Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3471

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The first edition of this text, edited by two of the world's most respected pediatric cardiologists, set the standard for a single-volume, clinically focused textbook on this subject. This new edition, revised and updated by contributors representing today's global thought leaders, offers increased coverage of the most important current topics, such as pediatric electrophysiology, congenital heart disease, cardiovascular genetics/genomics, and the identification and management of risk factors in children, while maintaining the clinical focus. Published with a companion website that features additional images for download, self-assessment questions designed to aid readers who are preparing for examinations, and other features, Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Edition, is the perfect reference for residents, fellows, pediatricians, as well as specialists in pediatric cardiology.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Development

Introduction

Advances and limitations in studying human development

Formation of the cardiogenic plates and the cardiac tube

Looping of the cardiac tube

Contribution of first and second heart fields

Segmentation of the heart tube

Neural crest and epicardium contributions

Cardiac differentiation and development of cardiac malformations

Acknowledgments

References

2 Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young

Introduction

What is the incidence of CVMs?

Cause of CVMs: understanding in the pregenomic era

Cause of CVMs: understanding in the postgenomic era

Definition of the phenotype

Evidence of genetic origins

Study design for CVM gene discovery

Methods for genotyping

Statistical approaches to gene discovery

Prioritizing statistical approaches

Novel genotyping technology – moving beyond SNPs

Causality

Conclusion

References

3 Developmental Physiology of the Circulation

Course of the fetal circulation

Distribution of cardiac output

Determinants of cardiac output

Regulation of the circulation in the fetus

Changes in circulation at birth

Congenital cardiovascular malformations and the fetal circulation

References

4 Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart, and Coronary and Peripheral Circulations

Gross anatomy

Physiology and pathophysiology

Coronary pathophysiology

Myocardial blood flow

References

5 Pulmonary Vascular Pathophysiology

Development of the pulmonary vasculature in embryonic and fetal life

Counteracting the pathology of PAH with “vasodilator” therapy

Chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

Collagen vascular disease, inflammation, and pulmonary hypertension

Toxins and pulmonary hypertension

Unexplained pulmonary hypertension: novel insights through genetics

Future directions

References

6 Clinical History and Physical Examination

History

Physical examination

Cardiac sounds

References

7 Electrocardiography

Principle and technical considerations

The normal ECG

References

8 Echocardiography

Physics

Determinants of image quality

The echocardiographic examination

References

9 Radiographic Techniques

Introduction

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Cardiac computed tomography

Radionuclide scintigraphy

Plain film

Conclusion

References

10 Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography

Introduction

Equipment for cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease

Diagnostic catheterization

Angiography

Contrast media

Angiographic projections (Table 10.1)

3D Rotational angiography

Hemodynamic calculations

Therapeutic cardiac catheterization

Occlusion devices

Hybrid procedures

References

11 Exercise Testing

Introduction

Test methods

Test protocols

Risks

Criteria for terminating a test

Interpreting VO2 values

Precautions regarding some cardiac diagnoses

Conclusion

References

12 Thrombosis in Congenital and Acquired Disease

Introduction

Normal hemostasis

Developmental hemostasis

Thrombophilia

Common measurement of hemostasis

Thrombosis in children with congenital heart disease

Anticoagulant agents

Therapeutic agents (Table 12.2)

Conclusion

References

13 Genetic Testing

Chromosome analysis

FISH

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)

DNA sequencing

Conclusions

References

14 Practices in Congenital Cardiac Surgery: Pulmonary Artery Banding, Systemic to Pulmonary Artery Shunting, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, and Mechanical Ventricular Assist Devices

Introduction

Pulmonary artery band

Systemic to pulmonary shunt

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Mechanical ventricular assistance in the failing heart

References

15 Postoperative Problems

Gastrointestinal complications

Disorders of the liver and pancreatitis

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

References

16 Fetal Treatment

Introduction

Assessment of therapeutic efficacy

Detection of heart disease in pregnancy

History of human fetal cardiac intervention

Case selection, counseling, and timing

Patient selection

Interventional techniques

Equipment and protocol

Post-procedural pregnancy management and support

Altering the natural history of disease

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

17 Newborn Diagnosis and Management

Critical congenital heart disease: frequency of and necessity for early diagnosis

Critical CHD: Presentations

Diagnosis

Pulse oximetry

Further diagnosis

Management: prostaglandin E1 [14–16]

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN) [31]

Acknowledgments

References

18 Noncardiac Problems of the Neonatal Period

Preterm birth

Threshold of viability

The late preterm infant

Maternal considerations

Respiratory problems

Feeding and gastrointestinal problems

Neurologic problems (also see Chapter 52)

References

19 The Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Malformations

Introduction

Definitions, inclusions, and exclusions

Description of complex malformations

Diagnostic hierarchy

Measures of disease frequency

Incidence or prevalence?

