Oxygen: High Enzymatic Reactivity of Reactive Oxygen Species E-Book

Carmen Cecilia Espíndola Díaz

• Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2006

Seitenzahl: 383

Beschreibung

This book presents information about the high enzymatic reactivity of reactive oxygen species. Chapters in the book cover several aspects of the topic such as the sources, formation mechanisms, reaction centers, oxidation-reduction reactions, cellular respiration chemistry, enzymatic kinetics, mitochondrial and plastid electron transport chains, oxidation-reduction potential, reaction constants, reaction velocity and reaction mechanisms involved, cellular cytotoxicity, antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants and animals, response of plants to conditions of environmental stress, xenobiotics, and the thermodynamics inherent to oxygen metabolism. The book also features a chapter on flavonoids which highlights a paradoxical facet of the affinity of reactive oxygen species for enzymes. Flavonoids are mainly antioxidant molecules as they act as trappers of reactive oxygen species. The chapter informs readers about the metabolic pathways mediated by enzymes through wich flavonoids become promoters of these same reactive oxygen species. All chapters present the subject in a simple, analytical format, while highlighting the scientific evidence gathered by researchers so far. The volume is an interesting reference for scholars learning about the biochemistry and enzymology of oxygen and its free radical derivatives.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

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General:

PREFACE

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Oxygen

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

1. NATURE

1.2. OXYGEN FREE RADICALS

1.2.1. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

1.2.1.1. Singlet Oxygen

1.2.1.2. Superoxide Radical

1.2.1.3. Hydrogen Peroxide

1.2.1.4. Hydroxyl Radical

1.2.2. Reactions of Reactive Oxygen Species in Aqueous Environments

1.2.3. Fenton Reaction

1.3. CYTOTOXICITY OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS)

1.3.1. Superoxide

1.3.2. Hydrogen Peroxide

1.3.3. Hydroxyl Radical

1.3.4. ROS Damage to Macromolecules

1.3.4.1. Proteins

1.3.4.2. Lípids

1.3.4.3. Carbohydrates

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Biological Oxidation

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

1. REDOX POTENTIAL

1.1. Oxidases

1.2. NADH Dehydrogenase

1.3. Hydroperoxidases

1.4. Oxygenases

2. MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Reactive Oxygen Species Sources

Abstract

1. ENDOGENOUS SOURCES

1.1. Enzymes

1.1.1. Cytochrome c – Enzymatic Oxidation

1.1.2. Xanthine Oxidase (XO) -Reaction Center

1.1.3. Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR)

