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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
With the rise of Web 2.0, the need for a highly scalable database, capable of storing diverse user-generated content is increasing. MongoDB, an open-source, non-relational database has stepped up to meet this demand and is being used in some of the most popular websites in the world. MongoDB is one of the NoSQL databases which is gaining popularity for developing PHP Web 2.0 applications.PHP and MongoDB Web Development Beginner’s Guide is a fast-paced, hands-on guide to get started with web application development using PHP and MongoDB. The book follows a “Code first, explain later” approach, using practical examples in PHP to demonstrate unique features of MongoDB. It does not overwhelm you with information (or starve you of it), but gives you enough to get a solid practical grasp on the concepts.The book starts by introducing the underlying concepts of MongoDB. Each chapter contains practical examples in PHP that teache specific features of the database.The book teaches you to build a blogging application, handle user sessions and authentication, and perform aggregation with MapReduce. You will learn unique MongoDB features and solve interesting problems like real-time analytics, location-aware web apps etc. You will be guided to use MongoDB alongside MySQL to build a diverse data back-end.
With its concise coverage of concepts and numerous practical examples, PHP and MongoDB Web Development Beginner’s Guide is the right choice for the PHP developer to get started with learning MongoDB.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
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Table of Contents
PHP and MongoDB Web Development
PHP and MongoDB Web Development
Copyright © 2011 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: November 2011
Production Reference: 1181111
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-84951-362-3
www.packtpub.com
Cover Image by Charwak A ( <[email protected]> )
Credits
Author
Rubayeet Islam
Reviewers
Sam Millman
Sigert de Vries
Nurul Ferdous
Vidyasagar N V
Acquisition Editor
Usha Iyer
Development Editor
Susmita Panda
Technical Editors
Joyslita D'Souza
Veronica Fernandes
Lubna Shaikh
Copy Editor
Laxmi Subramanian
Project Coordinator
Kushal Bhardwaj
Proofreader
Matthew Humphries
Indexer
Tejal Daruwale
Graphics
Valentina D'silva
Production Coordinator
Prachali Bhiwandkar
Cover Work
Prachali Bhiwandkar
About the Author
Rubayeet Islam is a Software Developer with over 4 years of experience in large-scale web application development on open source technology stacks (LAMP, Python/Django, Ruby on Rails). He is currently involved in developing cloud-based distributed software that use MongoDB as their analytics and metadata backend. He has also spoken in seminars to promote the use of MongoDB and NoSQL databases in general. He graduated from the University of Dhaka with a B.S. in Computer Science and Engineering.
I thank the Almighty for giving me such a blessed life and my parents for letting me follow my passion. My friend and colleague, Nurul Ferdous, for inspiring me to be an author in the first place. Finally, the amazing people at Packt—Usha Iyer, Kushal Bhardwaj, Priya Mukherji, and Susmita Panda, without your help and guidance this book would not have been possible to write.
About the Reviewers
Sam Millman, after achieving a B.Sc. in Computing from the University of Plymouth, immediately moved to advance his knowledge within Web development, specifically PHP. He is a fully self-taught professional Web Developer and IT Administrator working for a company in the south of England.
He first started to show an interest in MongoDB when he went in search of something new to learn. Now he is an active user of the MongoDB Google User Group and is about to release a new site written in PHP with MongoDB as the primary data store.
Sigert de Vries (1983) is a professional Web Developer working in The Netherlands. He has worked in several companies as a System Administrator and Web Developer. He is a specialist in high performance websites and is an open source enthusiast. With his communicative skills, he translates advanced technical issues to "normal" human language.
Sigert is currently working at Worldticketshop.com, helping them to be one of the largest ticket marketplaces in Europe. Within the company, there's plenty of room to use NoSQL solutions such as MongoDB.
I would like to thank Packt publishing for asking me to review this book, it has been a pleasure!
Vidyasagar N V was interested in Computer Science since an early age. Some of his serious work in computers and computer networks began during his high school days. Later, he went to the prestigious Institute Of Technology, Banaras Hindu University for his B.Tech. He has been working as a Software Developer and Data Expert, developing and building scalable systems. He has worked with a variety of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation languages. He has worked with flat files, indexed files, hierarchical databases, network databases, relational databases, NoSQL databases, Hadoop, and related technologies. Currently, he is working as a Senior Developer at Ziva Software Pvt. Ltd., developing big database-structured data-extraction techniques for the Web and local information. He enjoys producing high-quality software, web-based solutions, and designing secure and scalable data systems.