Prevalence at live birth of cardiovascular malformations

Causes of cardiovascular malformations

Population prevalence of cardiovascular malformations

Predicting and measuring surgical workload

Cardiovascular malformations and mortality

References

20 Anatomy and Description of the Congenitally Malformed Heart

Introduction

Sequential segmental analysis

Associated malformations

Septal morphology

Conclusion

References

21 Atrial Level Shunts Including Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection and Scimitar Syndrome

Introduction

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Diagnosis

Management

Outcomes after treatment

Future directions

References

22 Atrioventricular Septal Defects

Introduction

Pathologic anatomy

Other associated defects

Embryology

Hemodynamics

Natural history

History and physical examination

Electrocardiography

Radiography

Cardiac catheterization

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Medical management

Surgical repair of AVSD

Summary and conclusions

23 Ventricular Septal Defect

Introduction and historical background

Incidence and genetics

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy

Pathophysiology

Echocardiography

Cardiac catheterization and angiography

Management

Acknowledgment

References

Clinical features

Long-term issues in treated and untreated adults

24 Aortopulmonary Shunts: Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Aortopulmonary Window, Aortic Origin of a Pulmonary Artery

Aortopulmonary window

Anomalous pulmonary artery from aorta

References

Patent ductus arteriosus

25 Sinus of Valsalva Fistula

Incidence and genetics

Pathologic anatomy

Natural history and clinical features

Laboratory investigations

Management

References

26 Systemic Arteriovenous Fistula

Introduction and background

Incidence

Etiology and genetics

Pathologic anatomy

Pathophysiology

Anatomic locations of AVFS

Clinical features and natural history of AVFs

Diagnostic imaging

Management

References

27 Left Ventricular Inflow Obstruction: Pulmonary Vein Stenosis, Cor Triatriatum, Supravalvar Mitral Ring, Mitral Valve Stenosis

Introduction

Pulmonary vein atresia, hypoplasia, and stenosis

Cor triatriatum

Supravalvar mitral stenosis

Mitral Stenosis (MS) and mitral annular hypoplasia

References

28 Left Ventricular Inflow Regurgitation

Anatomy of the normal mitral valve

Physiological and clinical presentation

Functional mitral regurgitation

Quantification of mitral regurgitation

Surgical management

Conclusion

References

29 Right Ventricular Inflow Obstruction

Neonatal period

Isolated hypoplastic right ventricle

Cor triatriatum dextrum

Rhabdomyoma

Children and adolescents

Tricuspid stenosis (TS)

Congenital polyvalvular disease

Tricuspid stenosis from interventional procedures

Right atrial myxoma

Carcinoid syndrome

References

30 Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction: Aortic Valve Stenosis, Subaortic Stenosis, Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis, and Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Introduction

Incidence and genetics

Aortic valvar stenosis

Fetal management of aortic valvar stenosis

Management of infants younger than 1 year

Management of children older than 1 year

Subaortic stenosis

Supravalvar aortic stenosis

Bicuspid aortic valve

Endocarditis and bicuspid aortic valve

31 Left Ventricular Outflow Regurgitation and Aortoventricular Tunnel

Introduction

Incidence

Embryology

Aortic regurgitation

Aortoventricular tunnel

Acknowledgments

References

32 Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch

Coarctation of the aorta

Interrupted aortic arch

Acknowledgments

References

33 Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Valvar pulmonic stenosis

Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis

Subvalvar stenosis

Rare causes of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction

References

34 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Introduction

Historical background, incidence, and genetics

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy and major associated anomalies

