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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Written by authors working at the forefront of research, this accessible treatment presents the current status of the field of collider-based particle physics at the highest energies available, as well as recent results and experimental techniques.
It is clearly divided into three sections; The first covers the physics -- discussing the various aspects of the Standard Model as well as its extensions, explaining important experimental results and highlighting the expectations from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The second is dedicated to the involved technologies and detector concepts, and the third covers the important - but often neglected - topics of the organisation and financing of high-energy physics research.
A useful resource for students and researchers from high-energy physics.
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Seitenzahl: 933
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
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Contents
Cover
Half Title page
Related Titles
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
List of Authors
The Authors
List of Abbreviations
Part One: The Physics
Chapter 1: Setting the Scene
1.1 From the 1970s into the Twenty-first Century
1.2 Problems of the Standard Model
1.3 Other Topics Connected to High Energy Physics
Further Reading
Chapter 2: The Standard Model: Our Picture of the Microcosm
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Local Gauge Invariance
2.3 Formulation of QCD
2.4 Formulation of the Electroweak Standard Model
2.5 Renormalisation
2.6 Electroweak Parameters and Observables
2.7 Some Remarks on Quantum Chromodynamics
2.8 Symmetries
2.9 Mass Scales and Effective Theories
References
Chapter 3: Electroweak and Standard Model Tests: the Quest for Precision
3.1 The Standard Model at Born Level
3.2 The Gain from Additional Precision
3.3 Measurements
3.4 Constraints from Precision Data
References
Chapter 4: Hard QCD: Still Going Strong
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Strong Coupling
4.3 Perturbative QCD at Colliders
4.4 Hard Parton Scattering
4.5 Parton Luminosity
4.6 Fragmentation Functions and Event Shapes
4.7 Jet Production
4.8 Gauge-Boson Production
4.9 Jet Shapes
4.10 Tests of the QCD Gauge Structure
4.11 Outlook
References
Chapter 5: Monte Carlo Generators and Fixed-order Calculations: Predicting the (Un)Expected
5.1 Fixed-Order Born-Level Calculations
5.2 Next-to-Leading Order Calculations
5.3 Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order Calculations
5.4 Leading-Order Parton Showers
5.5 Implementations and Shower Schemes
5.6 Matching Parton Showers to Fixed-Order Calculations
5.7 Hadronisation
5.8 The Underlying Event
References
Chapter 6: The Higgs Boson: Still Elusive After 40 Years
6.1 The Higgs Boson Mass
6.2 Higgs Boson Decays
6.3 Higgs Boson Production at the LEP Collider
6.4 Higgs Boson Production at Hadron Colliders
6.5 Past and Present Searches at LEP and Tevatron
6.6 Prospects for Higgs Boson Searches at the LHC
6.7 Implications of Observation or Exclusion
References
Chapter 7: Supersymmetry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Supersymmetry Transformations and Fields
7.3 Superfields and Superpotential
7.4 Discrete Symmetries
7.5 R-Parity Conservation (P6 Model) vs. R-Parity Violation (B3 Model)
7.6 Measuring Supersymmetry
7.7 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Quark Flavour Physics
8.1 Flavour Within the Standard Model
8.2 Flavour and New Physics
8.3 B-Meson Key Measurements
8.4 Flavour at the Terascale – Outlook
References
Chapter 9: Top Quarks: the Peak of the Mass Hierarchy?
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Top-Quark Pair Production in Hadronic Collisions
9.3 Single Top-Quark Production
9.4 Top-Quark Decay
9.5 Top-Quark Mass
9.6 The Top Quark as a Window to New Physics
References
Chapter 10: Beyond SUSY and the Standard Model: Exotica
10.1 Alternative Higgs
10.2 Technicolour, Composite Higgs and Partial Compositeness
10.3 Extra Dimensions, Strings and Branes
10.4 Grand Unified Theories
10.5 Extra Gauge Bosons
10.6 Leptoquarks
10.7 Unexpected Physics: Hidden Valley, Quirks, Unparticles …
10.8 Model-Independent Search for New Physics
References
Chapter 11: Forward and Diffractive Physics: Bridging the Soft and the Hard
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cross Sections in pp and ep Scattering
11.3 Parton Densities, Small-x and BFKL Dynamics
11.4 Saturation
11.5 Diffractive Final States
11.6 Multiple Scattering, Underlying Event and AGK
11.7 Necessary Instrumentation at the LHC
References
Part Two: The Technology
Chapter 12: Accelerators: the Particle Smashers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 LEP
12.3 Tevatron
12.4 HERA
12.5 LHC
12.6 Linear Collider
References
Chapter 13: Detector Concepts: from Technologies to Physics Results
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Technical Concepts
13.3 Infrastructure
13.4 Organisation
13.5 ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL at LEP
13.6 H1 and ZEUS at HERA
13.7 CDF and DØ at the Tevatron
13.8 ATLAS and CMS at the LHC
13.9 ILD – a Detector Concept for the International Linear Collider
References
Chapter 14: Tracking Detectors: Following the Charges
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Gaseous Detectors
14.3 Semiconductor Detectors
14.4 Track Reconstruction
14.5 Alignment
14.6 Tagging of Heavy Flavours
References
Chapter 15: Calorimetry: Precise Energy Measurements
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Particle Detection
15.3 Particle Showers
15.4 Calorimeters: Response and Resolution
15.5 New Concepts
15.6 Summary
References
Chapter 16: Muon Detectors: Catching Penetrating Particles
16.1 Sources of Muons
16.2 Energy Loss of Muons and Muon Identification
16.3 Measurement of Muon Momenta
16.4 Muon Identification in ATLAS and CMS
16.5 ATLAS and CMS Muon Chambers
16.6 Muon Track Reconstruction and Identification
References
Chapter 17: Luminosity Determination: Normalising the Rates
17.1 Outline
17.2 Luminosity Determination in e+e− Machines
17.3 Luminosity Determination at HERA
17.4 Luminosity Determination at Hadron Colliders
References
Chapter 18: Trigger Systems in High Energy Physics Experiments
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Elements of a Trigger System
18.3 Trigger Systems in Modern HEP Experiments
18.4 Trigger Systems and HEP Data Analysis
18.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 19: Grid Computing in High Energy Physics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Access to the Grid
