Photonic Quantum Technologies E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH GmbH
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Photonic Quantum Technologies
Brings together top-level research results to enable the development of practical quantum devices
In Photonic Quantum Technologies: Science and Applications, the editor Mohamed Benyoucef and a team of distinguished scientists from different disciplines deliver an authoritative, one-stop overview of up-to-date research on various quantum systems. This unique book reviews the state-of-the-art research in photonic quantum technologies and bridges the fundamentals of the field with applications to provide readers from academia and industry, in one-location resource, with cutting-edge knowledge they need to have to understand and develop practical quantum systems for application in e.g., secure quantum communication, quantum metrology, and quantum computing. The book also addresses fundamental and engineering challenges en route to workable quantum devices and ways to circumvent or overcome them.
Readers will also find:
- A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of quantum technologies, including discussions of the second quantum revolution (by Nobel Laureate Alain Aspect), solid-state quantum optics, and non-classical light and quantum entanglement
- Comprehensive explorations of emerging quantum technologies and their practical applications, including quantum repeaters, satellite-based quantum communication, quantum networks, silicon quantum photonics, integrated quantum systems, and future vision
- Practical discussions of quantum technologies with artificial atoms, color centers, 2D materials, molecules, atoms, ions, and optical clocks
Perfect for molecular and solid-state physicists, Photonic Quantum Technologies: Science and Applications will also benefit industrial and academic researchers in photonics and quantum optics, graduate students in the field; engineers, chemists, and computer and material scientists.
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Seitenzahl: 1568
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Volume 1
Preface
Abstracts and Keywords
Chapter 1: Introduction to Quantum Photonics
Chapter 2: The Second Quantum Revolution: From Basic Concepts to Quantum Technologies
Chapter 3: Solid-State Quantum Emitters
Chapter 4: Single-Photon Sources for Multi-photon Applications
Chapter 5: Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
Chapter 6: From Basic Science to Technological Development: The Case for Two Avenues
Chapter 7: Quantum Networks in Space
Chapter 8: Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Planar Dielectric and Metallic Systems
Chapter 9: Single Trapped Neutral Atoms in Optical Lattices
Chapter 10: Long-Distance Entanglement of Atomic Qubits
Chapter 11: Collective Light Emission of Ion Crystals in Correlated Dicke States
Chapter 12: Single-Molecule Magnets Spin Devices
Chapter 13: Molecular-Ion Quantum Technologies
Chapter 14: Optical Atomic Clocks
Chapter 15: Coherent Spin Dynamics of Colloidal Nanocrystals
Chapter 16: Relaxation of Electron and Hole Spin Qubits in III–V Quantum Dots
Chapter 17: Ensemble-Based Quantum Memory: Principle, Advance, and Application
Chapter 18: Telecom Wavelengths InP-Based Quantum Dots for Quantum Communication
Chapter 19: Quantum Optics with Solid-State Color Centers
Chapter 20: Quantum photonics with 2D semiconductors
Chapter 21: Nano-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems for Integrated Quantum Photonics
Chapter 22: Silicon Quantum Photonics - Platform and Applications
Chapter 23: Photonic Realization of Qudit Quantum Computing
Chapter 24: Fiber-Based Quantum Repeaters
Chapter 25: Long-Distance Satellite-Based Quantum Communication
Chapter 26: Quantum Communication Networks for 6G
1 Introduction to Quantum Photonics
1.1 The Photon
1.2 The Light–Matter Interaction
1.3 Single-Photon Sources
1.4 Single-Photon Detectors
1.5 Applications of the Photon in Quantum Technology
References
Part I: Fundamentals of Quantum Technologies
2 The Second Quantum Revolution: From Basic Concepts to Quantum Technologies1 [1]
2.1 Two Quantum Revolutions
2.2 The First Quantum Revolution
2.3 Entanglement and Bell's Theorem
2.4 Quantum Mechanics and Single Objects
2.5 The Second Quantum Revolution in Action: Quantum Information, Quantum Technologies
2.6 Conclusion: Questioning Quantum Mechanics Is Fruitful
References
Notes
3 Solid-State Quantum Emitters
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photon Correlation Functions
3.3 Quantum Emitters
3.4 Single-Photon Sources
3.5 Purcell Enhancement
3.6 Photon Coherence
3.7 Deterministic Excitation of Quantum Emitters
3.8 Conclusions
References
Notes
4 Single-Photon Sources for Multi-Photon Applications
4.1 Motivation and Applications
4.2 Nonlinear Optical Sources
4.3 Quantum Dots
References
Notes
5 Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of QKD
5.3 Security Framework
5.4 Practicalities
5.5 Components of a QKD System
5.6 Performance
5.7 Conclusions and Future Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Notes
6 From Basic Science to Technological Development: The Case for Two Avenues
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermodynamics for an Energetically Efficient Quantum Information Processing
6.3 Data Intensive Tools for Quantum Computing Science
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Quantum Networks in Space
7.1 Global Communication
7.2 Challenges in Global Secure Quantum Networks
7.3 Untrusted Nodes
7.4 Currently Available Technology
7.5 Summary
7.6 Acronyms
References
Part II: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: From Experimental Techniques to Recent Progress
8 Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Planar Dielectric and Metallic Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theory
8.3 Applications
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Single Trapped Neutral Atoms in Optical Lattices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Tools for Trapping Single Neutral Atoms
9.3 Quantum Control of Single Trapped Atoms
9.4 Short Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Long-Distance Entanglement of Atomic Qubits
10.1 Qubit Encoding in Rb
10.2 Trapping Single Atoms
10.3 State Preparation, Control, and Measurement of Single Atoms
10.4 Coherence of the Atomic States
10.5 Creation of Long-Distance Atom–Atom Entanglement
10.6 Employing Distributed Entanglement
Acknowledgments
References
Note
11 Collective Light Emission of Ion Crystals in Correlated Dicke States
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of the Article
11.3 Fundamentals of Trapping and Laser Cooling of Ions in a Paul Trap
11.4 Light Emission of Uncorrelated Ion Crystals
11.5 Theory of Correlated Dicke States Among Trapped Ions via Projective Measurements of Scattered Photons
11.6 Theory of Collective Light Emission of Ion Crystals in Correlated Dicke States