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Clinical features

Management

Surgical technique

Postoperative management

Outcomes

References

35 Tricuspid Atresia

Introduction

Nomenclature

Incidence

Embryology

Classification

Pathologic anatomy

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Clinical features

Cardiac catheterization and angiography

Other laboratory studies

Differential diagnosis

Management

References

36 Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve

Introduction and historical background

Incidence

Embryology and pathologic anatomy

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Clinical features

Tricuspid stenosis or insufficiency not associated with ebstein anomaly

References

37 Anomalies of the Coronary Sinus

Introduction

Embryology

Coronary sinus anomalies

References

38 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Introduction

Incidence and genetics

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy

Pathophysiology

Clinical features

Echocardiography

Cardiac catheterization, angiography, and other imaging modalities

Long-term history of treated adults

References

39 Univentricular Heart

Introduction

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy

Hemodynamics

History and physical examination

Natural history

Electrocardiography

Imaging studies

Management

Complications following total right heart bypass

References

40 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

Epidemiology and genetics

Pathogenesis

Morphology

Pulmonary valve

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary arteries

Arterial duct

Coronary arteries

Left-sided structures

Conduction system

Rare associated anomalies

Clinical presentation

Diagnostic cardiac catheterization

Other imaging modalities

Initial management

Late management and prognosis

Prognosis

Pregnancy

References

41 Tetralogy of Fallot and Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect

Introduction

Anatomy

Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve

Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia

Incidence

Natural history

Physical examination and clinical presentation

Absent pulmonary valve

Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia

Diagnosis

Medical management

Postoperative problems and long-term outlook

References

42 Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries

Key points

Embryology and epidemiology

Pathologic anatomy

Hemodynamics and pathophysiology

The fetus

The neonate

Natural history

Physical examination

Electrocardiography

Chest radiography

Echocardiography

Cardiac catheterization

Differential diagnosis

Clinical course

Medical management

Surgical management

References

43 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries

Incidence

Embryology

Anatomy

Associated cardiac abnormalities

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Clinical features

Echocardiography

Cardiac catheterization and angiography

Other imaging modalities

Medical management

Surgical management

References

44 Transposition and Malposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defects

Introduction: A new approach based on surgery

Key points

Epidemiology

Embryology, pathology, and definitions

Surgical options and preoperative screening

Surgical classification

Malposition with ventricular septal defect without right ventricular outflow tract obstruction

Malposition with ventricular septal defect and pulmonic stenosis

References

45 Common Arterial Trunk (Truncus Arteriosus)

Introduction, incidence, and genetics

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy, anatomic classification, and major associated anomalies

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Clinical features

Management

Long-term history of treated and untreated adults

References

46 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations

Introduction

Incidence and genetics

Etiology

Embryology

Anatomy and pathogenesis

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Management

Complications and long-term follow-up

References

47 Vascular Rings

Introduction

Incidence and genetics

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy and major associated anomalies

Natural history

Clinical features

Management

Long-term history

48 Coronary Arterial Abnormalities and Diseases

Classification

Incidence

Embryology

Normal anatomy and variants

Disorders of structure or distribution

Disorders of termination: fistulas between coronary arteries and cardiac chambers, venous vessels, or pulmonary arteries

Disorders of origin

References

49 Pulmonary Artery Sling

Introduction and historical background

Incidence and genetics

Embryology

Pathologic anatomy and major associated anomalies

Associated cardiovascular anomalies

Miscellaneous associated non-cardiovascular anomalies

Pathophysiology

Natural history

Clinical features

Management

Long-term history of treated and untreated adults

References

50 Abnormalities of Situs

Introduction

Atrial situs

Cardiac malposition with situs solitus

Diagnostic features of malposition of the heart in situs solitus and inversus

Surgical treatment of malposition of the heart in situs solitus and situs inversus