19.3 Tier-0 Grid Layer
19.4 Tier-1 Grid Layer
19.5 Tier-2 Grid Layer
19.6 Tier Centres’ Hardware Components
19.7 Tier-3 Grid layer
19.8 User Analysis on the Grid
19.9 National Analysis Facility
19.10 Last Steps of a Typical HEP Analysis
19.11 Cloud Computing – the Future?
19.12 Data Preservation
References
Part Three: The Organisation
Chapter 20: The Sociology and Management of Terascale Experiments: Organisation and Community
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Performance and Instruments of Funding
20.3 Technology, Project Structures and Organisation
20.4 From Data Analysis to Physics Publications – the Case of ATLAS
20.5 Budget and Time Considerations
20.6 Conclusions
Further Reading
Chapter 21: Funding of High Energy Physics
21.1 Outline
21.2 High Energy Physics – an International Effort between Accelerator Laboratories and Universities
21.3 Funding and Interplay with Politics
21.4 Federal Structure of Science Policy and Funding in Germany
21.5 European Research Area and EC Funding
21.6 Strategic Decision-Making
21.7 Funding of the LHC and Its Experiments
21.8 Summary and Outlook
Chapter 22: The Role of the Big Labs
22.1 Why Does Particle Physics Need Large Laboratories?
22.2 Examples of Large Laboratories
22.3 Complementarities of Universities and Large Laboratories
22.4 Key Functions and Assets of Large Laboratories
22.5 Collaborations and Their Individual Members
22.6 Organisational Models for Particle Physics Facilities
22.7 Access to Large Laboratories and Their Facilities
22.8 Strategic Planning for Different Laboratories and Regions
22.9 Decision Process and the Role of Politics
22.10 Possible Future Developments
22.11 Summary and Outlook
Chapter 23: Communication, Outreach and the Terascale
23.1 Why Communicate?
23.2 The Place of Communication Within an Organisation
23.3 Audiences and Tools – the Basics
23.4 How to Engage with Your Audience
23.5 Communication at the Terascale
Appendix CERN Strategic Communication Plan 2009–2013, Summary
Index
Physics at the Terascale
Edited by Ian C. Brock andThomas Schörner-Sadenius
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The Editors
Prof. Dr. Ian C. BrockPhysics InstituteUniversity of BonnGermanybrock@physik.uni-bonn.de
Dr. Thomas Schörner-SadeniusDESY HamburgGermanythomas.schoerner@desy.de
All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.:applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any othermeans – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
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For Rosi and Outi
Foreword
The past decades have seen tremendous progress in the amount and quality of data delivered by experiments at the highest energies at different colliders: , LEP, HERA, Tevatron. The corresponding measurements confirmed in many respects the expected: by finding long sought-for particles like the W and Z bosons, the top quark and the tau neutrino; by establishing the final word on important questions of the Standard Model like the number of interacting neutrino generations; by providing almost ultimate experimental precision as in the case of the Z mass; or by opening up new realms as in the case of the investigation of QCD in studies of the proton structure. In addition, immense work has been invested in new accelerator and detector technologies.
The 1980s and 1990s brought the consolidation of the Standard Model. However, neither was the Higgs boson found, nor did we observe any signs of supersymmetry or any other exciting extension of the Standard Model that might explain some of the open questions we are facing. Now, with the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider – the biggest scientific enterprise ever undertaken by humans – a new sense of something between mild excitement and wild enthusiasm can be felt. If our expectations and our physical intuition are not completely wrong, we can be sure that in the coming years discoveries will be made that have the potential to fundamentally change our view of the microcosm. They may well even shed some light on questions relating to the very large: to the content, structure and evolution of the universe.
Compared to previous experiments, collaborations at the LHC, and in the future also at an e+e− collider, enter a new domain of size and complexity, both on the technological and on the social side. Experiments with 108 electronic channels, 40 m in length, and with far more than 2000 collaborators require also new approaches in design and construction, in running and maintenance, and in management, communication and coordination.
This exciting moment also seems the appropriate time to document the achievements of the past and to discuss the opportunities that are in front of us. Doing this in a comprehensive manner and in a style appealing to both students and more senior physicists should provide a work which will find its place not only on many bookshelves, but also in the hands of many interested readers. One of the attractions of the book is that it discusses, in addition to the physics and technology, also the social, political and financial environment of today’s high energy physics.
The German Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale” is one of the instruments designed to prepare better the German particle physics community for future challenges. It aims at strengthening cooperation between the different experimental groups and between experimentalists and theorists as well as increasing the impact of the German high energy physics community on the physics at the Terascale. It is only natural that the impulse for the present book should come from within the Terascale Alliance, demonstrating the broad and deep coverage of the field in Germany.
We hope that at some point a new volume of the same kind as the present will become necessary, then treating the achievements of the LHC in much the same fashion as this volume discusses the era of LEP, HERA and the Tevatron.
Rolf-Dieter Heuer, Director-General of CERNJoachim Mönich, DESY High Energy Physics and Astroparticle Physics Director
Preface
The fundamental physics that can only be studied at the highest achievable energies and luminosities is a driving motivation for particle physics. With the start of the LHC this physics now enters the Terascale regime. Most of the colleagues who contributed to this volume have been working on the LHC, its experiments or theoretical foundations, for many years – be it on the hardware, on the preparation of the data analyses and the necessary tools, or on particle theory and phenomenology. Some even contributed to the initial discussions about a proton–proton collider project as far back as 1984.