I would like to thank my parents, Mr. N Srinivasa Rao and Mrs.Latha Rao, and my family who supported and backed me throughout my life. My friends for being friends, and all those people willing to donate their time, effort, and expertise by participating in open source software projects. Thank you Packt Publishing for selecting me as one of the technical reviewers on this wonderful book. It is my honor to be a part of this book. You can contact me at <[email protected]>.
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Preface
MongoDB is an open source, non-relational database system designed to meet the needs of modern Web 2.0 applications. It is currently being used by some of the most popular websites in the world. This book introduces MongoDB to the web developer who has some background building web applications using PHP. This book teaches what MongoDB is, how it is different from relational database management systems, and when and why developers should use it instead of a relational database for storing data.
You will learn how to build PHP applications that use MongoDB as the data backend; solve common problems, such as HTTP session handling, user authentication, and so on.
You will also learn to solve interesting problems with MongoDB, such as web analytics with MapReduce, storing large files in GridFS, and building location-aware applications using Geospatial indexing.
Finally, you will learn how to optimize MongoDB to boost performance, improve security, and ensure data durability. The book will demonstrate the use of some handy GUI tools that makes database management easier.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Getting Started with MongoDB introduces the underlying concepts of MongoDB, provides a step-by-step guide on how to install and run a MongoDB server on a computer, and make PHP and MongoDB talk to each other.
Chapter 2, Building your First MongoDB Powered Web App shows you how to build a simple blogging web application using PHP and MongoDB. Through the examples in this chapter, you will learn how to create/read/update/delete data in MongoDB using PHP.
Chapter 3, Building a Session Manager shows you how PHP and MongoDB can be used to handle HTTP sessions. You will build a stand-alone session manager module and learn how to perform user authentication/authorization using the module.
Chapter 4, Aggregation Queries introduces MapReduce, a powerful functional programming paradigm and shows you how it can be used to perform aggregation queries in MongoDB.
Chapter 5, Web Analytics using MongoDB shows you how you can store website traffic data in MongoDB in real time and use MapReduce to extract important analytics.
Chapter 6, Using MongoDB with Relational Databases explores use cases where MongoDB can be used alongside a relational database. You will learn how to archive data in MongoDB, use it for caching expensive query results, and store non-structured metadata about different objects in the domain.
Chapter 7, Handling Large Files with GridFS introduces GridFS, a specification in MongoDB that allows us to store large files in the database.
Chapter 8, Building Location-aware Web Applications with MongoDB and PHP, uses PHP, HTML5, JavaScript, and the Geospatial Indexing feature of MongoDB to build a web application that helps you find restaurants close to your current location.
Chapter 9, Improving Security and Performance shows you how to boost query performance using indexes, use built-in tools for analyzing and fine-tuning queries, improve database security, and ensure data durability.
Chapter 10, Easy MongoDB Administration with RockMongo and phpMoAdmin demonstrates the use of a couple of PHP-based GUI tools for managing MongoDB server—RockMongo and phpMoAdmin.
What you need for this book
Apache web server (or IIS if you are on Windows) running PHP 5.2.6 or higher.
A web browser that supports the W3C Geolocation API (Internet Explorer 9.0+, Google Chrome 5.0+, Firefox 3.5+ or Safari 5.0+).
Chapter 6, Using MongoDB with Relational Databases requires that you have MySQL installed on your machine.
Who this book is for
This book assumes that you have some background in web application development using PHP, HTML, and CSS. Some of the chapters require that you know JavaScript and are familiar with AJAX. Having a working knowledge of using a relational database system, such as MySQL will help you grasp some of the concepts quicker, but it is not strictly mandatory. No prior knowledge of MongoDB is required.
Conventions
In this book, you will find several headings appearing frequently.
