Perovskite Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 528

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

PEROVSKITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS The book provides a state-of-the-art summary and discussion about the recent progress in the development and engineering of perovskite solar cells materials along with the future directions it might take. Among all 3rd generation solar cells, perovskite solar cells have recently been attracting much attention and have also emerged as a hot research area of competing materials for silicon PV due to their easy fabrication, long charge-carrier lifetime, low binding energy, low defect density, and low cost. This book focuses primarily on the perovskite structures and utilizes them in modern technologies of photovoltaics and environmental applications. It will be unique in terms of the use of perovskite structures in solar cell applications. This book also discusses the type of perovskites, their synthetic approach, and environmental and solar cell applications. The book also covers how perovskite solar cells originated and the recent advances in perovskite solar cells. The reader will find in this book a lucid account that: * Introduces the history of perovskite materials. * Explores perovskite materials for energy conversion and environmental-related applications. * Covers perovskite light absorber materials for the fabrication of high-performance perovskite solar cells. * Describes the device architectures and physics of perovskite solar cells. * Discusses the role of perovskite absorber, electron transport, and hole transport materials layers. Audience The book is essential reading for all those in the photovoltaic community, including materials scientists, surface physicists, surface chemists, solid-state physicists, solid-state chemists, and electrical engineers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

1 Computational Approach for Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cells

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Preliminary Steps

1.3 Advanced Semiconductor Analysis (ASA)

1.4 Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures (AMPS) 20

1.5 Automat for Simulation of Heterostructures (AFORS-HET)

1.6 Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS)

1.7 Conclusion

References

2 Fundamentals of Perovskite Solar Cells

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Structure

2.3 Working Mechanism of PSC

2.4 Device Architecture

2.5 Properties

2.6 Drawbacks and Ongoing Challenges of PSCs

2.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

3 Surface Morphological Effects on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Morphology Control

3.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Growth of Perovskite

References

4 Advanced Synthesis Strategies for Single Crystal Perovskite Halides

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Popular Single Crystal Growth Techniques

4.3 Other Techniques

Conclusions

References

5 Synchrotron-Based Techniques for Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Synchrotron Techniques, Their Limitations and Advantages

5.3 Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction/Scattering (SR-XRD)

5.4

In Situ

XRD

5.5 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

5.6 Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering

5.7 Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Absorption Techniques

5.8 X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure

5.9 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure

5.10 Conclusions

References

6 Recent Progress on Perovskite-Based Solar Cells

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Device Structure and Working Principle of PSCs

6.3 Perovskite-Based Solar Cells

6.4 Conclusion

References

7 BiFeO

3

-Based Materials For Augmented Photoactivity

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Structure, Physicochemical, and Photocatalytic Activity of BiFeO

3

7.3 Elemental Doping in BFO

7.4 BFO Semiconductor Heterojunction Construction

7.5 Separation Ability and Reproducibility

7.6 Conclusion and Perspectives

7.7 Acknowledgement

References

8 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants Using ZnTiO

3

-Based Semiconductor

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Synthesis of ZnTiO

3

8.3 Fundamental Need and Basic Mechanism for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants

8.4 Photocatalytic Degaradation of Pollutants Based on ZnTiO

3

8.5 Conclusion

References

9 Types of Perovskite Materials

Abbreviations

9.1 Introduction

References

10 Effects of Various Additives to CH

3

NH

3

PbI

3

Perovskite Solar Cells

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Crystal Structures of Perovskite Halides

10.3 Basic Configuration of Solar Cells

10.4 Cl Doping to Perovskites

10.5 Sb or As Doping to Perovskites

10.6 Highly (100)-Oriented Perovskites

10.7 Cu Doping to Perovskites

10.8 K/FA Doping to Perovskites

10.9 Morphology Control by Polysilane

10.10 High-Temperature Annealed Perovskites

10.11 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Types of perovskite structures.

Table 2.2

Band gap of different ABX

3

materials [32].

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Various perovskite single crystals with their size and functional properties...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Structure transformations of MAPbX

3

.