In 2007 the Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale” was approved in Germany. It is a research network supported by the Helmholtz Association and comprises the research centres DESY and KIT (GF), 18 German universities, and the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Its stated aim is “Within the framework of the world-wide investigation of the fundamental properties of matter using accelerators at the highest energies, to sustainably concentrate and advance the expertise and strengths of the participating institutes.” As both of us are heavily involved in the Alliance (ICB: Scientific Manager from 2007 to 2010, TSS: Head of the Analysis Centre at DESY), when looking for authors for the various chapters in the book it seemed natural mostly to approach our colleagues from the many Alliance partners. We also tried to find authors who are currently actively involved in the physics and detectors and thus also fulfil a further aim of the Alliance, which is to give more responsibility and visibility to the younger members of the community.
Although first ideas for a book about the status of our field of high energy particle physics were circulated on the eve of the start of LHC operation, it was not difficult to assemble a team of competent and highly motivated colleagues, who were eager to share their knowledge of the Physics at the Terascale and particularly that of the LHC. Not even the overlap in time between the writing of the manuscript and the start-up of LHC operations – which naturally means a lot of work both in terms of the understanding of the detectors and the beginning data analyses – could stop them, although it did slow them down a bit!
The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of “Physics at the Terascale” which naturally emphasises physics at the LHC, both in terms of the theoretical foundations and the experimental status. Consequently, the first part of the volume contains chapters dealing with the Standard Model and its different building blocks like the electroweak theory and QCD, with several of its extensions and with important particular aspects like Higgs boson or top-quark physics.
Physics at the LHC requires massive experimental devices – accelerators and detectors. Therefore, a complete coverage of high energy physics also demands a discussion of the instruments we are dealing with. This aspect is covered in the second part of the book, in which accelerators, detectors and relevant detector technologies used at the LHC are introduced, together with the important topics of triggering and computing.
The third part of the book is somewhat unusual for a physics textbook. The LHC is often called the largest experiment ever undertaken by mankind. Projects of the size of the LHC take a long time, involve many hundreds or even thousands of people and are extremely expensive. We therefore felt that the physics discussions in the first two parts of the book should be supplemented by a discussion of the funding of high energy physics and its organisation and management. The chapters in the third part of the book deal with these issues. They are written from different viewpoints: active members of a collaboration, a (former) lab director and someone intimately involved with the financing of particle physics. We hope that these different viewpoints provide an insight into the how and why of particle physics organisation. They may even help you to understand better why decisions get made in the way they do. Last, but by no means least, the final chapter in the book considers communication in high energy physics; what it means, the specific audiences that one has to consider and some guidelines as to how one should approach it.
It is clear that such a book cannot discuss all the elaborate concepts of particle physics in great depth; in order to cure this shortcoming, all chapters include a list of references or links to further information, which allow the interested reader to gain deeper insight and find more facts. All chapters are designed as independent units which should be self-contained and understandable for the average graduate student of the field. However, it is probably advisable to read at least the chapters in one part of the book in the order in which they are presented.
A large number of persons have contributed, in one way or the other, to this book project and it is a pleasure to thank them all. These are, first and foremost, the authors of the individual chapters. All of them were extremely eager to contribute and very cooperative. Consequently the biggest and almost only problem for us editors during the preparation of the volume was to achieve a reasonable balance between the page number limit given by the publisher and the seemingly never ending wealth of detail the authors wanted to write down.
Besides the authors, a number of other people are needed to successfully finish a large book project: Andrea Fürstenberg took on the incredibly tedious and time-consuming task of checking all the references and adding missing information; Michaela Grimm took care of copyright issues for some of the figures. Our graphics editor, Katarina Brock, spent many hours editing all the figures and providing a unified layout. The quality of the figures in the book is in no short measure due to her skills. Caren Hagner, Dieter Horns, Thomas Peitzmann and Caroline Riedl gave invaluable input to Chapter 1 as did Wolfgang Walkowiak for Chapter 8. Wolfram Zeuner’s contribution to Chapter 13 cannot be overestimated.
The Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale” kindly granted substantial financial support which is gratefully acknowledged. We are also grateful to Wiley-VCH for publishing this work, and especially to Anja Tschörtner who carried us through this project, enduring our many questions and several requests for yet another delay of the deadline.
Finally, our heartfelt thanks go to our families. They not only endured, but also massively supported our work on this volume. Reading, editing and correcting the chapters occupied many of our days, evenings, weekends and even vacations for the best part of the first half of 2010. Without their understanding and patience Wiley would have had to wait even longer for the book to be completed.
While we have made every effort to avoid mistakes in the volume, we certainly cannot rule them out. For this purpose we have set up a web page on which we will list corrections and any other relevant information connected with the book:
http://www.terascale.de/terascale_book.