To give clear instructions of how to complete a procedure or task, we use:
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Chapter 1. Getting Started with MongoDB
We are about to begin our journey in PHP and MongoDB web development. Since you picked up this book, I assume you have some background building web apps using PHP, and you are interested in learning to develop PHP applications with MongoDB as data backend. In case you have never heard of MongoDB before, it is an open source, document-oriented database that supports the concept of flexible schema. In this chapter, we will learn what MongoDB is, and what do we gain from using MongoDB instead of trusted old SQL databases. We will start by learning briefly about the NoSQL databases (a set of database technologies that are considered alternative to RDBM systems), the basics of MongoDB, and what distinguishes it from relational databases. Then we will move on to installing and running MongoDB and hooking it up with PHP.
To sum it up, in this chapter we will:
So let's get on with it...
The NoSQL movement
You probably have heard about NoSQL before. You may have seen it in the RSS feed headlines of your favorite tech blogs, or you overheard a conversation between developers in your favorite restaurant during lunch. NoSQL (elaborated "Not only SQL"), is a data storage technology. It is a term used to collectively identify a number of database systems, which are fundamentally different from relational databases. NoSQL databases are increasingly being used in web 2.0 applications, social networking sites where the data is mostly user generated. Because of their diverse nature, it is difficult to map user-generated content to a relational data model, the schema has to be kept as flexible as possible to reflect the changes in the content. As the popularity of such a website grows, so does the amount of data and the read-write operations on the data. With a relational database system, dealing with these problems is very hard. The developers of the application and administrators of the database have to deal with the added complexity of scaling the database operations, while keeping its performance optimum. This is why popular websites—Facebook, Twitter to name a few—have adopted NoSQL databases to store part or all of their data. These database systems have been developed (in many cases built from scratch by developers of the web applications in question!) with the goal of addressing such problems, and therefore are more suitable for such use cases. They are open source, freely available on the Internet, and their use is increasingly gaining momentum in consumer and enterprise applications.
Types of NoSQL databases
The NoSQL databases currently being used can be grouped into four broad categories:
MongoDB A document-based NoSQL database
MongoDB falls into the group of document-oriented NoSQL databases. It is developed and maintained by 10gen (http://www.10gen.com). It is an open source database, written in the programming language C. The source code is licensed under AGPL and freely available at GitHub, anyone can download it from the repo https://github.com/mongodb/mongo and customize it to suit his/her needs. It is increasingly being used as a data storage layer in different kinds of applications, both web-based and nonweb-based.
Why MongoDB?
Features that make learning and using MongoDB a win, include:
It is free, it can be downloaded and used without charge. It has excellent documentation and an active and co-operative online community who participate in mailing lists, forums, and IRC chat rooms.
Who is using MongoDB?
Let's take a look at some real world use cases of MongoDB:
MongoDB concepts—Databases, collections, and documents
A MongoDB server hosts a number of databases. The databases act as containers of data and they are independent of each other. A MongoDB database contains one or more collections. For example, a database for a blogging application named myblogsite may typically have the collections articles, authors, comments, categories, and so on.
A collection is a set of documents. It is logically analogous to the concept of a table in a relational database. But unlike tables, you don't have to define the structure of the data that is going to be stored in the collection beforehand.
A document stored in a collection is a unit of data. A document contains a set of fields or key-value pairs. The keys are strings, the values can be of various types: strings, integers, floats, timestamps, and so on. You can even store a document as the value of a field in another document.
Anatomy of document
Let's take a closer look at a MongoDB document. The following is an example of a document that stores certain information about a user in a web application:
The previous document has six fields. If you have some JavaScript experience, you would recognize the structure as JSON or JavaScript Object Notation. The value for the first field, _id, is autogenerated. MongoDB automatically generates an ObjectId for each document you create in a collection and assigns it as _id for that document. This is also unique; that means no two documents in the same collection will have the same values for ID, just like a primary key of a table in a relational database. The next two fields, username and email are strings, age is an integer, and is_admin is boolean. Finally, created is a JavaScript DateTime object, represented as a string.
BSON—The data exchange format for MongoDB
We have already seen that the structure of a document imitates a JSON object. When you store this document in the database, it is serialized into a special binary encoded format, known as BSON, short for binary JSON. BSON is the default data exchange format for MongoDB. The key advantage of BSON is that it is more efficient than conventional formats such as XML and JSON, both in terms of memory consumption and processing time. Also, BSON supports all the data types supported by JSON (string, integer, double, Boolean, array, object, null) plus some special data types such as regular expression, object ID, date, binary data, and code. Programming languages such as PHP, Python, Java, and so on have libraries that manage conversion of language-specific data structures (for example, the associative array in PHP) to and from BSON. This enables the languages to easily communicate with MongoDB and manipulate the data in it.