Table 10.2

Crystal systems and temperatures of CsSnI

3

.

Table 10.3

Measured structure parameters of CH

3

NH

3

PbI

3

.

Table 10.4

Measured photovoltaic parameters of CH

3

NH

3

PbI

3-x

Cl

x

devices.

Table 10.5

Measured structural parameters of the present perovskite compounds.

Table 10.6

Measured photovoltaic parameters of CH

3

NH

3

Pb

1-x

Sb

x

I

3

devices.

Table 10.7

Measured photovoltaic parameters of the CH

3

NH

3

PbI

3

(Cl) devices.

Table 10.8

Compositions and crystal orientations of the present perovskite cryst...

Table 10.9

Photovoltaic parameters and orientation indices of the present device...

Table 10.10

Estimated compositions and tolerance factors of the present perovski...

Table 10.11

Photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cells.

Table 10.12

Energy gaps, lattice constants and surface coverage of the perovskit...

Table 10.13

Measured photovoltaic parameters and lattice constants of CH

3

NH

3

PbI

3

...

Table 10.14

Measured photovoltaic parameters of MAPbI

3

/(DPPS) perovskite solar cells...

Table 10.15

Measured compositions of the present perovskite solar cells.

Table 10.16

Microstructural parameters of MAPbI

3

crystals...

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

v

ii

iii

iv

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J

Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ([email protected])

Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Perovskite Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications

Edited by

Khursheed Ahmad

Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India

and

Waseem Raza

Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC

For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-76027-6

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

In recent years, global energy demand has increased dramatically. This continuously increasing demand brought on by rapid population growth and industrialization represents one of the biggest challenges facing mankind. Currently, this demand is mainly being fulfilled by fossil fuels, which are limited and will be depleted in the near future due to the very high consumption rate. Moreover, the burning of fossil fuels produces a large amount of harmful gases, such as CO2, SOx, and NOx, which are being released into the atmosphere and polluting the environment. The higher concentration of harmful gases in the environment increases the risk of global warming and acid rain. In addition to this, direct dumping of different organic and inorganic waste into water systems also pollutes water reservoirs and causes waterborne diseases, leading to environmental problems. Therefore, since the ultimate global challenge is to achieve environmental sustainability for our society, it is very important to develop alternative long-lasting, clean and renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels.

Among all the alternative energy sources, solar energy is considered one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels due to its easy availability, cleanness, and accessibility. Moreover, the sun is the fundamental and ultimate source of renewable energy for our planet, which can provide endless carbon emission-free energy for mankind. Around 3.85 yottajoules of solar energy reaches the Earth every year, which is approximately 104 times higher than the world energy consumption annually. However, the availability of solar light depends on the time of day, weather, and seasonal conditions. Therefore, it is critical to convert sunlight to usable or storable energy that can be used as required. In this context, different approaches, such as solar heating, solar thermal electricity, photocatalysis, and photovoltaics, have been involved in harvesting solar energy. Among all these approaches, photovoltaics (PV) is regarded as the most efficient and promising approach, which can directly convert solar radiation into electric power using the photovoltaic effect. Therefore, PV is a successful case of effective utilization of solar energy to generate electricity using semiconducting materials, which can fulfill global energy demand and ease environmental problems. Moreover, PV is the crucial machinery that can provide a carbon-free (decarbonized economy) power supply to achieve a sustainable society. A PV system is made up of solar arrays (solar panels), a solar inverter, and other electrical accessories, and solar cells are building blocks of the PV system. Therefore, solar cells are the electrical device in the PV system which can directly convert solar radiation to electric power. The first PV solar cell was built by Edmond Becquerel in 1839 at age 19. The first solid-state PV solar cell with 1% efficiency was created by Charles Fritts in 1883 with the help of a selenium semiconductor with a thin layer of gold. However, the first practical PV solar cell was constructed by Daryl M. Chapin, Calvin S. Fuller, and Gerald L. Pearson in 1954 based on silicon solar cells with 4.5 to 6% efficiency.