Cardiac malposition with situs ambiguus

Cardiac morphology

Clinical features and diagnostic approach

Natural history

Medical management

Surgical treatment of malposition of the heart in situs ambiguus

Mechanical assistance for malposition of the heart

Cardiac transplantation for malposition of the heart

Ectopia cordis

Thoracopagus conjoined twins

References

51 Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension

Introduction

Definition and classification

Epidemiology and genetics

Therapeutic approach to PAH

Management of PAH associated with CHD

Outcome

Conclusion

References

52 Central Nervous System Complications

Genetic factors

Fetal milieu

Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage

The perioperative period

Postoperative delayed recovery of consciousness

Postoperative seizures

Movement disorders

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Headaches

Infectious endocarditis

Brain abscess

Future directions

References

53 Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Demographics

Transition and transfer of care

Establishing an ACHD service

The ACHD team

Differences between the adult and the child with CHD

Contraception

Pregnancy

Acquired co-morbidities affecting care of the patient with CHD

Comorbidities in patients with cyanotic CHD

The future

References

54 Quality of Life and Psychosocial Functioning in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction

Subjective health status and health-related quality of life

Emotional functioning

Clinical implications

References

Further reading

55 Cardiac Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Management

General considerations

Mechanisms of tachycardias

Mechanisms of bradycardia

Mechanisms of premature beats

Clinical evaluation

Electrophysiology study

Emergency treatment

Therapy for specific tachyarrhythmias

References

56 Syncope

Incidence and age at presentation

Causes of syncope

Evaluation of the patient with syncope (Figure 56.1)

Treatment

Conclusion

References

57 Cardiovascular Disease, Sudden Cardiac Death, and Preparticipation Screening in Young Competitive Athletes

Definitions

Causes of sudden death in young athletes

Prevalence and significance of the problem

Demographics

Mechanisms of SD and AEDs

Screening and preparticipation detection of cardiovascular abnormalities

References

58 Cardiomyopathies

Introduction

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Myocarditis

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Overlap disorders

References

59 Pericardial Diseases

Introduction

Other causes of pericardial effusion

Recurrent and chronic pericarditis

Congenital abnormalities of the pericardium

Constrictive pericarditis

References

60 Infective Endocarditis

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Microbiology

Diagnosis

Clinical features

Laboratory features

Echocardiography

Antimicrobial treatment

Prevention

Acknowledgment

References

Further reading

61 Rheumatic Fever

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Pathology

Clinical features and diagnosis

Laboratory testing

Major manifestations

Treatment

Prevention

References

62 Rheumatic Heart Disease

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis of rheumatic heart valve disease

Pathology of rheumatic heart valve disease

Clinical features of RHD

Specific diagnostic challenges

Complications and natural history

Treatment of established rheumatic heart valve disease

Prevention of RF and RHD – A public health perspective

References

63 Kawasaki Disease

History and background

Epidemiology

Pathology

Etiology and pathogenesis

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis

Cardiovascular spectrum and cardiac evaluation

Long-term cardiovascular sequelae and natural history

Treatment and management

References

64 Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Introduction

Definition of hypertension in childhood

Measurement of blood pressure in the young

Causes of hypertension in the young

Evaluating hypertension in children and adolescents

Treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents

References

65 Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Obesity, Diabetes, and Lipids

Epidemiology of childhood obesity

Genetic and prenatal determinants of body composition

Effect of obesity on cardiovascular disease

Prevention, assessment, and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity

The chronic care model

Diabetes mellitus

Metabolic syndrome

Hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents

Lipoprotein metabolism

Hypercholesterolemias

Hypercholesterolemia with hypertriglyceridemia

Hypertriglyceridemias

Disorders of HDL cholesterol

Lipoprotein patterns in children and adolescents

Screening and treatment for dyslipidemias

References

66 Cardiac Tumors

Incidence

Genetics

Clinical manifestations

Tumors of the pericardium

Tumors of the heart

References

67 Connective Tissue Disorders

Introduction

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes

Marfan syndrome

Loeys–Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Cutis laxa syndromes

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Related syndromic causes of aortic/arterial disease

Related non-syndromic causes of aortic/arterial disease

References

68 Cardiac Involvement in the Mucopolysaccharide Disorders

Introduction

Cardiac findings in the MPS disorders

MPS I (Hurler, Hurler–Scheie, Scheie syndromes)

MPS II (Hunter syndrome – severe and attenuated)

MPS III A, B, C, D (Sanfilippo syndrome)

MPS IV (A, B) (Morquio syndrome)

MPS VI (Maroteaux–Lamy)

MPS VII (Sly syndrome)