11.7 Theory of Measuring Collective Light Emission from Linear Ion Crystals in Dicke-Correlated States
11.8 Measurement of the Collective Light Emission of a Two Ion Crystal
11.9 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
12 Single-Molecule Magnets Spin Devices
12.1 Introduction
12.2 SMMs and Quantum Effects
12.3 SMMs for Single-Molecule Devices
12.4 SMMs for Quantum Technologies
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Molecular-Ion Quantum Technologies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experimental Techniques
13.3 Destructive State-Readout Techniques
13.4 Quantum-Logic Experiments on Single Trapped Molecular Ions
13.5 Outlook on Future Developments and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
14 Optical Atomic Clocks
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Optical Atomic Clocks
14.3 Optical Clocks with a Single Trapped Yb Ion
14.4 Outlook on Future Developments
Acknowledgments
References
Volume 2
Part III: Spin Qubits and Quantum Memories: From Spin Properties to Physical Realizations
15 Coherent Spin Dynamics of Colloidal Nanocrystals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Spin-Level Structure of Neutral and Charged Excitons
15.3 Photoluminescence in Magnetic Field
15.4 Time-Resolved Faraday Rotation
15.5 Dynamics of Photocharging Visualized via Electron Spin Coherence
15.6 Spin–Flip Raman Scattering
15.7 Surface Magnetism
15.8 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Colloidal NCs
15.9 New Materials: Perovskite QDs
15.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16 Relaxation of Electron and Hole Spin Qubits in III–V Quantum Dots
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fundamental Properties and Devices Investigated
16.3 Relaxation Dynamics of Electron Spin Qubits
16.4 Electron Spin Relaxation Studied in Experiments
16.5 Hole Spin Relaxation in Single Quantum Dots
16.6 Summary
Ackowledgments
References
17 Ensemble-Based Quantum Memory: Principle, Advance, and Application
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Memory Schemes
17.3 Performance Criteria
17.4 Physical Realization
17.5 Applications
17.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Note
Part IV: Solid-State and van der Waals Material Platforms: From Single Quantum Emitters to Hybrid Integration
18 Telecom Wavelengths InP-Based Quantum Dots for Quantum Communication
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Concepts
18.3 Low-Density InP-Based Quantum Dots
18.4 Symmetric InP-Based Quantum Dots as Quantum Light Sources
18.5 Challenges and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
19 Quantum Optics with Solid-State Color Centers
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Color Centers
19.3 Applications
19.4 Proposals and Perspectives
References
20 Quantum Photonics with 2D Semiconductors
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Semiconductor Quantum Emitters
20.3 Engineering 2D Semiconductor Quantum Emitters
20.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
21 Nano-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems for Integrated Quantum Photonics
21.1 Introduction and Overview
21.2 Device Principles
21.3 NOEMS Fabrication
21.4 Application of NOEMS to Quantum Photonics
21.5 Challenges and Perspectives
References
22 Silicon Quantum Photonics - Platform and Applications
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Quantum State of Light on Silicon Photonics Platform
22.3 Applications
22.4 Outlook
References
Part V: Emerging Quantum Technologies: Challenges and Potential Applications
23 Photonic Realization of Qudit Quantum Computing
23.1 Introduction to Qudit Quantum Computing
23.2 Qudit Implementation on Photonic Systems
23.3 Summary and Future Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
24 Fiber-Based Quantum Repeaters
24.1 Quantum Repeater Toolbox
24.2 Quantum Repeaters Based on Heralded Entanglement Distribution
24.3 Memory-Less Quantum Repeaters
24.4 Summary and Discussion
References
25 Long-Distance Satellite-Based Quantum Communication
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ground-Based Feasibility Studies
25.3 Satellite-Based Quantum Communication Experiments with Micius
25.4 Other Quantum Satellite Projects
25.5 Outlook
References
26 Quantum Communication Networks for 6G
26.1 Introduction
26.2 What Is 6G?
26.3 6G Intrinsic Limitations: Why Do We Need Other Technologies?
26.4 The Vision of the Quantum Internet
26.5 The Architectural Convergence of Quantum Technologies and 6G
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Second-order correlation functions for different types of light.
Table 3.2 Different types of single-photon sources.
Table 3.3 Incomplete list of solid-state emitters.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Overview of different excitation schemes.
Table 4.2 Photonic cavity structures overview.
Table 4.3 Active demultiplexing schemes in comparison.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Decoherence rates in the long () and short () wavelength limit...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Overview over the scenarios depicted in Figure 7.1.a)
Table 7.2 Acronyms used in this chapter.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 List of optical atomic clock experiments with a reported systemat...
Table 14.2 Fractional frequency shifts and related relative uncertainties
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 Normalized photon counts and comparison of the true phase and t...
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Different classes of quantum repeaters, and how they each handle ...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Schematic illustration of photon anti-bunching compared to cohere...
Figure 3.2 (a) Schematic of a Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) experiment. D1 and D...
Figure 3.3 Excitation of a single atom producing a single photon on a specif...
Figure 3.4 Heralded single-photon source based on photon pair production in ...
Figure 3.5 Two-level atom in an optical cavity with mode volume . Resonance...
Figure 3.6 Schematic depiction of the Bloch sphere. The state of the system ...
Figure 3.7 Schematic depiction of a Hong–Ou–Mandel experiment. The table giv...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Energy level schemes of SPDC (a) and SFWM (b). All levels except ...
Figure 4.2 Hong–Ou–Mandel interference. a) Photons impinge on a beam splitte...
Figure 4.3 Joint spectral amplitudes with increasing Schmidt number. The hig...
Figure 4.4 Filtering of a correlated joint spectral amplitude. Because the f...
Figure 4.5 Example of a nonlinearity profile approaching a Gaussian shape. (...
Figure 4.6 Brightness vs. number purity trade-off. (a,b) Photon-number distr...
Figure 4.7 Most quantum dots can be described by finite potential wells in t...
Figure 4.8 Except for the Raman scheme, the most prominent (RF, resonance fl...