Please send any errors you find to us by email: brock@physik.uni-bonn.de, thomas.schoerner@desy.de
Bonn and HamburgAugust 2010
Ian C. Brock andThomas Schörner-Sadenius
List of Authors
R. Michael BarnettMailstop 50R-6008Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1 Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA 94720USAbarnett@lbl.gov
Joachim BartelsDESYNotketstr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyjoachim.bartels@desy.de
Kerstin BorrasDESY-CMSNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanykerstin.borras@desy.de
Ian C. BrockUniversität BonnPhysikalisches InstitutNußallee 1253115 BonnGermanybrock@physik.uni-bonn.de
Karsten BüßerDESY-FLCNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanykarsten.buesser@desy.de
Helmut BurkhardtCERN1211 Genève 23Switzerlandhelmut.burkhardt@cern.ch
Jean-Pierre DelahayeCERN1211 Genève 23SwitzerlandJean-Pierre.Delahaye@cern.ch
Markus DiehlDESYNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanymarkus.diehl@desy.de
Herbert DreinerUniversität BonnPhysikalisches InstitutNußallee 1253115 BonnGermanydreiner@th.physik.uni-bonn.de
Wolfgang EhrenfeldDESYNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanywolfgang.ehrenfeld@desy.de
Klaus EhretDESY-PTNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyklaus.ehret@desy.de
Eckhard ElsenDESY-FLCNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyeckhard.elsen@desy.de
Günther GeschonkeCERN1211 Genève 23Switzerlandgunther.geschonke@cern.ch
Stefan GiesekeKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fakultät für PhysikInstitut für Theoretische Physik (IThP)Postfach 698076128 KarlsruheGermanygieseke@particle.uni-karlsruhe.de
James GilliesCERN1211 Genève 23SwitzerlandJames.Gillies@cern.ch
Christophe GrojeanCERN-TH1211 Genève 23Switzerlandchristophe.grojean@cern.ch
Jörn Große-KnetterII. Physikalisches InstitutUniversität GöttingenFriedrich-Hund-Platz 137077 GöttingenGermanyjgrosse1@uni-goettingen.de
Johannes HallerII. Physikalisches InstitutUniversität GöttingenFriedrich-Hund-Platz 137077 GöttingenGermanyjohannes.haller@desy.de
Thomas HebbekerIII. Physikalisches Institut APhysikzentrumRWTH Aachen52056 AachenGermanyhebbeker@physik.rwth-aachen.de
Gudrun HillerTU DortmundTheoretische Physik T344221 DortmundGermanyghiller@physik.uni-dortmund.de
Wolfgang HollikMax-Planck-Institut für Physik(Werner-Heisenberg-Institut)Föhringer Ring 680805 MünchenGermanyhollik@mppmu.mpg.de
Kerstin HoepfnerIII. Physikalisches Institut APhysikzentrumRWTH Aachen52056 AachenGermanykerstin.hoepfner@physik.rwth-aachen.de
Oliver KortnerMax-Planck-Institut für Physik(Werner-Heisenberg-Institut)Föhringer Ring 680805 MünchenGermanykortner@mppmu.mpg.de
Thomas KreßIII. Physikalisches Institut BPhysikzentrumRWTH Aachen52056 AachenGermanythomas.kress@physik.rwth-aachen.de
Rainer MankelDESY-CMSNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyrainer.mankel@desy.de
Arnd MeyerIII. Physikalisches Institut APhysikzentrumRWTH Aachen52056 AachenGermanyarnd.meyer@physik.rwth-aachen.de
Klaus MönigDESY-ZeuthenPlatanenallee 615738 ZeuthenGermanyklaus.moenig@desy.de
Sven-Olaf MochDESY-ZeuthenPlatanenallee 615738 ZeuthenGermanysven-olaf.moch@desy.de
Zoltán NagyDESY-FH/CMSNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyzoltan.nagy@desy.de
Markus NordbergCERN1211 Genève 23Switzerlandmarkus.nordberg@cern.ch
Klaus RabbertzKIT-Karlsruher Institut für TechnologieInstitut für Experimentelle KernphysikCampus SüdPostfach 69 8076128 KarlsruheGermanyklaus.rabbertz@kit.edu
Christoph RembserCERN1211 Genève 23Switzerlandchristoph.rembser@cern.ch
Thomas Schörner-SadeniusDESYNotketstr. 8522607 HamburgGermanythomas.schoerner@desy.de
Markus SchumacherPhysikalisches InstitutHermann-Herder-Str. 379104 FreiburgGermanymarkus.schumacher@physik.uni-freiburg.de
Felix SefkowDESY-FLCNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyfelix.sefkow@desy.de
Michael SpiraTheory Group LTPPaul-Scherrer-Institut5232 Villigen PSISwitzerlandMichael.Spira@psi.ch
Georg SteinbrückInstitut für ExperimentalphysikUniversität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermanygeorg.steinbrueck@desy.de
Hasko StenzelII. Physikalisches InstitutUniversität GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392 GiessenGermanyhasko.stenzel@cern.ch
Peter UwerHumboldt-UniversitätDepartment PhysikNewtonstr. 1512489 BerlinGermanyPeter.Uwer@physik.hu-berlin.de
Ulrich UwerPhysikalisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergPhilosophenweg 1269120 HeidelbergGermany
ulrich.uwer@physi.uni-heidelberg.de
Albrecht WagnerDESYNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanyalbrecht.wagner@desy.de
Wolfgang WagnerFachgruppe PhysikBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstr. 2042097 WuppertalGermanywagner@physik.uni-wuppertal.de
Barbara WarmbeinDESY-PR/FLCNotkestr. 8522607 HamburgGermanybarbara.warmbein@desy.de
Peter WienemannUniversität BonnPhysikalisches InstitutNußallee 1253115 BonnGermanywienemann@physik.uni-bonn.de
Christian ZeitnitzFachgruppe PhysikBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstr. 2042097 WuppertalGermanyzeitnitz@physik.uni-wuppertal.de
The Authors
R. Michael Barnett is a senior physicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is the Education and Outreach Coordinator of the ATLAS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. He is head of the international Particle Data Group. Barnett received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, and worked at Harvard and SLAC before coming to Berkeley. He is co-founder of two US national educational projects, QuarkNet and the Contemporary Physics Education Project. As a theoretical physicist, he has focused on supersymmetry, QCD, Higgs bosons, and c and b quark physics. Barnett was the first Chair of the US LHC Users Organisation.