Conclusion

References

69 Cardiovascular Manifestations of Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Neonatal lupus

Vasculitis

Juvenile dermatomyositis

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

Sarcoidosis

Lyme disease

Side effects of pharmacologic agents

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

70 Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Outcomes

Indications/evaluation

Listing process/donor selection

Immunosuppression after transplantation

Rejection

Infection

Transplant cardiac allograft vasculopathy

Heart retransplantation

Heart–lung and lung transplantation and pediatric cardiovascular disease

References

71 Cardiac Failure

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis and evaluation

Medical management of chronic heart failure

Electrophysiologic management

Acute decompensated heart failure

References

72 Pediatric Cardiology in the Tropics and Underdeveloped Countries

Introduction

Burden of congenital heart disease

Acquired heart disease

References

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pediatric cardiovascular medicine. – 2nd ed. / edited by James H. Moller, Julien I. E. Hoffman.p. ; cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4443-3589-7 (hard cover : alk. paper)ISBN-10: 1-4443-3589-8 (hard cover : alk. paper)I. Moller, James H., 1933– II. Hoffman, Julien I. E., 1925–[DNLM: 1. Cardiovascular Diseases. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. 4. Infant. WS 290]LC classification not assigned618.92′1–dc23

2011030344

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

We dedicate this book to our families and those who supported us in developing our careers in pediatric cardiology.The authors thank the staff of Wiley-Blackwell, particularly Cathryn Gates, Tom Hartman, Kate Newell, Phil Weston and Gill Whitley for their helpfulness at each stage of the publication of this book and supplemental material. Their editorial and production skills have made this an outstanding book.