Different types of PV solar cells have been developed, including first-generation (1G) solar cells based on single-crystalline silicon; second-generation (2G) solar cells based on cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and amorphous silicon; and third-generation (3G) solar cells based on organic solar cells (OSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), multijunction cells, quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The commercial 1G solar cells based on crystalline silicon that are currently dominating the PV market exhibit remarkable stability with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 25% in the lab, but the theoretical limit of the PCE is about 31%. The PCE of 2G solar cells is lower than 1G but they are significantly less expensive than 1G solar cells due to their lower processing cost and materials. Since 1G solar cells made up of nontoxic crystalline silicon have about a 25-year performance warranty and show fairly high PCE with negligible degradation, they are leading the PV solar cell market. Although 1G solar cells exhibit high PCE, they are not free from some fundamental drawbacks such as high manufacturing and installation costs. Although there is a relatively large global demand for silicon solar cells, the device formation at high temperature is very expensive due to the high melting point of silicon, limiting their future development. Therefore, it is crucial to explore new PV materials with high PCE and low production costs to replace or complete the state-of-the-art PV technology for the future development of solar cells. In order to fulfill the gap, scientists have been on a quest to develop 3G solar cells with the aim of high PCE with lower cost. Among all 3G solar cells, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently been attracting much attention and have also emerged as a hot research area of competing materials for silicon PV due to their comparable PCE, easy fabrication, long charge-carrier lifetime, low binding energy, low defect density, and low cost.

Perovskite is a mineral consisting largely of calcium titanate (CaTiO3), which was discovered by the German mineralogist Gustav Rose in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1839 and named after the Russian mineralogist Lev Aleksevich Perovski. Since then, the term perovskite is generally applied to the class of materials having the same type of crystal structure and stoichiometry as CaTiO3. A perovskite is an organic/inorganic hybrid and possesses a general formula of ABO3, in which A and B stand for cations of rare-earth or alkaline-earth metals and transition metals of 3d, 4d, and 5d configurations, and O stands for oxygen, which bonds to both cations. The ABO3 structure of perovskite is ideally cubic, whereas A atom is bigger than B and forms the corner of cubic cells, coordinated by a 12-fold cuboctahedral, B atoms are in the center and surrounded by an octahedral of anions with 6-fold coordination and the oxygen atom at the centers of the faces of the unit cells. The oxide perovskites show good activity in various fields such as dielectrics, piezoelectrics, photocatalysis, ferroelectrics and pyroelectrics, etc., but are not good for PV applications. Some compounds, like LiNbO3, BiFeO3, and PbTiO3, exhibit some PV activity due to the ferroelectric polarization effect, which makes them suitable for PV applications. However, halide perovskite, a new class of perovskite, differs from oxide perovskite in that it has a halide anion instead of oxide anions with general formula ABX3, presenting the excellent semiconducting properties that are desired for PV solar cells. Moreover, the A is a monovalent metallic cation from group I of the periodic table instead of divalent in the case of oxide perovskite, B is divalent cations that form transition metals instead of tetravalent, and X is the non-metallic anion (halide).

Halide perovskites were discovered in the 1890s, but they were first comprehensively studied by Wells et al. in 1893. Mitzi’s group investigated the physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskite materials having organic group in the 1990s. In 2006, the Miyasaka group used perovskites as the first photovoltaic absorber, which provided only 2.2% PCE. After that, the development of PSCs continued to boom and exhibited fast improvement in efficiency to 3.8% in 2009, 6.5% in 2011, 20.1% in 2015, 22.1% in 2017, 24.2% in 2019, and 25.5% in 2020. This fast improvement in the performance of PVCs might have been due to their unique properties such as small bandgap, high dielectric constant, lower excitation binding energies, high absorption coefficient, high charge-carrier mobility and length, and so on.

This book provides a state-of-the-art summary and discussion about the recent progress in the development and engineering of PSCs materials along with the future directions it might take. Moreover, the recent advances in perovskite materials for energy conversion and environmental applications have been compiled herein.

Khursheed Ahmad

Waseem Raza

April 2022