Figure 4.9 Visualizations of the most prominent monolithic microcavities use...
Figure 4.10 Active temporal-to-spatial demultiplexing of photons from a quan...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Strategies to establish quantum correlations between Alice and Bo...
Figure 5.2 Illustration of a decoy-state QKD setup. Pol-Mod, polarization mo...
Figure 5.3 Illustration of an MDI-QKD setup. Pol-Mod, polarization modulator...
Figure 5.4 (a) Optical injection locking technique. (b) Nanowire-QDs. (c) Si...
Figure 5.5 Secret-key rate vs. distance in some recent QKD experiments.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 The decoherence function as a function of the superposition dis...
Figure 6.2 Scheme of the collisional decoherence. Case 1: the system is init...
Figure 6.3 Suspensions of the Advanced LIGO's mirrors. Top figure: the Hydra...
Figure 6.4 Conceptual scheme of the working process behind the resolved side...
Figure 6.5 Conceptual scheme of the working process behind the evaporative c...
Figure 6.6 Schematic representation describing the difference between the pr...
Figure 6.7 General architecture for a machine learning-assisted quantum comp...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Depiction of different scenarios for a space-based quantum networ...
Figure 7.2 Depiction of the two different repeater schemes mounted to a poss...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Dipole emission in a nanocavity.
Figure 8.2 Dependence of the excited state lifetime of an emitter in water a...
Figure 8.3 Comparison of the emission coming from a thin layer of aqueous so...
Figure 8.4 Interaction of a plane wave incident from below with a nanocavity...
Figure 8.5 Comparison of the excitation intensity generated by focusing a pl...
Figure 8.6 Experimental setup. The nanocavity consists of two silver layers,...
Figure 8.7 Cavity-controlled fluorescence lifetime of a rhodamine 6G, Alexa ...
Figure 8.8 Different samples inside the nanocavity: (a) fluorophores in a so...
Figure 8.9 (a) Calculated dependence of molecule lifetime on its axial posit...
Figure 8.10 Schematic of the experimental setup for MIET imaging. LP filter ...
Figure 8.11 Time-elapsed MIET images recorded in 5-minute time intervals sho...
Figure 8.12 Average cell membrane–substrate distance of untreated (blue) and...
Figure 8.13 Schematic of the positions of Lap2 and Nup358 in the inner nucl...
Figure 8.14 3D architecture of stress fibers at focal adhesions changes from...
Figure 8.15 (a), The substrate consists of a titan/gold/titan multilayer or ...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Fluorescence of a fluctuating small integer number of Cs atoms in...
Figure 9.2 (a) Schematic illustration of the coupled atom-cavity state showi...
Figure 9.3 Rapid Rabi oscillation of single trapped Cs atoms with 60 kHz fre...
Figure 9.4 (a) Random telegraph signal of a strongly coupled atom–cavity sys...
Figure 9.5 Four atoms trapped in a one dimensional optical lattice. Integrat...
Figure 9.6 (a) State-dependent optical lattices acting selectively on either...
Figure 9.7 The most advanced version of the 2D optical conveyor belt. (a) Ap...
Figure 9.8 Sideband spectra of neutral atoms subject to microwave cooling in...
Figure 9.9 Spectrum of vibrational quantum states in a deep sinusoidal optic...
Figure 9.10 Position-dependent microwave addressing of atoms using a magneti...
Figure 9.11 Operations to induce a quantum collision of two particles. (a) S...
Figure 9.12 (a) Schematic of a single-atom four-step Mach–Zehnder interferom...
Figure 9.13 (a) Quantum walks: multiple repetitions of the coin-shift operat...
Figure 9.14 Schematic example of immersing single Cs atoms by means of a con...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 The location of the two laboratories at the main campus of Ludwi...
Figure 10.2 Level scheme for the valence electron of [17]: the ground stat...
Figure 10.3 The glass cell connected to the main UHV set-up: the two particl...
Figure 10.4 Confocal ODT and fluorescence collection setup: the linearly pol...
Figure 10.5 Trace of photon counts: photons collected in the confocal setup ...
Figure 10.6 Creation of atom–photon entanglement via decay from the state ...
Figure 10.7 Fast readout scheme based on Zeeman-state selective ionization. ...
Figure 10.8 Experimental setup for the fast and efficient state readout. The...
Figure 10.9 Magnetic field component in the – plane at caused by the l...
Figure 10.10 Measurement of the time evolution of atoms prepared in the stat...
Figure 10.11 Bell-state measurement (BSM) setup with a fiber beam splitter. ...
Figure 10.12 Overview of the experimental setup with two independent traps: ...
Figure 10.13 Timing scheme for creation of atom–atom entanglement: after tra...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Single atom emission in free space (a), modified via boundary co...
Figure 11.2 Entanglement can be generated by long-range Rydberg interactions...
Figure 11.3 (a) Level scheme and relevant transitions of the ion including...
Figure 11.4 While the fluorescence light emitted on the transiton near...
Figure 11.5 (a) Scheme for weak coherent driving of two ions trapped in a li...
Figure 11.6 Images of the EMCCD camera (left) and interference fringe patter...
Figure 11.7 Interference fringe visibility at the crossover of elastic to in...
Figure 11.8 Considered setup: N identical -level ions are aligned in a row ...
Figure 11.9 Intensity against in the case of a small sample of initially...
Figure 11.10 Possible quantum paths of the initially separable state . Blac...
Figure 11.11 Possible quantum paths of the initial Dicke state .
Figure 11.12 Plot of the maximum intensity of the Dicke state as a funct...
Figure 11.13 Intensity distribution as a function of the position of the...
Figure 11.14 (Color online) -photon quantum paths of statistically indepe...
Figure 11.15 To measure , two ions are trapped and continuously excited o...
Figure 11.16 Theoretically derived spatiotemporal two-photon correlation fun...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Quantum Effects in Single-Molecule Magnets: Schematic view of th...
Figure 12.2 TBA[TbPc2] First 4f-SMM: (a) front and (b) side view of [TbPc2]–...
Figure 12.3 Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetization: Electronic energy level ...