Jochen Bartels studied physics at the Universities of Tübingen and Hamburg, and he held postdoc positions at Fermilab and at CERN. He then became professor at Hamburg University. From 1999 until 2008 he was Editor in Chief/Theory of the European Physical Journal C (EPJC); between 2008 and 2009 he was head of the physics department at Hamburg University. His current research interests include high energy QCD and the AdS/CFT correspondence.
Kerstin Borras obtained her Ph.D. at the University of Dortmund working on the construction and calibration of the liquid-argon calorimeter for the H1 experiment. After a fellowship at the Rockefeller University in New York she became a staff member at DESY, presently leading the DESY–CMS group. She has participated in different experiments like H1 and ZEUS, CDF and CMS. She has coordinated the operation of calorimeters and was convener for physics analysis working groups for forward physics and diffraction.
Ian C. Brock studied physics at the University of Oxford where he obtained his D.Phil. in 1983. During his career he has worked on a whole series of experiments mostly at e+e− machines: TASSO, Crystal Ball, CLEO, L3, ZEUS, CLEOc and ATLAS. He was employed by Carnegie Mellon University from 1982 to 1996. Since then he has occupied a full professorship at the University of Bonn. He specialises in the physics of heavy quarks and has worked with many detector technologies, from wire chambers and silicon to crystals and luminosity monitors. From 2007 until early in 2010 he was the Scientific Manager of the Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale”.
Helmut Burkhardt studied physics at the University of Hamburg where he obtained his Ph.D. in experimental physics at DESY in 1982. He then moved to CERN where he worked on LEP and SPS operation as engineer in charge and machine coordinator from 1990 to 1998. He is now a senior staff member in the CERN accelerator physics group, mostly concentrating on the commissioning and optimisation of the experimental conditions in the LHC.
Karsten Büßer studied physics at the University of Hamburg. He started his scientific career in hadron physics (EDDA, COSY) and switched later to high energy particle physics (OPAL, TESLA, ILC). He is currently working at DESY in Hamburg on detector concepts and the machine–detector interface of future linear colliders. In addition he is the Administrative Coordinator of the Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale”.
Jean-Pierre Delahaye got his Ph.D. at the University of Grenoble in 1971. A CERN staff member from 1974, he was nominated PS Division Leader in charge of CERN accelerators and experimental areas up to 25 GeV in 2000. Since 1994, he has been responsible for the CLIC study of a Linear Collider in the multi-TeV energy range.
Markus Diehl studied physics in Göttingen, Paris, Heidelberg and Cambridge. He held postdoctoral positions in Palaiseau, Saclay, Hamburg, Stanford and Aachen and is currently a staff member in the theory group at DESY. His main interest is in Quantum Chromodynamics.
Herbi Dreiner studied at the Universities of Bonn and Wisconsin, Madison. He has since held positions at DESY, Oxford University, ETH Zurich and the Rutherford Laboratory. He is currently a professor at the University of Bonn. His interests are in searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.
Wolfgang Ehrenfeld studied physics at the University of Oldenburg, at King’s College London and at the University of Hamburg. He received this diploma and Ph.D. from the University of Hamburg for work on the OPAL experiment and the TESLA project. Since then he has worked on the BABAR and ATLAS experiments. Currently he is working at DESY for the ATLAS experiment. Besides searching for supersymmetry his main focus is on Grid computing and large-scale user analysis.
Klaus Ehret studied physics at the Universities of Ulm and Heidelberg. He has worked on the ARGUS and HERA-B experiments. For some years he has been active in the project management organisation of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research at DESY, responsible for the funding of high energy physics activities at German universities. In addition to that he searches for WISPs (Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles) with the ALPS experiment at DESY.
Eckhard Elsen received his Ph.D. in particle physics at the University of Hamburg and habilitated at the University of Heidelberg. He has been working on QCD and electroweak physics at the experiments JADE and H1, DELCO and BABAR and OPAL. He led the trigger activities for the H1 experiment before becoming the spokesperson. Most recently he has engaged in accelerator physics with emphasis on e+e− linear colliders, ILC. He is a professor at the University of Hamburg.
Günther Geschonke studied physics at the Technical University Munich. At CERN he has worked on the RF system of LEP, in the last years of the running of LEP 2 as group leader of the LEP RF group. Since 2001 he has been a member of the CLIC study team and project leader of the CLIC test facility CTF3.
Stefan Gieseke got his Ph.D. at the University of Hamburg. Moving to Cambridge in 2001, he became one of the main authors of the newly developed Monte Carlo event generator HERWIG++. This is still his main interest after moving to Karlsruhe in 2004 where he has become leader of a young investigator group on Monte Carlo event generator development in 2008 at the KIT.
James Gillies is head of communication at CERN. He holds a Doctorate in physics from the University of Oxford and began his research career working at CERN in the mid-1980s. In 1993, he left research to become Head of Science with the British Council in Paris. After managing the Council’s bilateral programme of scientific visits, exchanges, bursaries and cultural events for two years, he returned to CERN in 1995 as a science writer. He has been head of the organisation’s communication group since 2003 and is co-author of “How the Web was Born”, a history of the Internet published in 2000 and described by the London Times as being among the year’s ten best books for inquisitive minds.
Christophe Grojean got his Ph.D. at the University Paris XI, Orsay, and has worked at CEA-Saclay where he holds a permanent research staff position. He worked for two years at the University of California at Berkeley as a postdoc and spent one year at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor as a visiting professor. He is currently working in the theory unit of the physics department at CERN. His topic of research concerns various aspects of physics beyond the Standard Model.