List of Contributors

Philippe Acar, MD, PhDPediatric Cardiology Unit Children’s Hospital Toulouse University Hospital Toulouse France Ahmad I. Alomari, MD, MSc, FSIRProgram Director, PIR Fellowship Co-Director, Vascular Anomalies Center Assistant Professor Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies Center Children’s Hospital Boston Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics University of Minnesota School of Medicine Minneapolis, MN USA Visiting Professor of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC USA Staff Physician Pediatric Cardiology Pediatric Heart Centre University Children’s Hospital Giessen Germany Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology University Children’s Hospital Tübingen Germany Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI USA Adjunct Professor, Department of Pediatrics Program Manager, KIDClot Program University of Alberta Stollery Children’s Hospital Edmonton, AB Canada Professor of Pediatrics Children’s National Medical Center George Washington University Medical School Washington, DC USA Professor of Pediatric Cardiology University of Geneva Director of Pediatric Cardiology The University Children’s Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Professor of Pediatrics Divisions of Cardiology University of Cincinnati School of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH USA Professor of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI USA Director, The Maurice Lev Congenital Heart and Conduction System Center The Heart Institute for Children Advocate Hope Children’s Hospital Advocate Christ Medical Center Oak Lawn, IL Professor of Pathology Rush University Medical Center Clinical Professor of Pathology Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Chicago Medical School Visiting Professor of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics and Center for Immunology University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN USA Former Professor of Cardiology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK Professor of Pediatrics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN USA Assistant Professor Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Amplatz Children’s Hospital Minneapolis, MN USA Paediatric Cardiologist Green Lane Paediatic and Congenital Cardiac Service Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand Professor of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO USA Associate in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Rome Italy Associate Professor of Cardiology Department of Cardiology Acıbadem University Medical Faculty Acıbadem Maslak Hospital Maslak Istanbul Turkey Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiologist Department of Pediatrics Acıbadem University Medical Faculty Acıbadem Maslak Hospital Maslak Istanbul Turkey Professor of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Chair, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN USA Additional Professor Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India Specialist Registrar in Paediatric Cardiology Royal Brompton Hospital London UK Associate Professor of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Director, Regenstein Cardiac Care Unit Division of Cardiology Children’s Memorial Hospital Chicago, IL USA Clinical Head of Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Grown Up Congenital Heart Disease University of Leipzig – Heart Center Leipzig Germany Consultant Paediatric and Fetal Cardiologist Royal Brompton Hospital Reader in Paediatric Cardiology Imperial College London UK Professor of Surgery Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Surgery Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN USA Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital University of Munich Munich Germany Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Surgery Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN USA Director, Pediatric Arrhythmia Center Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Associate Professor of Pediatrics Stanford University Palo Alto, CA USA Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA USA Head of Clinical Laboratory Section for Pediatric Heart, Lung and Allergic Diseases Division of Pediatrics Women & Children’s Division Oslo University Hospital Nydalen Oslo Norway Associate Professor of Paediatrics The Labatt Family Heart Center Department of Paediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto, ON Canada Reader and Director in Perinatal Cardiology Department of Reproductive Biology Division of Cancer Imperial College London Honorary Consultant Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital London UK Professor of Pediatrics and Human Genetics Departments of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Sciences and Child Health and Development Institute Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY USA Physician-in-Chief Chief Pediatric Cardiology Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Pediatrics New York Medical College Valhalla, NY USA Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Department of Anatomy and Embryology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Instructor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, MI USA Professor of Medicine Director of Pulmonary Vascular Diseases and HHT Medical Director of HHT Foundation International Department of Medicine Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA Professor of Pediatrics Director, Division of Neonatology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, OH USA Associate in Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Rome Italy Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI USA Assistant Professor Division of Cardiology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati, OH USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Cardiology Attending Physician Pediatric Cardiology Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC USA Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA USA Paediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiologist Green Lane Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Service Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, WV USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN USA Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Alabama at Birmingham Alabama Congenital Heart Disease Center Women & Infants Center Birmingham, AL USA Assistant Professor of Cardiac Anatomy and Embryology/Cardiologist Department of Anatomy and Embryology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Medical Director of Non Invasive Cardiology Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center St Jude Children’s Research Hospital Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN USA Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics Honorary President, The Cardiovascular Research Institute Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan Director, Heart Failure/Cardiomyopathy Programs Attending Physician, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA USA Fellow, Department of Medicine Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Medical College of Georgia Augusta, GA USA Professor and Director Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL USA Chief Emeritus of Cardiology at Hospital de Niños Pedro Elizalde Director, Centro Cardiovascular Infantil Buenos Aires Argentina Ex-Chief of Cardiovascular Division Ricardo Gutierrez Buenos Aires Children’s Hospital Ricardo Gutierrez Ex-Professor of Pediatrics Head of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Department Clínica Bazterrica University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Director Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, PA USA Senior Associate in Cardiology Department of Cardiology Children’s Hospital Boston Associate Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA Clinical Professor and Head of Department Pediatric Cardiology Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center Kerala India Pediatric Cardiologist Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville, Fl USA Pediatric Cardiology Unit Children’s Hospital Toulouse University Hospital Toulouse France Fellow, Division of Pediatric Cardiology The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA USA Center for Medical Genetics Antwerp University Hospital University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium Senior Clinical Fellow Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology and Grown Up Congenital Heart Disease University of Leipzig – Heart Center Leipzig Germany Consultant Paediatrician (Cardiology) Divisional Head Department of Paediatric Cardiology Deputy Director Uganda Heart Institute Mulago Hospital Makerere University School of Medicine Kampala Uganda Anatomic and Clinical Pathologist Jesse E. Edwards Registry of Cardiovascular Disease United Hospital St Paul, MN USA Pediatric Cardiology Fellow Department of Pediatrics Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY USA Professor of Pediatrics and Director of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics “Sapienza” – University of Rome Rome Italy