Figure 12.4 Quantum Coherence and Relaxation: Schematic representations of (...
Figure 12.5 Quantum Coherence and Relaxation: (a) Common relaxation mechanis...
Figure 12.6 Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetization: μSQUID hysteresis loops ...
Figure 12.7 Quantum Computer Building Blocks: Schematic representation of qu...
Figure 12.8 Quantum Computer Building Blocks: Multilevel representation of a...
Figure 12.9 TbPc2 Quantum Spin Transistor: Pictorial representation of molecu...
Figure 12.10 TbPc2 Quantum Spin Transistor: Schematic view of the read-out ca...
Figure 12.11 Tb2 Pc3 Quantum Spin Transistors: dI/dV as a function of V ds and
Figure 12.12 Tb2 Pc3 Quantum Spin Transistors: Spins reversals correlation mea...
Figure 12.13 Supramolecular Spin Valves: Schematic view of the spin-valve de...
Figure 12.14 Supramolecular Spin Valves: Magnetization reversal of the Tb3+...
Figure 12.15 Quantum Sensing Configurations: (a) The sensor is prepared in a...
Figure 12.16 Coherence Times in SMMs: Temperature dependence of the electron...
Figure 12.17 SMMs for Quantum Sensing: Scheme of a spin ensemble in a microw...
Figure 12.18 Quantum Simulations with Switchable {Cr7 Ni} wheels: Schematic r...
Figure 12.19 Simulation of QTM with a Vanadyl Electron-nuclear Spin Dimer: P...
Figure 12.20 Simulation of QTM with a Vanadyl Electron-nuclear Spin Dimer: Q...
Figure 12.21 Three-qubits CNOT Gate in a GdW30 SMM: (A) X-band cw EPR spectru...
Figure 12.22 Three-qubits CNOT Gate in a GdW30 SMM: Rabi Frequencies ΩR,n...
Figure 12.23 Grover Algorithm with TbPc2 Spin Transistor: (a) The Grover algo...
Figure 12.24 Quantum Error Correction with SMMs: (a) Quantum circuit for a t...
Figure 12.25 Long Optical Coherence for Quantum Communications: (a) Hole bur...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of a linear-quadrupole radiofrequency i...
Figure 13.2 (a) Illustration of the combined internal-motional energy levels...
Figure 13.3 Rovibrational quantum-state preparation techniques for molecular...
Figure 13.4 Energy-level scheme for the laser cooling of 40 ions. Cooling ...
Figure 13.5 Destructive state detection and spectroscopic techniques for tra...
Figure 13.6 Quantum-non-demolition state detection of molecular ions: (a) si...
Figure 13.7 Noninvasive molecular spectroscopy of single molecular ions: (a)...
Figure 13.8 Phase-sensitive forces for molecular state identification. (A) S...
Figure 13.9 (A) Schematic representation of the quantum-logic spectroscopy i...
Figure 13.10 Nondestructive state determination and coherent manipulation of...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Schematic of an optical atomic clock: a laser oscillator is lock...
Figure 14.2 Types of traps used in optical atomic clocks: (a) the simplest a...
Figure 14.3 Main elements of an optical clock (cf. Figure 14.1). (i) Atomic ...
Figure 14.4 (a) Scheme of the lowest electronic energy levels of Yb, showi...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Negative trion (a) and neutral exciton spin-level structure in N...
Figure 15.2 Photoluminescence of neutral and charged CdSe/CdS QDs [35]. (a) ...
Figure 15.3 Magnetic-field-induced circular polarization of thick-shell (10 ...
Figure 15.4 (a) Magnetic field dependences of equilibrium and time-integra...
Figure 15.5 Coherent spin dynamics of CdSe QDs measured in solution at room ...
Figure 15.6 Photocharging dynamics in CdS QDs (5.5 nm diameter) measured by ...
Figure 15.7 Spin-flip Raman scattering in CdSe NPLs [73]. (a,b) Mechanisms o...
Figure 15.8 Magnetic polaron on surface spins in CdSe QDs [16]. (a) Schemati...
Figure 15.9 Surface spins in CdSe NPLs.(a) PL-spectra of CdSe NPLs (4 mo...
Figure 15.10 Diluted magnetic semiconductor colloidal NCs. (a) Magnetic fiel...
Figure 15.11 Carrier spin coherence in perovskite QDs. (a) Time-resolved Far...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 (a) Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micro...
Figure 16.2 (a) Typical epitaxial layer sequence and schematic band profile ...
Figure 16.3 Electric field () dependent PL spectra with (a) and without (b)...
Figure 16.4 (a) PL excitation spectrum recorded for the negatively charged t...
Figure 16.5 (a) Pump-read measurement cycle for electron spin generation and...
Figure 16.6 Demonstration of spin phase control using a control pulse with R...
Figure 16.7 Predictions of the Merkulov–Efros–Rosen model: electron spin rel...
Figure 16.8 (a) Electron spin dynamics as a function of magnetic field appli...
Figure 16.9 (a) Electron spin dynamics as a function of in-plane magnetic fi...
Figure 16.10 Numerical calculation of the spin correlator at for differe...
Figure 16.11 (a) Photoluminescence spectra as a function of electric field w...
Figure 16.12 Dynamics of the electron spin relaxation at zero external magne...
Figure 16.13 Numerical calculation of central spin relaxation at different v...
Figure 16.14 False color image of the ensemble spin polarization along the
Figure 16.15 Hole spin polarization vs. magnetic field for specific spin sto...
Figure 16.16 Overhauser distribution with anisotropy: The ratio between the ...
Figure 16.17 Hole spin relaxation at zero field: The spin polarization, meas...
Figure 16.18 Modified Gaussian distribution of quadrupolar frequencies: Norm...
Figure 16.19 Quadrupolar parameter variation: the model based on a bi-modal ...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 A typical scheme for cavity-assisted optical loop quantum memory...
Figure 17.2 Scheme for EIT quantum memory. (a) A simple -structure energy l...
Figure 17.3 Scheme for AFC quantum memory. (a) Energy level for the AFC quan...
Figure 17.4 The DLCZ scheme. (a) The write process. An atom is transferred f...