Jörn Große-Knetter got his Ph.D. at the University of Hamburg in 1997 working on the ZEUS experiment. Subsequently he joined the ZEUS and ATLAS groups at the University of Oxford, followed by a fellowship at CERN and several years at the University of Bonn, both on the ATLAS experiment. He habilitated in Bonn in 2008. He is now head of the detector laboratory of the particle physics group at the University of Göttingen. In the field of detector development he has worked on strip and pixel semiconductor detectors for the ATLAS experiment.
Johannes Haller got his diploma and Ph.D. in physics from the University of Heidelberg working on the OPAL and H1 experiments. He then moved to CERN as a research fellow in the ATLAS trigger group. As a junior professor at the University of Hamburg his current focus is on the ATLAS trigger system, LHC data analysis and fits of the SM and beyond.
Thomas Hebbeker obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Hamburg working on the CHARM neutrino experiment. Later he worked at CERN and became professor at Humboldt University, Berlin, in 1994. Since 2001 he has been professor at the RWTH Aachen. He was a member of the L3 collaboration at LEP for many years and in 1994 joined the CMS experiment, where he worked on the muon chamber construction and now focuses on the data analysis, in particular the search for new physics. He is, in addition, involved in the DØ experiment at the Tevatron and the Pierre Auger Observatory where he studies cosmic rays at high energies.
Gudrun Hiller received her physics diploma and Ph.D. from the University of Hamburg/DESY. After positions at SLAC/Stanford, Munich University and CERN she is now a professor at TU Dortmund. She is interested in the theory and phenomenology of fundamental interactions, mostly beyond the Standard Model and with emphasis on flavour.
Kerstin Hoepfner studied in Berlin and obtained her Ph.D. in particle physics while at CERN working on the CHORUS neutrino oscillation experiment. After a Leopoldina Fellowship at the Technion Haifa, Israel, she accepted a postdoctoral position at DESY, Hamburg, working on the HERA-B experiment to coordinate a vertex detector upgrade. In 2001 she joined the CMS experiment and moved to the RWTH Aachen, where she now holds the position of senior scientist. For six years she coordinated the construction of 1/4 of the CMS muon barrel system, which is now providing data at the LHC. After detector commissioning she transitioned to analysis with an emphasis on the search for new particles and is currently leading the search for new heavy vector bosons.
Wolfgang Hollik studied physics at Würzburg University and received his Ph.D. in 1989. He was a postdoctoral researcher in Würzburg until 1983, then a scientific assistant at Hamburg University until 1989 (habilitation 1989). Further steps in his career were Scientific Associate at CERN until 1990, staff member at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich until 1993, professor of theoretical physics at Karlsruhe University until 2002. Since 2002, he has been a director at the Max Planck Institute of Physics in Munich, and honorary professor at Technical University Munich.
Oliver Kortner is a senior scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich. From 1993 to 1998 he studied physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich. He then worked on the Crystal Barrel experiment before he joined ATLAS. Here he investigated the shower production of highly energetic muons in matter and developed a test stand for the precision muon drift tube chambers. In 2002 Oliver Kortner joined the ATLAS group of the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich where he continued to work on the muon system. From 2007 to 2009 he served as ATLAS muon combined performance coordinator, and from 2009 to 2010 as muon calibration coordinator. He is the head of the ATLAS muon calibration centre in Munich, one of three calibration centres world-wide. In parallel to his convenorships he contributed to the preparation of the Higgs boson searches and the inclusive muon cross-section measurement with the ATLAS detector. In June 2010 he was reelected as ATLAS muon combined performance coordinator.
Thomas Kreß received his diploma and Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg working on non-perturbative QCD aspects within the OPAL collaboration. After postdoctoral work at CERN for the University of California, Riverside, on Bose–Einstein correlation effects in W+W− physics and computing support for OPAL he joined RWTH Aachen in 2002 as head of the physics department’s IT division and member of the CMS collaboration.
Rainer Mankel studied physics at the University of Dortmund, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1987. During his career he worked on the experiments Split-Field Magnet (CERN-ISR), ARGUS, HERA-B, ZEUS and CMS, and held positions at DESY and the Humboldt University of Berlin. His main research interest focuses on tracking, alignment, offline computing, QCD and heavy-flavour physics. In 1999 he became a staff member of the experimental particle physics group at DESY; from 2008 to 2010 he was convener for alignment and calibration of the CMS experiment.
Arnd Meyer obtained his doctoral degree at the University of Hamburg working on charmonium physics within the H1 experiment. After postdoctoral work at Fermilab and building the CDF data-acquisition system, he joined RWTH Aachen and coordinated data-taking at the second large Tevatron experiment, DØ. He is now devoting most of his research time to CMS. His main physics interests are searches for new phenomena and supersymmetry.
Sven-Olaf Moch studied physics and mathematics in Heidelberg and Hamburg. He has obtained a Ph.D. in theoretical physics at DESY in Hamburg and held positions at Nikhef in Amsterdam and Karlsruhe. Since 2002 he has been a staff member at DESY in Zeuthen. His research interests are centred around Standard Model phenomenology, precision predictions in Quantum Chromodynamics, large-scale computer algebra and mathematical aspects of quantum corrections at higher orders.
Klaus Mönig studied physics at the University of Wuppertal and received his Ph.D. in 1990 working on the DELPHI experiment at LEP. Working at CERN he continued with DELPHI and was an active member of the LEP Electroweak Working Group. In 1998 he became a leading scientist at DESY and started to work on the preparation of the International Linear Collider. In 2006 he joined the ATLAS experiment at the LHC as leader of the DESY-ATLAS group. His main physics interest has always been precision measurements of the electroweak Standard Model.
Zoltán Nagy received his Ph.D. at the University of Debrecen. He held postdoctoral positions at Durham University, University of Oregon, University of Zürich and CERN. Currently he is at DESY and a member of the Analysis Centre of the Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale”. His main interest is in higher-order calculations and Monte Carlo development in perturbative QCD. He is the author of the NLOJet++ program.