Note
If you are interested to learn more about BSON format, you may try visiting http://bsonspec.org/.
Similarity with relational databases
Developers with a background on working with relational database systems will quickly recognize the similarities between the logical abstractions of the relational data model and the Mongo data model. The next figure compares components of a relational data model with those of the Mongo data model:
The next figure shows how a single row of a hypothetical table named users is mapped into a document in a collection:
Also just like columns of a RDBMS table, fields of a collection can be indexed, although implementations of indexing are different.
So much for the similarities: now let's talk briefly about the differences. The key thing that distinguishes MongoDB from a relational model is the absence of relationship constraints. There are no foreign keys in a collection and as a result there are no JOIN queries. Constraint management is typically handled in the application layer. Also, because of its flexible schema property, there is no expensive ALTER TABLE statement in MongoDB.
Downloading, installing, and running MongoDB
We are done with the theoretical part, at least for now. It is time for us to download, install, and start playing with MongoDB on the computer.
System requirements
MongoDB supports a wide variety of platforms. It can run on Windows (XP, Vista, and 7), various flavors of Linux (Debian/Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, and so on), and OS X running on Intel-based Macs. In this section, we are going to see step-by-step instructions for having a MongoDB system up and running in a computer, running on Windows, Linux, or OS X.
Time for action - downloading and running MongoDB on Windows
We are going to learn how to download, install, and run MongoDB on a computer running on Windows:
What just happened?
In steps 1 to 3, we downloaded and extracted a ZIP archive that contains binary files for running MongoDB on Windows, moved and extracted it under the C:\ drive, and renamed the folder to mongodb for convenience. In step 4, we created the data directory (C:\data\db). This is the location where MongoDB will store its data files. In step 5, we execute the C:\mongodb\bin\mongod.exe program in the CMD prompt to launch the MongoDB server; this is the server that hosts multiple databases (you can also do this by double-clicking on the file in Windows Explorer). In step 6, after the server program is booted up, we invoke the C:\mongodb\bin\mongo.exe program to start the mongo interactive shell, which is a command-line interface to the MongoDB server:
Once the shell has started, we issue the command show dbs to list all the pre-loaded databases in the server:
Installing the 64-bit version
The documentation at the MongoDB website recommends that you run the 64-bit version of the system. This is because the 32-bit version cannot store more than 2 gigabytes of data. If you think it is likely that the data in your database will exceed the 2 GB limit, then you should obviously download and install the 64-bit version instead. You will also need an operating system that supports running applications in the 64-bit mode. For the purpose of the practical examples shown in this book, we are just fine with the 32-bit version, you should not worry about that too much.
Time for action - downloading and running MongoDB on Linux
Now, we are going to learn how to download and run the MongoDB server on a Linux box:
What just happened?
In step 1, we downloaded the latest stable release of MongoDB 32-bit version for Linux using the wget program, and stored it as a GZIP tarball named mongo.tgz on your machine.
Note
At the time of this writing, the latest production release for MongoDB is 1.8.3. So when you try this, if a newer production release is available, you should download that version instead.
In steps 2 and 3, we extracted the tarball and renamed the extracted directory to mongodb for convenience. In step 4, we created the data directory /data/db for MongoDB, and gave it permission to read from and write to that directory. In step 5, we startup the MongoDB server by executing the mongodb/bin/mongod script.
In step 6, after we have successfully launched the server, we start the mongo interactive shell:
Once the shell has started, we issue the command show dbs to list all the pre-loaded databases in the server:
The databases listed here are special databases pre-built within the server. They are used for administration and authentication purposes. We do not need to concern ourselves with them right now.
Tip
Installing MongoDB using package managers
You can use the package manager of your Linux distribution (apt for Debian/Ubuntu, yum for Fedora/CentOS) to install MongoDB. To get distro-specific instructions, Ubuntu/Debian users should visit http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Ubuntu+and+Debian+packages. Users of CentOS and Fedora should visit http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/CentOS+and+Fedora+Packages. The advantage of using a package manager, other than being able to install with fewer commands, is that you can launch the Mongo server and the client just by typing mongod and mongo respectively in the shell.