Figure 17.5 Scheme to generate multiple single photons synchronized by absor...
Figure 17.6 Scheme for quantum repeater. Distant nodes A and Z are entangled...
Figure 17.7 Scheme for measurement-device-independent quantum key distributi...
Figure 17.8 Example for single photon detection via quantum memories. (a) Ph...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Micro-photoluminescence (μPL) spectrum from a single InAs/InP QD...
Figure 18.2 Schematic of epitaxially self-assembled growth of embedded QDs. ...
Figure 18.3 (a) Schematic representation of exemplary lowest energy excitoni...
Figure 18.4 (a) Low-temperature (10 K) macro-PL spectrum taken at relatively...
Figure 18.5 (a) Temperature dependencies of longitudinal electron-spin relax...
Figure 18.6 (a) Low-temperature (5 K) μPL spectrum of single QD on DBR from ...
Figure 18.7 (a) Linear polarization-resolved μPL maps for exemplary single Q...
Figure 18.8 (a) Energy of electron and heavy hole levels shown together with...
Figure 18.9 (a) Experimental (black squares) and calculated (blue dots) extr...
Figure 18.10 (a) Low-temperature PL spectra. Inset: High-resolution PL spect...
Figure 18.11 Low-temperature (5 K) PL decay time distribution for single QDs...
Figure 18.12 (a) Emission energies of exciton obtained by Lorentzian fits of...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 (a) Schematic electronic structure levels of the indicating th...
Figure 19.2 Group IV vacancies in diamond: (a) Photoluminescence spectra of ...
Figure 19.3 (A) (a) negatively charged silicon vacancy in SiC; (b) neutral d...
Figure 19.4 (a) For a diamond photonic crystal cavity (PhC), the electric fi...
Figure 19.5 (a) Schematics illustrating the process of spectral diffusion of...
Figure 19.6 (a) Dynamical decoupling spectroscopy reveals structure in the e...
Figure 19.7 (a) Structure of the SiV with labelled optical and phonon mediat...
Figure 19.8 (a) Spin–photon entanglement generation scheme using the NV; (b)...
Figure 19.9 Quantum repeaters overcome photon losses by establishing pairwis...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Crystal structures (top panel) and band structures (bottom panel...
Figure 20.2 (a) Typical photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of semiconductor qua...
Figure 20.3 Main considerations in the design and engineering of 2D semicond...
Figure 20.4 Sketch summarizing the main cavity architectures used for 2D sem...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 (a) Physical mechanisms involved in nano-opto-electro-mechanical...
Figure 21.2 (a): Sketch of tunable beam splitter with light oscillating betw...
Figure 21.3 Comparison of various switching methods using two parallel waveg...
Figure 21.4 Typical NOEMS fabrication procedure. From left to right: Startin...
Figure 21.5 Applications of NOEMS in quantum photonic integrated circuits an...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Typical fabrication process of silicon photonic devices with the...
Figure 22.2 Typical passive components used in quantum photonic circuits, in...
Figure 22.3 Typical active components used in quantum photonic systems, incl...
Figure 22.4 Scanning electron microscope images illustrating heterogeneous i...
Figure 22.5 (a) Heralded Photon Pair(b) Basic HBT setup based on the det...
Figure 22.6 Experimental setups for spectral purity estimation: (a) Typical ...
Figure 22.7 Enhancment Spectral Purity: (a) Exploiting nondegenerate scheme ...
Figure 22.8 Spatial-multiplexing setup: If any detector fires, controller tr...
Figure 22.9 Multidimensional entanglement generation on chip. (a) Frequency ...
Figure 22.10 Multidimensional entanglement generation on chip. (a) High reco...
Figure 22.11 (a) Conceptual scheme of BS task: m-mode linear interferometer ...
Figure 22.12 Generic scheme of quantum communications. (a) Definition of qua...
Figure 22.13 Quantum key distribution protocol. Full stack of the QKD protoc...
Figure 22.14 Examples of silicon PIC for QKD application. (a) Schematic of t...
Figure 22.15 Examples of silicon PIC exploiting orbital angular momentum mod...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Circuit schematic of qudit quantum Fourier transform. The -dime...
Figure 23.2 (a) First half of the PEA where the “phase kick-back” happens. T...
Figure 23.3 The experimental setup for the frequency beam splitter.
Figure 23.4 The full setup for the time-bin X gate. The components in the ex...
Figure 23.5 The illustration of the CINC and SUM gate experimental setup. In...
Figure 23.6 Experimental setup. Component (abbreviate) is, correspondingly, ...
Figure 23.7 The superconducting bosonic processor circuit. Two microwave cav...
Figure 23.8 Franck–Condon factors for the photoionization of the water molec...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 (a) A quantum repeater link with nesting level . (b) An example...
Figure 24.2 A probabilistic quantum repeater with multiple memories per node...
Figure 24.3 The schematic of nested distillation scheme taken from Ref. [11]...
Figure 24.4 The schematic of an encoded quantum repeater taken from Ref. [47...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Overview of the Hefei 13 km entanglement distribution experiment...
Figure 25.2 Bidirectional two-link entanglement distribution over Qinghai La...
Figure 25.3 (a) The QKD transmitter is mounted on a turntable which has appr...
Figure 25.4 Schematics of the 144km free-space decoy-state quantum key distr...
Figure 25.5 The receiver apparatus facing out the port-side door of the NRC ...
Figure 25.6 The full view of the Micius satellite and main payloads [63]. (a...
Figure 25.7 Illustration of the experimental set-up. (a) Overview of the sat...
Figure 25.8 Illustration of the three cooperating ground stations (Graz, Nan...
Figure 25.9 Overview of the experimental setup of quantum key distribution b...
Figure 25.10 Overview of the setup for ground-to-satellite quantum teleporta...
Figure 25.11 Other quantum satellite plans besides Micius. (a) The Quantum E...
Figure 25.12 The roadmaps toward the global quantum communication network. I...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 General timeline of research in quantum mechanics and its applic...
Figure 26.2 6G and the concept of device-edge-cloud continuum orchestration....
Figure 26.3 Main pros and cons of softwarization and programmability.