Markus Nordberg is the Resources Coordinator of the ATLAS project at CERN, where his responsibilities include budget planning, resource allocation and reporting for the ATLAS project. He has a degree both in physics and in business administration and has served as Visiting Senior Research Fellow at the Centrum voor Bedrijfseconomie, Faculty ESP-Solvay Business School, University of Brussels. Dr. Nordberg is a member of the Academy of Management, Strategic Management Society and is a member of the Association of Finnish Parliament Members and Scientists, TUTKAS.
Klaus Rabbertz obtained his Ph.D. in 1998 at the RWTH Aachen for research performed within the H1 experiment at the electron–proton collider HERA. As a CERN research fellow he worked within the OPAL experiment at the e+e− collider LEP. Since 2002, he has been a member of the CMS collaboration at the LHC as a senior scientist for the University of Karlsruhe. From 2007 to 2008, he was convener of the CMS working group on QCD. Currently, his main research topics are QCD and jets with the first LHC data.
Christoph Rembser got enthusiastic about high energy physics as a CERN summer student in 1989. Since then he has worked on the ZEUS and OPAL experiments, gaining expertise in various types of detectors and searching for new physics phenomena at the Gigascale. After a short intermezzo at the University of Erlangen, teaching about detectors and learning about astroparticle physics, he returned to CERN in 2005. Christoph is convinced that he will see new particles in the ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker which he helped design and build and which he is happy to see in operation.
Thomas Schörner-Sadenius studied physics at the Universities of Hamburg and Munich. He held postdoc positions in Munich, at CERN and in Hamburg, working on a number of different experiments (OPAL, H1, ATLAS, ZEUS, CMS). In 2008 he joined DESY where he is currently the leader of the Analysis Centre of the Helmholtz Alliance “Physics at the Terascale”.
Markus Schumacher studied at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, where he obtained his diploma degree (1996) and Ph.D. degree (1999) working at the OPAL experiment at CERN. After a fellowship at DESY working for ILC and a postdoc position at Bonn he held a professorship at Siegen University for two years. Since 2008 he has occupied a professorship at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg. In 2001 he joined the ATLAS collaboration. His main research field is the investigation of electroweak symmetry breaking and the search for Higgs bosons in the Standard Model and beyond.
Felix Sefkow studied physics in Hamburg and Paris. He obtained his doctoral degree in the ARGUS collaboration and worked as a CERN and DESY fellow on the ALEPH and H1 experiments before becoming assistant professor at Zurich. At present, he is a staff scientist at DESY and spokesperson of the CALICE collaboration developing calorimeters for a future linear collider.
Michael Spira studied physics at the RWTH Aachen and graduated in theoretical particle physics. Since then he has worked at different institutes, that is, DESY Hamburg, University of Hamburg and CERN. He is now a staff member of the theory group at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen (Switzerland).
Georg Steinbrück studied physics in Heidelberg and at the University of Oklahoma where he received his Ph.D. in 1999. He continued his involvement in the DØ experiment at Fermilab as a postdoctoral researcher at Columbia University. At DØ he worked on electroweak physics and on the impact parameter trigger. Since 2003, he has been a member of the scientific staff at the University of Hamburg. As part of the CMS collaboration, he is working on silicon detector research and development and on top-quark physics.
Hasko Stenzel studied physics in Heidelberg where he received his Ph.D. in 1996 working on the ALEPH experiment at LEP. As a postdoc at MPI Munich he joined ATLAS and worked on the hadron calorimeter and did QCD data analyses for ALEPH. In 2001 he became a staff member of the University of Giessen and worked on the HERMES experiment at HERA before his return in 2005 to ATLAS, where he is now involved in the luminosity detectors.
Peter Uwer studied physics at the RWTH Aachen where he also received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1998. He worked as a scientist in Saclay, Karlsruhe and at CERN before he became professor for theoretical particle physics at the Humboldt University, Berlin, in 2008. His main research interests are QCD and top-quark physics.
Ulrich Uwer studied physics in Aachen (RWTH). He obtained his doctoral degree in 1994 with the precision determination of the properties of the Z boson. After a research fellowship at CERN and postdoc positions at DESY and the Humboldt University Berlin he became professor of physics at the University of Heidelberg in 2001. His research focusses on tests of the quark mixing in the electroweak Standard Model and precise measurements of the CP violation in heavy meson decays as a possibility to search for new phenomena.
Albrecht Wagner studied physics at the Universities of Munich, Göttingen and Heidelberg. He was professor for physics at the Universities of Heidelberg (1984–1991) and Hamburg (1991–2006). He was Director of Research of DESY (1991–1999) and Chair of the Board of Directors (1999–2009). Since 2008 he has chaired the Council of the University of Hamburg.
Wolfgang Wagner studied physics at the University of Bonn and the Ohio State University in Columbus where he graduated as an M.Sc. in 1996. At the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich he worked for the HERA-B experiment at DESY and earned his Ph.D. from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität of Munich in 2000. After graduation he started a postdoc position at the University of Karlsruhe and joined the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron where he spent two years as a visiting researcher. During his time at CDF he worked on several analyses in the field of top-quark physics. He has been at the University of Wuppertal since 2008, where he is currently associate professor. At Wuppertal he contributes to the operation of the ATLAS pixel detector and prepares for analyses of ATLAS data on top-quark properties and the search for the Higgs boson.
Barbara Warmbein did not study physics. But she likes to talk about it. A journalist with a degree in literature, she caught the particle physics bug during a science journalism internship at the CERN Press Office. After a couple of years of being scientific editor at the European Space Agency she became part of the PR team for the International Linear Collider. Barbara is based at DESY and at CERN.