1.1.4. Galactose Oxidase

1.2. CELLS AND ORGANELLES

1.2.1. Phagocytic Cells

1.2.2. Peroxysomes

1.2.3. Mitochondria

1.2.4. Microsomes

1.3. Cytosolic Molecules

2. EXOGENOUS SOURCES

2.1. Haber – Weiss Reactions

2.2. Iron

2.2.1. Iron Storage Proteins

2.2.1.1. Transferrin

2.2.1.2. Ferritin

2.2.1.3. Heme Oxygenase

2.2.1.4. Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

2.3. COPPER

2.4. CHROME

2.5. CADMIUM

2.6. VANADIUM

2.7. MERCURY

2.8. NICKEL

2.9. ZINC

2.10. LEAD

2.11. COBALT

2.12. XENOBIOTICS. PARAQUAT – PQ

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Antioxidant Defense Systems

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

1. PRIMARY ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS

1.1. Enzymes

1.1.1. Superoxide Dismutase-SOD

1.1.1.1. SOD Inactivation by ROS

1.1.2. Catalase

1.1.3. Selenium-dependent Glutathione Peroxidase

1.1.4. Glutathione Reductase

1.1.5. Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase

1.1.6. Other Enzymes

1.2. Antioxidant Mitochondrial Defense

1.2.1. Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q. Ubiquinone

1.2.1.1. Antioxidant Properties of CoQ

1.3. Non-enzymatic Traps

1.3.1. Proteins

1.3.2. Glutathione

1.3.3. Vitamin C

2. SECONDARY ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS

2.1. ENZYMES

2.1.1. Protein-specific Oxidoreductases

2.1.2. Proteases

2.1.3. Glutathione Peroxidase not Dependent on Selenium

2.1.4. Phospholipases

2.2. Non-enzymatic Traps

2.2.1. Vitamin E

2.2.2. Carotenoids

3. ANTIOXIDANT PLANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Flavonoids as Reactive Oxygen Species Promotors

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

1. FLAVONOID CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

2. TYPES AND SOURCES OF FLAVONOIDS

3. FLAVONOIDS AS TRAPPING AGENTS FOR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES -ROS.

3.1. Structure-function Relationship

3.1.1. Flavonoids as Antioxidants

3.1.1.1. Structural Determinants for Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids

3.2. Redox Chemistry

4. MECHANISMS OF FLAVONOID ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

4.1. Position and Number of Groups OH

4.2. Formation Heat of Flavonoid Radicals (∆Hf)

4.3. Bond Dissociation Energy (BDE) And Ionization Potential (IP)

4.3.1. Quercetin

4.3.2. Rutin

4.4. Chelation of Metallic Ions

5. INHIBITION OF PROOXIDANT ENZYMES MECHANISMS

5.1. Xanthine Oxidase

5.2. Lipoxygenase

6. MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR FLAVONOID ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

7. SOME TECHNIQUES UTILIZED TO DETERMINE THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF FLAVONOIDS

8. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES MEASUREMENT

9. INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PLASMA LEVELS OF FLAVONOIDS

10. FLAVONOIDS PROOXIDANT ACTIVITY MECHANISM

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Oxygen Availability

Abstract

1. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES-ROS IN HYPOXIA

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Oxygen: High Enzymatic Reactivity of Reactive Oxygen Species

Authored by

Carmen Cecilia Espíndola Díaz

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PREFACE

Due to the importance of oxygen to conserve and maintain the life of organisms on earth, it is imperative to be conscious of the need for knowledge about this element, its physical, chemical and physicochemical properties, metabolism, and everything related to its behavior and its relationship with living organisms in different ecosystems and environments. Similarly, it is vital to know the causes and serious consequences caused by the incorrect management of natural resources on the levels and quality of this element in the biosphere.

This book presents and analyses evidence of the high enzymatic reactivity of reactive oxygen species, their production sources, chemical formation mechanisms, enzymatic oxidation, reaction centers, mechanisms involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, cell respiration chemistry, enzymatic kinetics, electron transport chain mitochondrial and chloroplast, oxidation-reduction potential, reaction constants, reaction velocity and reaction mechanisms involved, cellular cytotoxicity, antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants and animals, the response of plants to conditions of environmental stress, xenobiotics, heavy metals, paraquat, and the thermodynamics inherent to oxygen metabolism. Chapter 5 presents evidence and analyzes the action of flavonoids as promoters of reactive oxygen species. It is written as a paradoxical example of the high reactive affinity of reactive oxygen species for enzymes since during the whole metabolic process that presents flavonoids as trapping agents of reactive oxygen species or oxidants, in the end, and due to this high affinity and reaction rates, they become promoting agents of the same reactive oxygen speciesi-ROS.

Dioxide O2 is not stored in the body. However ambient air (or water) if it is the immediate reservoir of dioxide. The ability to extract oxygen from the environment and carry it to each cell in complex multicellular organisms through just-in-time metabolism was one of the main developments of organisms during evolution. In human cells, there is an increase in reactive oxygen species under conditions of low levels of available oxygen-hypoxia.

The unfortunate experience in which we human beings currently live has alerted all of humanity to the need to take care of nature and the need to have an environment that is as unpolluted as possible since there is sufficient scientific evidence to show the decrease in oxygen levels in the terrestrial and aquatic environments and the devastating effects this has on the survival of organisms. Therefore, there is a need to form citizen conscience about the care of nature and the presence of this essential element for life on earth.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

Carmen Cecilia Espíndola Díaz

Oxygen

Cecilia Espíndola

Abstract

Earth's life depends mainly on the availability of oxygen in the terrestrial biosphere. Based on geochemical records of existing terrestrial oxides, oxygenic photosynthesis occurred in the cyanobacterial precursors approximately 2800 Ma ago. The oxygen level in the atmosphere is now 21%. The human cells use this oxygen to extract the necessary energy through mitochondrial respiration using the reactions of the redox system that involves the transfer of electrons, enzymatic agents, and reactive oxygen species, mainly superoxide radical (O.-2), hydroxyl radical (.OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The different reaction mechanisms from and to produce reactive oxygen species with their reaction constants in aquatic environments are presented here, as well as their production through the Fenton reaction. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between both normal oxygen-free radicals’ production and the cell's ability to detoxify it.

Keywords: Enzymatic Reactivity, Great oxidation event-GOE, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Hydroxyl radical (.OH), Lipid peroxidation, Oxygenic photosynthesis, Reactive oxygen species in aquatic environments, (ROS), ROS cytotoxicity, Superoxide anion (O.-2).