Figure 26.4 Main pros and cons of in-network intelligence.
Figure 26.5 Main pros and cons of three-dimensional networking.
Figure 26.6 Main pros and cons of distributed multiagent systems.
Figure 26.7 Main pros and cons of the new radio access network.
Figure 26.8 Main pros and cons of encryption.
Figure 26.9 Logical layering of a communication network.
Figure 26.10 Proposed solution to network layering for the Quantum Internet ...
Figure 26.11 Proposed solution to network layering for the Quantum Internet ...
Figure 26.12 Hierarchical 6G virtual architecture showing data plane and con...
Figure 26.13 Experiments of Quantum Key Distribution with the Chinese Satell...
Figure 26.14 Conceptual representation of the CubeSat quantum communications...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Abstracts and Keywords
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Photonic Quantum Technologies
Science and Applications
Volume 1
Edited by Mohamed Benyoucef
Photonic Quantum Technologies
Science and Applications
Volume 2
Edited by Mohamed Benyoucef
Editor
Mohamed BenyoucefUniversity of KasselInstitute of Physics, Center forInterdisciplinary NanostructureScience and Technology (CINSaT)Heinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 KasselGermany
Cover Image: © Jurik Peter/Shutterstock
All books published by WILEY-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details, or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
© 2023 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Print ISBN: 978-3-527-35260-9ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-83741-0ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-83743-4oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-83742-7
Editor
Mohamed BenyoucefUniversity of KasselInstitute of Physics, Center forInterdisciplinary NanostructureScience and Technology (CINSaT)Heinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 KasselGermany
Cover Image: © Jurik Peter/Shutterstock
All books published by WILEY-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details, or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
© 2023 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Print ISBN: 978-3-527-35261-6ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-83741-0ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-83743-4oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-83742-7
I dedicate this book to my parents, for inspiring me throughout my life;
to my wife, and my children for their patience and support;
to my wonderful readers, thank you!
Preface
This book has been inspired by the growing interest in emerging quantum technologies. The ongoing miniaturization of photonic structures due to the availability of sophisticated nanofabrication has provided huge opportunities for physical research of novel phenomena in photonic quantum systems and quantum technological applications. These include quantum information processing such as quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum metrology, and quantum sensing.
The aim here is to bring together scientists with different expertise from across different disciplines. The manuscript provides selected topics on photonic quantum systems from research to applications. The chapters will represent a flavor of the cutting-edge research that is going on in this area. The studied material systems will range from ions, atoms, and molecules through color centers and other solid-state quantum emitters. The intention here is to provide an important guide for the students and researchers of the community. It is dedicated to one of today's most active and rapidly expanding fields of research and development in photonic quantum technologies, in particular the growing number of experimental implementations and practical applications of quantum systems. This book will be unique because it will provide researchers and scientists with various aspects of material development on different platforms and their applications in quantum technologies in one place.
Progress in the realization of quantum devices and circuits enables breakthroughs in experimental tests of quantum physics and in practical applications of quantum technologies in imaging, secure communication, ultrasensitive metrology, and quantum computing. Based on the current worldwide interdisciplinary research activities in these emerging quantum technologies, I strongly believe that the realization of a practical quantum device (e.g. quantum repeaters) will most probably be based on hybrid quantum systems. Therefore, the intention of this publication is to provide an overview of the latest cutting-edge research on photonic quantum technologies and to provide readers (academia and industry), researchers, and scientists with several ingredients in one location. This will help to bridge the gap between scientists working in academia and industry and guide them to understand the current development, the remaining challenges toward the realization of practical quantum systems, and the necessary requirements to overcome such challenges.
This book consists of 26 chapters, written by internationally prominent scientists in the field of quantum technologies from different countries: Austria, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Panama, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is structured into five parts, covering various topics ranging from fundamentals to applications. I anticipate that the book will be helpful for students and researchers involved in this field and that it will encourage and guide engineers in their efforts for industrial implementations.
Though the cover page of the book was chosen before the announcement of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, I am delighted that it matches the award's topic.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Alain Aspect, the 2022 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, for taking time from his busy schedule to contribute a chapter. My sincere thanks go out to all my colleagues for their valuable contributions and their excellent cooperation throughout the writing and editing process.
Furthermore, I would like to thank M. Fox, S. Kais, P. van Loock, D. Oi, and M. Razavi for accepting my invitation to review some chapters and for providing valuable feedback and suggestions.
Special thanks to the editorial staff of Wiley-VCH and in particular to M. Preuss, D. Bez, H. Noethe, M. Abinaya, V. Shyamala, and C. Nussbeck for their support and patience in awaiting the final version and keeping this book on track for publication.
I would also like to thank the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for their continued support. I am also grateful for the financial support provided by the state of Hesse through the LOEWE program. My thanks also go out to the University of Kassel for its internal financial support.
Finally, I want to extend my gratitude to my parents for supporting me in pursuing my studies. My wife and children deserve a special thank you for their unconditional support and gratitude for my absence for several weekends.
Mohamed Benyoucef
Kassel, November 2022
Abstracts and Keywords
Chapter 1: Introduction to Quantum Photonics
Richard J. Warburton*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
A brief and non-technical introduction to contemporary quantum photonics is presented.
Keywords: photon; quantum optics; quantum technology.
Chapter 2: The Second Quantum Revolution: From Basic Concepts to Quantum Technologies
Alain Aspect*,†
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
†The 2022 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics
The second quantum revolution was first conceptual, with the understanding and the experimental demonstration of the extraordinary character of entanglement, as evidenced by Bell inequalities violations. These experiments were permitted by the possibility to observe and manipulate individual quantum objects. The second quantum revolution is now at the stage of using these conceptual advances to develop quantum technologies that are able to go beyond those based on the first quantum revolution.
Keywords: second quantum revolution; entanglement; bell inequalities; quantum computing; quantum cryptography.
Chapter 3: Solid-State Quantum Emitters
A. Mark Fox*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
This chapter gives a tutorial overview of the key parameters that are used to assess solid-state quantum emitters for applications in quantum photonics. Specifically, it covers single-photon purity, coherence and photon indistinguishability, and the methods that are used to quantify them. The chapter concludes with a brief comparison of several of the more common material systems that are used in solid-state quantum optics.