Peter Wienemann studied physics at RWTH Aachen from which he also obtained his Ph.D. Later he held research positions at DESY and Freiburg University. At present he is working at the University of Bonn. His main research interests are physics beyond the Standard Model and tracking detectors.
Christian Zeitnitz studied physics at the University of Hamburg where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1992. He was involved in detector projects – mainly calorimeter related – at the H1, DØ and ATLAS experiments. In addition he worked on b-quark and Higgs boson physics studies at ALEPH and DØ. His current focus is on the search for the Higgs boson at the LHC, the upgrade of the ATLAS detector for high luminosity and R&D projects in the framework of the CALICE collaboration. He is a professor at the University of Wuppertal.
List of Abbreviations
ACFAAsian Committee for Future AcceleratorsAFSAndrew File System – global file systemAGKAbramovsky–Gribov–KancheliALEPHLEP experimentALICELHC experimentASICapplication-specific integrated circuitATLASLHC experimentBABARPEP II experimentBelleKEK-B experimentBFKLBalitsky–Fadin–Kuraev–LipatovBMBFBundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – German Federal Ministry for Education and ResearchBRAHMSRHIC experimentBSMphysics “Beyond the Standard Model”CACertificate AuthorityCAFCERN Analysis FacilityCCDcharged-coupled deviceCDFTevatron experimentCELLOPETRA experimentCERNConseil Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire, Geneva, Switzerland – European Organisation for Nuclear ResearchCESRCornell Electron Storage Ring, Ithaca, USA – symmetric e+e− collider which ran mostly at ϒ(4S) centre-of-mass energiesCGCcolour glass condensateCKMCabibbo–Kobayashi–MaskawaCLEOCESR experimentCLICCompact Linear Collider – planned e+e− linear accelerator, up to 3 TeVCMSLHC experimentCSCcathode-strip chamberDØTevatron experimentDELPHILEP experimentDEPFETdepleted field effect transistorDESYDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany – German particle physics laboratoryDFGDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – German Research AssociationDGLAPDokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–ParisiDORISDoppelringsynchrotron, DESY – symmetric e+e− collider which ran at ϒ centre-of-mass energiesDTdrift tubeECFAEuropean Committee for Future AcceleratorsENCequivalent noise chargeERAEuropean Research AreaERCEuropean Research CouncilEWSBelectroweak symmetry breakingFALCFunding Agencies for the Large ColliderFermilabFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USAFFfragmentation functionFP7Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technology of the European UnionFSPForschungsschwerpunktGANGlobal Accelerator NetworkGDEGlobal Design EffortGEMgas electron multiplierGIMGlashow–Iliopoulos–MaianiGPDgeneralised parton distributionGUTgrand unified theoryH1HERA experimentHEPAPHigh Energy Physics Advisory PanelHERAHadron-Elektron-Ringanlage, DESY – ep collider, HERA-BHERA experimentHERMESHERA experimentHGFHelmholtz-Gemeinschaft – Helmholtz AssociationICFAInternational Committee for Future AcceleratorsILCInternational Linear Collider – planned e+e− accelerator, −1.0 TeVILDILC experimentIPinteraction pointITRPInternational Technology Recommendation PanelJADEPETRA experimentKEKJapanese national high energy physics laboratoryKEK-BAsymmetric e+e− collider running mostly at ϒ(4S) centre-of-mass energiesL3LEP experimentLEPLarge Electron–Positron Collider, CERN – e+e− accelerator, 90–209 GeVLHCLarge Hadron Collider, CERN – pp accelerator, LHCbLHC experimentLoILetter of IntentLSPlightest supersymmetric particleLustrea high performance file systemMAPSmonolithic active pixel sensorMark-JPETRA experimentMCMonte CarloMDTmonitored drift tubemipminimum ionising particleMoUMemorandum of UnderstandingMPGMax-Planck-Gesellschaft – Max Planck SocietyMPGDmicro-pattern gas detectorNAFNational Analysis Facility, DESYNLOnext-to-leading orderNNLOnext-to-next-to-leading orderOPALLEP experimentPDFparton distribution functionPEPPositron–Electron Project, SLAC – e+e− collider which ran at 29 GeVPEP IIPositron–Electron Project, SLAC – asymmetric e+e− collider which ran mostly at ϒ(4S) centre-of-mass energiesPETRAPositron-Elektron-Tandem-Ringanlage, DESY – e+e− collider which ran at centre-of-mass energies from 13 GeV to 46 GeVPHENIXRHIC experimentPHOBOSRHIC experimentPLUTOPETRA experimentPMTphotomultiplierPSProton Synchrotron, CERN – proton accelerator used mainly as an injectorQCDQuantum ChromodynamicsQEDQuantum ElectrodynamicsQGPquark–gluon plasmaR&Dresearch and developmentRHICRelativistic Heavy Ion Collider, BrookhavenRPCresistive-plate chamberSEstorage elementSiDILC experimentSLACStanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, USASLCStanford Linear Collider – e+e− collider used for physics at mass of the Z boson with polarised beamsSMStandard ModelProton-antiproton collider version of SPSSPSSuper Proton Synchrotron, CERN – mainly used as a proton accelerator for fixed target experiments, part of LHC and LEP injection chainsSTARRHIC experimentSUSYsupersymmetryTASSOPETRA experimentTCOtotal cost of ownershipTerascalephysics that is relevant at centre-of-mass energy scales of 1 TeV and aboveTevatronTGCthin-gap chamberTPCtime projection chamberVOMSVirtual Organisation Management ServiceWIMPweakly interacting massive particleWLCGWorldwide LHC Computing GridWMAPWilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ProbeWNworker nodeZEUSHERA experimentPart One
The Physics
