Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment E-Book

Sven Beer

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 509

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

"Marine photosynthesis provides for at least half of the primary production worldwide..."

Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment constitutes a comprehensive explanation of photosynthetic processes as related to the special environment in which marine plants live. The first part of the book introduces the different photosynthesising organisms of the various marine habitats: the phytoplankton (both cyanobacteria and eukaryotes) in open waters, and macroalgae, marine angiosperms and photosymbiont-containing invertebrates in those benthic environments where there is enough light for photosynthesis to support growth, and describes how these organisms evolved. The special properties of seawater for sustaining primary production are then considered, and the two main differences between terrestrial and marine environments in  supporting photosynthesis and plant growth are examined, namely irradiance and inorganic carbon. The second part of the book outlines the general mechanisms of photosynthesis, and then points towards the differences in light-capturing and carbon acquisition between terrestrial and marine plants. This is followed by discussing the need for a CO2 concentrating mechanism in most of the latter, and a description of how such mechanisms function in different marine plants. Part three deals with the various ways in which photosynthesis can be measured for marine plants, with an emphasis on novel in situ measurements, including discussions of the extent to which such measurements can serve as a proxy for plant growth and productivity. The final chapters of the book are devoted to ecological aspects of marine plant photosynthesis and growth, including predictions for the future.

Leseprobe

Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment

Sven Beer, Mats Björk and John Beardall

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beer, Sven, 1949–

    Photosynthesis in the marine environment / Sven Beer, Mats Björk, and John Beardall. – Second edition.

        pages cm

    Includes bibliographical references and index.

    ISBN 978-1-119-97958-6 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-119-97957-9 (pbk.)    1. Photosynthesis.    2. Plants–Effect of underwater light on.    3. Aquatic plants–Ecophysiology.    4. Underwater light.    I. Björk, Mats.    II. Beardall, John.    III. Title.

    QK882.B35 2014

    581.7′6–dc23

2014002673

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Front cover - A thick turf of red and brown algae growing in the high-energy surf zone, Malta. Photo by Mats Björk

Back cover (from left to right) - Colonies of the marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium (see Figure 2.1b). Photo by Birgitta Bergman - Quantum yield measurement of zooxanthellae in a coral by PAM fluorometry (see Figure 9.7). Photo by Katrin Österlund - Various macroalgae in the Mediterranean, with the brown alga Padina sp. on top. Photo by Katrin Österlund - The seagrass Cymodocea serrulata, Zanzibar. Photo by Mats Björk.

Cover design by Steve Thompson

CONTENTS

About the authors

Contributing authors

Preface

About the companion website

Part I Plants and the Oceans

Introduction

Notes

Chapter 1 The evolution of photosynthetic organisms in the oceans

Notes

Chapter 2 The different groups of marine plants

2.1 Cyanobacteria

2.2 Eukaryotic microalgae

2.3 Photosymbionts

2.4 Macroalgae

2.5 Seagrasses

Notes

Chapter 3 Seawater as a medium for photosynthesis and plant growth

3.1 Light

3.2 Inorganic carbon

3.3 Other abiotic factors

Summary notes of Part I

Notes

Part II Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, and Carbon Acquisition in Marine Plants

Introduction to Part II

Note

Chapter 4 Harvesting of light in marine plants: The photosynthetic pigments

4.1 Chlorophylls

4.2 Carotenoids

4.3 Phycobilins

Notes

Chapter 5 Light reactions

5.1 Photochemistry: excitation, de-excitation, energy transfer and primary electron transfer

5.2 Electron transport

5.3 ATP formation

5.4 Alternative pathways of electron flow

Notes

Chapter 6 Photosynthetic CO

2

-fixation and -reduction

6.1 The Calvin Cycle

6.2 CO

2

-concentrating mechanisms

Notes

Chapter 7 Acquisition of carbon in marine plants

7.1 Cyanobacteria and microalgae

7.2 Photosymbionts

7.3 Macroalgae

7.4 Seagrasses

7.5 Calcification and photosynthesis

Summary notes of Part II

Notes

Part III Quantitative Measurements, and Ecological Aspects, of Marine Photosynthesis

Introduction to Part III

Note

Chapter 8 Quantitative measurements

8.1 Gas exchange

8.2 How to measure gas exchange

8.3 Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry

8.4 How to measure PAM fluorescence

8.5 What method to use: Strengths and limitations

Notes

Chapter 9 Photosynthetic responses, acclimations and adaptations to light

9.1 Responses of high- and low-light plants to irradiance

9.2 Light responses of cyanobacteria and microalgae

9.3 Light effects on photosymbionts

9.4 Adaptations of Carbon acquisition mechanisms to light

9.5 Acclimations of seagrasses to high and low irradiances

Notes

Chapter 10 Photosynthetic acclimations and adaptations to stress in the intertidal

10.1 Adaptations of macrophytes to desiccation

10.2 Other stresses in the intertidal

Notes

Chapter 11 How some marine plants modify the environment for other organisms

11.1 Epiphytes and other ‘thieves’

11.2

Ulva

can generate its own empires

11.3 Seagrasses can alter environments for macroalgae and

vice versa

11.4 Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae

Chapter 12 Future perspectives on marine photosynthesis

12.1 ‘Harvesting’ marine plant photosynthesis

12.2 Predictions for the future

12.3 Scaling of photosynthesis towards community and ecosystem production

Summary notes of Part III

References

Index

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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