Keywords: quantum emitter; single-photon source; photon statistics; photon anti-bunching; Purcell effect; Rabi rotations; Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment; Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment; photon indistinguishability.
Chapter 4: Single-Photon Sources for Multi-photon Applications
Stefan Frick, Robert Keil, Vikas Remesh, and Gregor Weihs*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Much of the recent development of single-photon sources is driven by the desire to apply them to protocols and technologies that use the interference of two or more photons, such as quantum repeaters or boson sampling. In all of these cases, the indistinguishability of the produced photons is a key requirement. For those applications that want to scale to larger photon numbers, source efficiency is equally important. In this chapter, we will discuss two competing solutions, sources based on nonlinear optics and quantum dots, as the most-used single-quantum emitters.
Keywords: photon-pair sources; quantum dots; multi-particle interference; indistinguishability; number purity; spectral purity; excitation schemes.
Chapter 5: Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
Álvaro Navarrete, Víctor Zapatero,* and Marcos Curty
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
In contrast to public-key cryptography, whose security relies on computational assumptions, quantum key distribution (QKD) provides an information-theoretically secure solution for the task of distributing cryptographic keys between distant parties through an insecure channel. In this chapter, we provide a general introduction to QKD protocols and their security, starting from the theoretical foundations of QKD – based on fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem or entanglement – and moving to state-of-the-art QKD solutions and the latest technological advances.
Keywords: quantum key distribution; quantum communication; quantum cryptography; quantum technologies.
Chapter 6: From Basic Science to Technological Development: The Case for Two Avenues
Matteo Carlesso and Mauro Paternostro*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
We argue that, in the quest for the translation of fundamental research into actual quantum technologies, two avenues that have – so far – only partly explored should be pursued vigorously. On first entails that the study of energetics at the fundamental quantum level holds the promises for the design of a generation of more energy-efficient quantum devices. On second route to pursue implies a more structural hybridization of quantum dynamics with data science techniques and tools, for a more powerful framework for quantum information processing.
Keywords: quantum technologies; quantum thermodynamics; quantum machine learning.
Chapter 7: Quantum Networks in Space
Lisa Wörner*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
The inherent properties of quantum mechanics render it an important subject for fundamental research and applications alike. Entanglement stands out among those, allowing for novel secure communication and more rapid computation. To enable global secure communication, space based networks are required. A space network with trusted nodes for every user is an unviable feat, and could lead, given the amount of potential civil, governmental, and military users, to a cluttering of space. Additionally, global networks of trusted nodes exclude smaller to medium players from profiting from the quantum revolution and the benefits of secure communication. To remain inclusive to small businesses and enable broad usage of the technology, the operation of untrusted nodes in space is inevitable. Consequently, untrusted nodes need to be capable of receiving and re-transmitting the information with the possibility of storage of the information in-between. Hence, space-based quantum repeater, consisting of a receiver, a transmitter, and a coherent memory, could operate as untrusted nodes.
In this chapter, the challenges, necessities, and opportunities for global quantum networks will be discussed. This includes novel techniques for quantum repeater and their current technology readiness level.
Keywords: quantum network; untrusted node; quantum repeater.
Chapter 8: Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Planar Dielectric and Metallic Systems
Alexey I. Chizhik, Daja Ruhlandt, and Jörg Enderlein*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
In this chapter, we present an overview of our recent theoretical and experimental studies of the fluorescence modulation of quantum emitters by planar nanostructures. We will mainly focus on two methods that are based on this phenomenon: (i) axial localization of a fluorophore using energy transfer from the fluorophore to a planar metal film or graphene and (ii) absolute quantum yield measurements using a plasmonic nanocavity. Both methods have been used in a large number of recent studies. We present the full theoretical modeling of these experiments and give an overview of recent experimental results.
Keywords: single-molecule fluorescence; nanocavity electrodynamics; fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy; defocused single-molecule imaging; metal- and graphene-induced energy transfer.
Chapter 9: Single Trapped Neutral Atoms in Optical Lattices
Andrea Alberti and Dieter Meschede*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Controlling neutral atoms one by one has opened the path to create new experimental platforms for investigating their individual as well as their collective dynamics in a bottom-up approach. We discuss the tools for precisely detecting and preparing all degrees of freedom of trapped atoms at the ultimate quantum level, including their internal spin state, their motional state, and also their position, which has relevant quantum character. We summarize applications including single-atom interferometry and quantum walks.
Keywords: cold atoms; trapped neutral atoms; quantum information; quantum walks; single atoms; atom interferometry.
Chapter 10: Long-Distance Entanglement of Atomic Qubits
Kai Redeker, Wenjamin Rosenfeld, and Harald Weinfurter*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Quantum networks connecting future quantum computers and enabling efficient long-distance quantum communication require as most important resource the distribution of entanglement. This chapter details how this can be achieved for the particular example of atomic quantum memories implemented with single, trapped, neutral rubidium atoms.
Keywords: quantum network; quantum communication quantum memory; entanglement.
Chapter 11: Collective Light Emission of Ion Crystals in Correlated Dicke States
Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler* and Joachim von Zanthier
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
We give an overview of collective light scattering of trapped ion crystals serving as arrays of correlated emitters of single, indistinguishable photons into free space. The collectively emitted light is recorded in the far field by detectors, which feature high spatial and high temporal resolution. We observe interference in the first- and second-order photon correlation functions as well as, bunched and antibunched photon statistics. We analyze theoretically how the observed features of collective light scattering off arrays of correlated single photon emitters result from projective quantum measurements into Dicke states.
Keywords: photon statistics and coherence theory; quantum description of interaction of light and matter; cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems; single photon emitter; correlated emission of photons; single ion trapping and cooling.
