2.4.3 The New-Modified Prime Code (n-MPC)

2.4.4 Padded Modified Prime Codes

2.4.5 Group Padded Modified Prime Code (GPMPC)

2.4.6 Transposed Modified Prime Codes

2.5 Codes with Ideal In-Phase Cross-Correlation

2.5.1 Finite Fields

2.5.2 Balanced Incomplete Block Design Codes

2.5.3 Modified Quadratic Congruence Codes

2.5.4 Modified Frequency-Hopping Codes

2.5.5 Codes Evaluation and Comparison

2.6 Multidimensional Optical Codes

2.6.1 Two-Dimensional Optical Spreading Codes

2.7 Channel Encoding in OCDMA Systems

2.7.1 Manchester Codes

2.7.2 Convolutional Codes

2.7.3 Turbo Codes

2.7.4 Turbo Decoding Algorithms

2.8 Turbo-Coded Optical CDMA

2.8.1 Turbo-Coded Optical CDMA Transceivers

2.8.2 Analysis of Uncoded OCDMA

2.8.3 Analysis of Turbo-Coded OCDMA

2.9 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Optical CDMA Review

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Optical Coding Principles

3.3 OCDMA Networking: Users Are Codes

3.3.1 From LAN to PON

3.3.2 OCDMA for Access Networks

3.4 Optical CDMA Techniques

3.4.1 Coherent vs. Incoherent OCDMA

3.4.2 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous OCDMA

3.4.3 Wavelength-Hopping Coding

3.4.4 Spectral Phase Coding (SPC)

3.4.5 Spectral-Amplitude-Coding (SAC)

3.4.6 Time-Spreading Coding

3.5 Free-Space and Atmospheric Optical CDMA

3.6 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Spectrally Encoded OCDMA Networks

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Schemes

4.2.1 Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs)

4.2.2 Acoustically Tuneable Optical Filters (ATOF)

4.2.3 Fibre Bragg Gratings

4.3 System Considerations

4.3.1 Tuneable Range

4.3.2 Bit Rate Limitation

4.3.3 Low-Cost Structure by Using Couplers

4.3.4 Noise Sources at the Receivers

4.4 Gaussian Approach Analysis

4.4.1 Optimal Threshold

4.4.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Bit-Error Rate

4.5 Negative Binomial Approach Analysis

4.5.1 NB Distribution with Hadamard Encoding

4.5.2 NB Distribution with MQC Encoding

4.6 Spectral-Phase-Coding Schemes

4.7 Summary

References

Chapter 5: Incoherent Temporal OCDMA Networks

5.1 Introduction

5.2 PPM-OCDMA Signalling

5.3 PPM-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture

5.3.1 PPM-OCDMA Transmitter Architectures

5.3.2 PPM-OCDMA Receiver Architectures

5.4 PPM-OCDMA Performance Analysis

5.4.1 Analysis of Simple Receiver

5.4.2 Analysis of Receiver with MAI Cancellation and Manchester Encoding

5.4.3 Analysis of a Receiver with MAI Cancellation

5.5 Discussion of Results

5.5.1 BER Against Received Signal Power

5.5.2 BER Against Number of Active Users

5.5.3 BER Against Prime Number

5.6 Overlapping PPM-OCDMA Signalling

5.7 OPPM-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture

5.7.1 OPPM-OCDMA Transmitter Architectures

5.7.2 OPPM-OCDMA Receiver Architectures

5.8 OPPM-OCDMA Performance Analysis

5.8.1 Analysis of Simple Receiver

5.8.2 Analysis of Receiver with MAI Cancellation

5.8.3 Analysis of Receiver with MAI Cancellation and Manchester Encoding

5.8.4 Analysis of Self-Interferences (SI)

5.9 Discussion of Results

5.9.1 BER Performance of Receivers with MAI

5.9.2 BER Performance of Receivers with MAI and SI

5.10 Analysis of Throughput

5.10.1 OPPM-OCDMA Throughput

5.10.2 PPM-OCDMA Throughput

5.11 Summary

References

Chapter 6: Coherent Temporal OCDMA Networks

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Coherent Homodyne BPSK-OCDMA Architecture