Director, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation Minneapolis, MN USA Associate Professor Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and Human Genetics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center University of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati, OH USA Professor of Pediatrics Peter Olley Chair, Pediatric Thrombosis Director KIDClot Program University of Alberta Stollery Children’s Hospital Edmonton, AB Canada 600 Fourth Street SW Rochester, MN USA Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin Ireland Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics and Radiology University of California San Francisco Director, Adult Congenital Heart Program Kaiser Permanente of Northern California San Francisco, CA USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Adjunct Assistant Professor of Radiology Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT USA Adjunct Professor of Medicine Emeritus Professor and former Head of Pediatrics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN USA Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics Cardiology Former Chairman of Department of Pediatric Cardiology Tokyo Women’s Medical University Shinjukuku, Tokyo Japan Consultant Physician (Cardiology) Research and Fellowship Training Division of Cardiology Uganda Heart Institute Mulago Hospital Makerere University School of Medicine Kampala Uganda Consultant Physician Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Uganda Heart Institute Mulago Hospital Makerere University School of Medicine Kampala Uganda Attending Physician, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA USA Professor and Walker Chair of Preventive Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, WV USA Commonwealth Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Associate Chief for Academic Affairs Department of Cardiology Children’s Hospital Boston, MA USA Researcher Thoraxcentre Department of Cardiology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands Head of Cardiovascular Radiology Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades Université Paris V Paris France Fellow, Division of Pediatric Cardiology The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA USA Director, Catheterization Laboratory for Congenital Heart Disease Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia São Paulo, SP Brazil Director, Echocardiography Laboratory for Congenital Heart Disease Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia São Paulo, SP Brazil Chief of Cardiology Texas Children’s Hospital Professor of Pediatrics Leader of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX USA Associate Professor of Pediatrics Section of Pediatric Cardiology Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center West Virginia University College of Medicine Morgantown, WV USA Professor of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Department of Anatomy and Embryology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Clinical Assistant Professor Division of Pediatric Cardiology Stanford University Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Palo Alto, CA USA Professor of Paediatric Cardiology King’s College London Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Department of Paediatric Cardiology Evelina Children’s Hospital Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital London UK Dwight and Vera Dunlevie Professor of Pediatric Cardiology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA USA Research Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, WV USA Assistant in Cardiology Department of Cardiology Children’s Hospital Boston Instructor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA Assistant Professor Department of Cardiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine University of Texas at Houston Medical School Director, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital Professor of Pediatrics University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX USA Professor of Paediatrics University of Toronto Head, Division of Cardiology Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON Canada Professor of Pediatrics Chief, Section of Pediatric Cardiology Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center West Virginia University College of Medicine Morgantown, WV USA Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, MI USA Professor of Congenital Cardiology Director of Adult Congenital Heart Disease Programme Thoraxcentre Department of Cardiology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands Consultant Paediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiologist Evelina Children’s Hospital St Thomas’ Hospital London UK Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics University of Alberta Staff Physician Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Critical Care Stollery Children’s Hospital Edmonton, AB Canada Director, Echocardiography and Cardiology Fellowship Training Medical Director, Telemedicine Children’s National Medical Center Professor of Pediatrics George Washington University Medical School Washington, DC USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI USA Pediatric Cardiology Unit Children’s Hospital Toulouse University Hospital Toulouse France Jennifer Terker Professor of Pediatrics University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Medical Director Heart Transplant Program Division Chief Pediatric Cardiology The Childrens’ Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA USA Director, Electrophysiology Section Division of Pediatric Cardiology Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA USA Associate Professor Shanghai Jiaotong University Director of Cardiology Cardiology Department Children’s Hospital of Shanghai Shanghai China Head of Pediatric Cardiology Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades Université Paris V Paris France Professor of Pediatrics The Roma and Marvin Auerback Scholar in Pediatric Cardiology Division of Pediatric Cardiology Stanford University Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Palo Alto, CA USA Professor of Pediatrics Staff Physician Pediatric Cardiology Program Director Pediatric Cardiology Stollery Children’s Hospital Edmonton, AB Canada Aldo R. Castaneda Associate Professor Department of Surgery Director, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery University of Minnesota Amplatz Children’s Hospital Minneapolis, MN USA Associate Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan Associate Professor Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Cardiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT USA Professor of Physiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX USA Senior Science Officer World Heart Federation Geneva Switzerland Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Department of Congenital Heart Disease Leeds General Infirmary Leeds UK Research Associate Pediatric Cardiology Unit The University Children’s Hospital of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Executive Co-Director, The Heart Institute Kindervelt-Samuel Kaplan Professor and Chief Pediatric Cardiology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Cincinnati, OH USA The S. Bert Litwin Chair, Cardiothoracic Surgery Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Chair, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI USA Clinical Psychologist Associate Professor, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Coordinator, Psychosocial Care Erasmus Medical Centre Sophia Children’s Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands Director, Pediatric Cardiology Professor of Pediatrics Washington University St. Louis Children’s Hospital St. Louis, MO USA Center for Medical Genetics Antwerp University Hospital University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium Assistant Professor of Psychology Institute of Psychology Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands Staff Physician, Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics “Sapienza” – University of Rome Rome Italy Senior Associate in Cardiology Ricardo Gutierrez Children’s Hospital Buenos Aires Director, Postgraduate Pediatric Cardiology Subspecialty Training Course University of Buenos Aires Medical School Buenos Aires Argentina Head of Cardiac Surgery Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades Université Paris V Paris France Professor of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine University of Cincinnati Director, Adolescent and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program The Heart Institute Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH USA Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Associate Professor of Radiology The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA USA Assistant Professor of Pediatrics The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA USA Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Cardiology Freeman Hospital Newcastle upon Tyne UK Associate Professor of Pediatrics Director, Adult Congenital Cardiac Program Primary Children’s Medical Center University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT USA