Chapter 12: Single-Molecule Magnets Spin Devices
Eufemio Moreno-Pineda and Wolfgang Wernsdorfer*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Since the first observation of quantum effects, scientists have striven to gain a deeper knowledge and understating of these characteristics with the ultimate goal of implementing them in practical applications. Today, due to important contributions of many pioneers, we are at the point in which quantum effects can be exploited, prompting the proposal of several futuristic technological applications such as quantum sensing, quantum simulation, quantum computing, and quantum communication. These technologies share some common ground: they rely on the manipulation and read-out of the electronic or nuclear states; hence, their quantum properties must fulfill certain characteristics. To accomplish these tasks, several systems have been proposed; however, among the several prospects, molecular systems have been shown to possess several advantageous characteristics, as compared to common platforms. In this chapter, key aspects of single-molecule magnets allowing their proposal in applications in quantum sensing, quantum simulation, quantum computing, and quantum communications will be revised.
Keywords: quantum sensing; quantum simulations; quantum computing; quantum communications; spin transistor; spin valve; quantum bit; qudit; quantum error correction; quantum tunneling of the magnetization.
Chapter 13: Molecular-Ion Quantum Technologies
Mudit Sinhal and Stefan Willitsch*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Quantum-logic techniques for state preparation, manipulation, and nondestructive interrogation are increasingly being adopted for experiments on single molecular ions confined in traps. The ability to control molecular ions on the quantum level via a co-trapped atomic ion offers intriguing possibilities for new experiments in the realms of precision spectroscopy, quantum information processing, cold chemistry, and quantum technologies with molecules. The present article gives an overview of the basic experimental methods, recent developments, and prospects in this field.
Keywords: molecular ions; quantum-logic spectroscopy; precision measurements; quantum technologies.
Chapter 14: Optical Atomic Clocks
Ekkehard Peik*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Based on the development of atomic clocks and the definition of the unit of time via an atomic resonance frequency, time and frequencies are the most precisely measurable physical quantities. Over the past 30 years, the development of methods of cooling and trapping of atoms and ions and the development of low-noise laser oscillators and the invention of the optical frequency comb that establishes a link between microwave and optical frequencies with nearly perfect fidelity have led to impressive progress in the field. Optical clocks based on laser-cooled and trapped atoms and ions reach a systematic uncertainty in the low range and below. This chapter presents the principles and methods that have enabled these performances.
Keywords: atomic clock; laser cooling and trapping; optical frequency comb; unit of time.
Chapter 15: Coherent Spin Dynamics of Colloidal Nanocrystals
Dmitri R. Yakovlev*, Anna V. Rodina, Elena V. Shornikova, Aleksandr A. Golovatenko, and Manfred Bayer
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
This chapter gives an overview of the spin properties of semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals. We consider the energy and spin-level fine structures in colloidal quantum dots and nanoplatelets and their modification in an external magnetic field. We show how spectroscopic, time-resolved, and magneto-optical experimental approaches can be used for colloidal nanocrystals in order to get information on exciton states as well as the spin dynamics of excitons and charge carriers. We demonstrate that spin-dependent phenomena give access to further properties of colloidal nanocrystals, like the surface states and their spins, the photocharging dynamics, the carrier localization within a nanocrystal, etc.
Keywords: colloidal nanocrystals; colloidal quantum dots; semiconductor nanoplatelets; coherent spin dynamics; time-resolved Faraday rotation; spin-flip Raman scattering; exciton spin structure.
Chapter 16: Relaxation of Electron and Hole Spin Qubits in III–V Quantum Dots
Alexander Bechtold, Tobias Simmet, Friedrich Sbrezny, Nikolai A. Sinitsyn, Kai Müller, and Jonathan J. Finley*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
The control of solid-state qubits for quantum information processing requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms responsible for decoherence. During the past decade, considerable progress has been achieved for describing the qubit dynamics in relatively strong external magnetic fields. However, testing theoretical predictions at very low magnetic fields has proven difficult in optically active dots. Here, we describe our studies of electron and hole spin qubit dephasing in single InGaAs quantum dots using spin memory devices. The results show that without applied magnetic fields, the initially orientated electron spin rapidly loses its polarization due to precession around the fluctuating Overhauser field with an effective magnetic field amplitude of 10.5 mT. The inhomogeneous dephasing time associated with these hyperfine mediated dynamics is ns. Over longer timescales, an unexpected stage of central spin relaxation is observed, namely the appearance of a second feature in the relaxation curve around ns arising from quadrupolar coupling. In comparison, hole spin qubits are shown couple significantly more weakly to the nuclear spin bath. We measure a times longer dephasing time ns for hole spin qubits compared with the electron spin. We also obtain evidence for the impact of anisotropic hyperfine coupling on the spin polarization decay, allowing us to quantify the degree of anisotropy which is fundamental to the character of the confined hole spin wave function. By modeling this behavior, we derive the degree of light-hole heavy-hole mixing, which is an essential mechanism for enabling hole spin dephasing and thus refining the description of hole hyperfine coupling beyond the initially suggested pure Ising form.
Keywords: optically active quantum dots; electron and hole spin qubits; central spin problem; spin photon interfaces
Chapter 17: Ensemble-Based Quantum Memory: Principle, Advance, and Application
Bo Jing* and Xiao-Hui Bao
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Quantum memory for photons plays an important role in quantum information science, such as quantum repeater, quantum network, quantum communication, and quantum computing. The realization of a quantum memory with high efficiency, long lifetime, high fidelity, large bandwidth, and multimode capacity is of great significance for its applications. Atomic ensemble, serving as one of the most appealing physical platforms for quantum memories, has been widely explored toward improving memory performance. Over the past decades, significant progress based on atomic ensembles has been made in developing new schemes and improving memory performances experimentally through various approaches. In this chapter, we first introduce the working principle of quantum memory by reviewing the widely used schemes. Next, we present several key figures of merit for judging memory performance. Afterward, we review the experimental progress made in several different systems. Finally, we give discussions on its application in a number of different directions. The scope of this chapter is limited to single-photon storage with atomic ensembles.
Keywords: quantum memory; atomic ensemble; rare-earth ions; electromagnetically induced transparency; atomic frequency comb; DLCZ.
Chapter 18: Telecom Wavelengths InP-Based Quantum Dots for Quantum Communication
Mohamed Benyoucef* and Anna Musiał
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