6.2.1 Analysis of Phase Modulation with MZI

6.2.2 Analysis of Phase Modulation with DFB Injection-Locking

6.3 Coherent Heterodyne BPSK-OCDMA Architecture

6.3.1 Analysis of Phase Modulation with MZI

6.4 Summary

References

Chapter 7: Hybrid Temporal Coherent and Incoherent OCDMA Networks

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Coherent Transmitter with Incoherent Receiver

7.2.1 Interference Cancellation Technique

7.3 Analysis of Transceivers with MAI Cancellation

7.4 Results and Throughput Analysis

7.5 Summary

References

Chapter 8: Optical CDMA with Polarization Modulations

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Optical Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK)

8.2.1 Theory of Polarization Modulation

8.2.2 Laser Phase Noise

8.2.3 Self-Phase Modulation

8.2.4 Polarization Fluctuation

8.2.5 Polarization Dependent Loss

8.3 PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture

8.3.1 Signals and System Configuration

8.3.2 Decision Rule Analysis at PolSK-OCDMA Receiver

8.3.3 PolSK-OCDMA Signal Processing

8.4 Evaluation of PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver Performance

8.5 Transceiver Architecture for Hybrid F-PolSK-OCDMA

8.5.1 Transmitter Configuration

8.5.2 Receiver Configuration and Signal Processing

8.5.3 Analysis of Receivers Error Probability

8.6 Performance of F-PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver

8.7 Long-Haul PolSK Transmission

8.7.1 Direct-Detection PolSK

8.7.2 Noises in Polarization Modulated Systems

8.8 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Optical CDMA Networking

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Current Solutions

9.1.2 Next Generation Networks (NGN)

9.2 OCDMA-PON

9.3 OCDMA-PON Architecture

9.3.1 OCDMA-PON Transmission Analysis

9.3.2 Performance Discussion of OCDMA-PON

9.4 IP Traffic over OCDMA Networks

9.4.1 IP Transmission over OCDMA Network

9.4.2 Analysis of IP over OCDMA

9.4.3 Performance of IP over OCDMA

9.5 Random Access Protocols

9.5.1 Random Access Protocol Algorithms

9.5.2 Network Performance Metrics

9.5.3 Performance of Prime Code Families in Random Access Protocols

9.6 Multi-Protocol Label Switching

9.6.1 MPLS Fundamentals

9.6.2 Optical MPLS Techniques

9.6.3 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS)

9.7 Summary

References

Chapter 10: Services Differentiation and Quality of Services in Optical CDMA Networks

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Differentiated Services in Optical CDMA

10.3 Variable-Weight Optical Spreading Codes

10.3.1 Distinct Set Approach

10.3.2 Random Approach

10.3.3 Performance Analysis

10.4 Variable-Length Optical Spreading Codes

10.4.1 Performance Analysis

10.5 Multirate Differentiated Services in OCDMA Networks

10.5.1 Performance Analysis

10.6 Summary

References

Index

This edition first published 2012

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd., The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ghafouri-Shiraz, H.

Optical CDMA networks: principles, analysis and applications / Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz, M. Massoud Karbassian.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-66517-6 (cloth)

1. Code division multiple access. 2. Optical fibre communication. I. Karbassian, M. Massoud. II. Title.

TK5103.452.G49 2012

621.385'1—dc23

2011046434

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-0-470-66517-6

Dr. Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz dedicates this book:

To my late parents for their uncompromising principles that guided their life and for leading their children into intellectual pursuits. To my wife for her magnificent devotion to her family. To my children for making everything worthwhile. To my late supervisor Prof. T. Okoshi who made me aware of the immense potential of optical fibre communications. And finally to my research students for their excellent and fruitful research on optical CDMA which motivated us to write this book.

Dr. M. Massoud Karbassian dedicates this book:

List of Figures